| Galician–Asturian | |
| Nativename: | Galician: gallego-asturiano, eonaviego, fala |
| Pronunciation: | in Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese pronounced as /ɡaˌʎeɣw astuˈɾjanʊ/ in Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese pronounced as /eonaˈβjɛɣʊ/ |
| States: | Spain |
| Region: | Asturias |
| Speakers: | 45,000 |
| Date: | 2002 |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Italic |
| Fam3: | Latino-Faliscan |
| Fam4: | Latin |
| Fam5: | Romance |
| Fam6: | Italo-Western |
| Fam7: | Western |
| Fam8: | Ibero-Romance |
| Fam9: | West Iberian |
| Fam10: | Galician-Portuguese |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Indo-European |
| Ancestor2: | Proto-Italic |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Latino-Faliscan |
| Ancestor4: | Old Latin |
| Ancestor5: | Vulgar Latin |
| Ancestor6: | Proto-Romance |
| Ancestor7: | Galician-Portuguese |
| Script: | Latin (Asturian alphabet) |
| Agency: | Academia de la Llingua Asturiana |
| Minority: | Asturias[1] |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | none |
| Lingua: | 51-AAA-cae |
| Linglist: | glg-eon |
| Ietf: | gl-u-sd-esas |
| Map: | Galician-Eo-Navia.png |
| Mapcaption: | Linguistic area of Eonavian |
Galician–Asturian or Eonavian (autonym: Galician: fala; Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese: eonaviegu, gallego-asturianu; Galician: eonaviego, galego-asturiano) is a set of Romance dialects or falas whose linguistic dominion extends into the zone of Asturias between the Eo River and Navia River (or more specifically the Eo and the Frejulfe River). The dialects have been variously classified as the northeastern varieties of Galician,[2] as a linguistic group of its own,[3] or as a dialect of transition between Galician and Asturian, an opinion upheld by José Luis García Arias, the former president of the Academy of the Asturian Language (ALLA).[4]
The set of dialects was traditionally included by linguists as Galician-Portuguese or Galician, with some traits of the neighbouring Astur-Leonese linguistic group. Now, however, there is a political-linguistic conflict on the identity of the language between those who prioritise the mixed identity and those that continue to prioritise the Galician substratum. Supporters of the former, mostly in Asturias, identify Eonavian as part of a dialect continuum between the Asturian and Galician languages or even a third language belonging to Portuguese-Galician group spoken only in that area. Supporters of the latter, mostly in Galicia, identify it as just Galician and want for it the same level of protection as Galician has in Castile and Leon, which protects the dialects of El Bierzo (of which the westernmost varieties are usually classified as Galician) in cooperation with the Galician government.
Recently, the director of an exhaustive study by the University of Oviedo (ETLEN, a Linguistic Atlas of the Boundary between Galician-Portuguese and Asturleonese in Asturias) concluded that both proposals are true and compatible: that is, local varieties belong to the Galician-Portuguese domain and are part of the transitional varieties between this domain and Astur-Leonese.[5]
Terms used to refer to the language include Spanish; Castilian: gallego–asturiano, the name used in Act 1/1998 of the Principality of Asturias, meaning "Galician–Asturian language"; Galician: a fala ("the speech", not to be confused with the Fala language of Extremadura); and Galician: Galego de Asturias ("Galician language of Asturias"). The term Galician: Eonaviego was first used by the linguist Xavier Frías Conde, who translated it as Eonavian in English, French: Éonavien in French, and Catalan; Valencian: Eonavienc in Catalan. In 2007, the Academy of the Asturian Language accepted the term Eonavian to refer to the dialect.
From a philological point of view, the origin of the language is surely in the Galician-Portuguese language family, the dominant language in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula in the Middle Ages. That follows from an examination of the more than six hundred parchments preserved in the Monastery of Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos. The examination of these documents allows us to recognise one of the most genuine examples of the medieval Galician-Portuguese language and many of its documents are cited as the earliest written samples of this language.[6]
For the early stage, there are only documented translations of copies of ancient Latin deeds that were beginning to be unintelligible to the common people, (v. AHN sec. clergy, carp. 1617, AHN, Sec Clergy, carp. No. 1617. 15, no. 2, Sec AHN clergy carp. 1621 No 15 etc.), and there would not be until the mid-13th century that the first original deeds were written in the Galician-Portuguese language. In the early 14th century, the oddness of this language with the rest of the galacoifonía, was noticed. The most of these developments were the result of the Castilian language advancement in the urban centres of the River Eo: Revoredo, Ribadeo and Castropol, such influence was more significant in the writings of the bishops' notaries of Oviedo in these villages, but if the influence of Castilian was growing in the urban centres, the manuscripts of the monastery notaries still kept the original features of this language, and others were added that then appeared.
Since 1865, when Aureliano Fernández Guerra y Orbe published the first texts of the monastery of Oscos, the enormous divergences with the rest of the Asturian cartularies and specifically with the Fuero de Avilés, of which many of these texts are contemporary, became evident.[7] In this sense, Rafael Lapesa, when dealing with the evolution of "Western Asturian" during the High Middle Ages, expressly excluded from his study the region to the west of the river Navia because he considered that it did not present any speciality in relation to other Galician-Portuguese cartularies.[8] Many subsequent studies have dealt with the specific features of the Galician-Portuguese languages found in this cartulary, particularly the conjugated infinitive[9] or articles system.[10]
The cartulary of Oscos is an essential landmark for understanding the evolution of the Galician-Portuguese language, but the monastery's influence was ended with the arrival of the Castillian congregation in 1511. That started another period of great economic and social growth of the monastery around the iron industries, but the installation of the reformed order ended the written language, until its re-emergence in the late 19th century.
The area where the dialects are spoken includes the Asturian municipalities of Boal, Castropol, Coaña, Eilao, El Franco, Grandas de Salime, Pezós, San Martín de Ozcos, Santalla de Ozcos, Santiso de Abres, Tapia de Casariego, Taramundi, A Veiga, Vilanova de Ozcos, and partially those of Navia, Ibias, Villayón, and Allande; as well as the Galician municipality of Negueira de Muñiz.
| Latin | Galician | Eonavian | Galician- portuguese | Portuguese | Western Asturian | Spanish | English | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western | Central | Eastern (Ancares) | ||||||||
| animales | animais pronounced as /[äniˈmäs]/ | animás pronounced as /[äniˈmäs]/ | animáis pronounced as /[äniˈmɑi̯s]/ | animales pronounced as /[änɪˈmäles]/ ant. pronounced as /[änɪˈmɑi̯s]/ | animaes | animais pronounced as /[ɐniˈmäjʃ]/ | animales pronounced as /[äniˈmäle̞s]/] | animales pronounced as /[äniˈmäle̞s]/ | animals | |
| audire | oír/ouvir pronounced as /[o̞ˈir]/[o̞wˈbir]/ | oír/ouvir pronounced as /[o̞ˈir]/[o̞wˈbir]/ | oír/ouvir pronounced as /[o̞ˈir]/[o̞wˈbir]/ | ouguir pronounced as /[o̞wˈɣir]/ | oir/ ouvir/ouguir | ouvir pronounced as /[o(w)ˈviɾ]/ | ouyer pronounced as /[o̞wˈje̞r]/] | oír pronounced as /[o̞ˈir]/] | hear | |
| canes | cans pronounced as /[ˈkãŋs]/ | cas pronounced as /[ˈkäs]/ | cais pronounced as /[ˈkɑi̯s]/ | cais pronounced as /[ˈkæi̯s]//pronounced as /[ˈkɑi̯s]/ | cães/ cããs | cães pronounced as /[ˈkɐ̃j̃ʃ]/ | canes pronounced as /[ˈkäne̞s]/ | canes pronounced as /[ˈkäne̞s]/ (perros) | dogs | |
| caballus | cabalo pronounced as /[käˈbälo̞]/ | cabalo pronounced as /[käˈbälo̞]/ | cabalo pronounced as /[käˈbälo̞]/ | cabalo/caballo pronounced as /[käˈbälo̞]//pronounced as /[käˈbäʎo̞]/ * | cavalo | cavalo pronounced as /[kɐˈväɫu]/ | caballu pronounced as /[käˈbäʎu]/ | caballo pronounced as /[käˈbäʎo̞]/ | horse | |
| infantam /puellam | nena pronounced as /[ˈnenä]/ | nena pronounced as /[ˈnenä]/ | nena pronounced as /[ˈnenä]/ | nía pronounced as /[ˈniä]/ | ninna | menina pronounced as /[mɨˈninɐ]/ | neña pronounced as /[ˈne̞ɲä]/ | niña pronounced as /[ˈniɲä]/ | girl | |
| latrones | ladróns pronounced as /[läˈðroŋs]/ | ladrós pronounced as /[läˈðros]/ | ladróis pronounced as /[läˈðroɪ̯s]/ | ladróis/lladróis pronounced as /[läˈðroi̯s]/[ʎäˈðroi̯s]/ * | ladrões | ladrões pronounced as /[ɫɐˈdɾõj̃ʃ]/ | ỊỊadrones pronounced as /[ʈʂäˈðro̞nis]/ | ladrones pronounced as /[läˈðro̞ne̞s]/ | thieves | |
| germanum | irmán pronounced as /[irˈmãŋ]/ | irmao pronounced as /[irˈmao̞]/ | irmao pronounced as /[irˈmao̞]/ | ermao pronounced as /[ɪrˈmãw]/ | irmão | irmão pronounced as /[iɾˈmɐ̃w̃]/ | hermanu pronounced as /[erˈmänu]/ | hermano pronounced as /[erˈmäno̞]/ | brother | |
| lux | luz pronounced as /[ˈlus]/ | luz pronounced as /[ˈluθ]/ | luz pronounced as /[ˈluθ]/ | luz/lluz pronounced as /[ˈluθ]/[ˈʎuθ]/ * | luz/lus | luz pronounced as /[ˈɫuʃ]/ | ỊỊuz pronounced as /[ˈʈʂuθ]/ | luz pronounced as /[ˈluθ]/ | light | |
| longe | lonxe pronounced as /[ˈlonʃe]/ | lonxe pronounced as /[ˈlonʃe]/ | lonxe pronounced as /[ˈlɔnʃe]/ | lonxe/llonxe pronounced as /[ˈlɔnʃe]// pronounced as /[ˈʎɔnʃe]/ * | longe | longe pronounced as /[ˈɫõʒɨ]/ | ỊỊo̞ñe pronounced as /[ˈʈʂo̞ɲi]/ | lueñe pronounced as /[ˈlweɲe]/ (lejos) | far | |
| quinque | cinco pronounced as /[ˈsiŋko̞]/ | cinco pronounced as /[ˈθiŋko̞]/ | cinco pronounced as /[ˈθiŋko̞]/ | cinco pronounced as /[ˈθiŋko̞]/ | cinco | cinco pronounced as / [ˈsĩku]/ | cincu pronounced as /[ˈθiŋku]/ | cinco pronounced as /[ˈθiŋko̞]/ | five | |
| oculum | ollo pronounced as /[ˈoʎo̞]/[ˈɔʝo̞]/ | ollo pronounced as /[ˈoʎo̞]/[ˈɔʝo̞]/ | ollo pronounced as /[ˈɔʎo̞]/ | oyo pronounced as /[ˈɔʝo̞]/ | ollo | olho pronounced as /[ˈoʎu]/ | güeyu/güechu pronounced as /[ˈweʝu]//pronounced as /[ˈwetʃu]/ | ojo pronounced as /[ˈo̞xo̞]/ | eye | |
| horam | hora pronounced as /[ˈɔɾä]/ | hora pronounced as /[ˈɔɾä]//pronounced as /[ˈoɾä]/ | hora pronounced as /[ˈoɾä]/ | hora pronounced as /[ˈoɾä]/ | hora | hora pronounced as /[ˈɔɾɐ]/ | hora pronounced as /[ˈo̞ɾä]/ | hora pronounced as /[ˈo̞ɾä]/ | hour | |
| hominem | home pronounced as /[ˈome̞]/ | home pronounced as /[ˈɔme̞]/ | home pronounced as /[ˈɔme̞]/ | home pronounced as /[ˈɔme̞]/ | home | homem pronounced as /[ˈɔmɐ̃j̃]/ | huome/home pronounced as /[ˈwome̞]//pronounced as /[ˈo̞me̞]/ | hombre pronounced as /[ˈo̞mbre̞]/ | man | |
| plenum | cheo pronounced as /[ˈtʃeo]/ | cheo pronounced as /[ˈtʃeo]/ | chẽo pronounced as /[ˈtʃẽo]/ | chén/ chío pronounced as /[ˈtʃᴈŋ]// pronounced as /[ˈtʃju]/ | chẽo | 'cheio pronounced as /[ˈʃɐju]/ | 'chen/ỊỊen pronounced as /[ˈtʃe̞n]//pronounced as /[ˈʈʂe̞n]/ | lleno pronounced as /[ˈʎe̞no̞]/ | full | |
| trahere | traer pronounced as /[träˈer//träˈɣer]/ | traer pronounced as /[träˈer]/ | traer/traguer pronounced as /[träˈer]/ | trer/traguer pronounced as /['trer/träˈɣer]/ | trager | trazer pronounced as /[tɾɐˈzeɾ]/ | trayer pronounced as /[träˈje̞r]/] | traer pronounced as /[träˈe̞r]/] | bring | |
| tu canta(vi)sti | ti cantaste(s) pronounced as /[ti känˈtäste̞(s)]/ | tu/ti cantaches pronounced as /[tu känˈtätʃe̞s]/ | tu cantache pronounced as /[tu känˈtätʃe̞]/ | tu cantache pronounced as /[tu känˈtätʃe̞]/ | tu cantaste | tu cantaste pronounced as /[tu kɐ̃ˈtäʃtɨ]/ | tu cantasti pronounced as /[tu känˈtästi]/ | tu cantaste pronounced as /[tu känˈtäste̞]/ | you sang | |
(*) The lateral sound ʎ: Porcia River to Navia River. The lateral sound l: Eo River to Porcia River.
Here is the evolution of the language, taking into account the Monastery of Oscos parchments:
| English | Latin | Galician-Portuguese | Portuguese | Mediaeval Galician–Asturian | Current Galician–Asturian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | altu(m) | outo | alto | outo | alto |
| tree | árbor(em) | árvol | árvore | árvore | árbol |
| add | in addere | enader | adir | nader | añidir |
| key | clave (m) | chave | chave | chave | chave |
| right | directu (m) | direyto | direito | dereyto | dereito/dereto |
| son | filius (um) | fillo | filho | fillo | fiyo |
| ward (keep) | guardare | guardar | guardar | gardar | guardar |
| plant | plantare | chantar | plantar | chantar | chantar |
| bring | tradere | trager | trazer | trager | trer |
| wash | lavare | lavar | lavar | lavar/llavar | lavar/llavar |
| hand | mānu(m) | mão | mão | maao | mao |
| apple | mattiāna (m) | maçã | maçã | maçaa | mazà |
| mine | mea (m) | minna/mía | minha | mĩa (mina) | mía |
| much | multu(m) | muito/ muyn | muito | muito | muito |
| black | niger /nigrum | nieiro/neiro | negro | neiro | negro |
| night | nox/nócte(m) | noite | noite | noite | nòite |
| obligate | obligare | obrigar | obrigar | obridar | obrigar |
| who | quī / quem | quem | quem | quen | quèn |
| wall | parĭes/ parĕtem | parede | parede | parede | parede |
| four | quattuor | quatro | quatro | quatro | cuatro |
| one (f.) | ūna(m) | ũa/ hũa | uma | ũa | úa |
| leave | salire | sair | sair | sair | salir |
| yours | tuus /tuum | teu/tou | teu | tou | tou |
| truth | veritas/ veritatem | verdade | verdade | verdade | verdá |
| English | Latin | Galician-Portuguese[11] | Portuguese | Mediaeval Galician Asturian[12] [13] | Current Galician–Asturian |
The system of stressed vowels is similar to Galician since there are seven in both languages; it was used by Ramón Menéndez Pidal when he assigned this language to the group of Galician-Portuguese languages.[14] The system is very stable. It does not find the alterations that can be observed by effects of metaphony in other regions of Galician phonetics.[15] Here are the vowels obtained by García García in the El Franco village[16] and Fernández Vior in Vegadeo:
• ä Open central unrounded vowel: f1 =700 y f2 =1350 hz (FV); f1 =750 y f2 =1500 hz (GG)
– a: Long open central unrounded vowel: f1 =870 y f2 =1463 hz (FV); f1 =800 y f2 =1537 hz (GG)
– Open front unrounded vowel: f1 =700 y f2 =1300 hz (FV); f1 =715 hz y f2 =1400 hz (GG)
– ɑ Open back unrounded vowel):
• e Close-mid front unrounded vowel: f1 =450 hz y f2 =1900 hz (FV)
– e Close-mid front unrounded vowel affected by front sound: f1 =475 hz y f2 =1700 hz (GG)
– e Close-mid front unrounded vowel affected by back sound: f1 =525 hz y f2 =1800 hz (GG)
• ɛ Open-mid front unrounded vowel: f1 =700 hz y f2 =1800 hz (FV)
• o Close-mid back rounded vowel: f1 =490 y f2 =1015 (FV); f1 =500 y f2=1075 (GG)
• ɔ Open-mid back rounded vowel: f1 =555 hz y f2 =1100 (FV): f1 =600 hz y f2 =1100 hz (GG)
• i Close front unrounded vowel: f1 =337 y f2 =2300 (FV); f1 =400 y f2 =2600 hz (GG)
• u Close back rounded vowel: f1 =350 y f1 =1185 (FV); f1 =400 y f2 =925 hz (GG)
As it was indicated by García García regarding unstressed vowels, "Unlike other areas of Galician phonetics, there are no relevant differences between open and closed -e- and -o- and the sound of variant pairs can be considered, each with their own archiphonemes, keeping the following system: -i-, E-, a,-O-, u.
There are three unstressed vowels in final position: -e-,-o-and-a -. There is the loss of the -o endings -ene and -inu, 'sen', 'fren', 'centen', 'allén', 'padrín', 'camín'..., an overall conservation "-e" syllables end, after '-ete' and 'ite' headquarters, 'rede', 'vide', 'parede', etc. It is clearer still in place names 'San Mamede', 'Nonide', 'Taladride'. It is also normal to conserve "-e" after "θ" like in 'couce, 'fouce', etc. On the other hand, under the influence of Castilian, 'salú', 'verdá', 'enfermedá', it has been lost The paragogic vowel -e- after liquids consonant appear very residually, Acevedo y Huelves cites 'carcele'. Final vowel -o- has disappeared in suffix -elo, in toponyms: 'Tol', 'Castropol', 'Boal', etc.
Until the 19th century, nasal vowels were a fairly common phenomenon throughout Eonaviego but today are very unusual. Dámaso Alonso was the first in confirming the phenomenon, widespread in the nearby Ancares Mountains. M. Menéndez García finds nasality remains in Freixulfe and points in Villallón Village, y Celso Muñiz in the Valledor region, in the frontier with the Asturo-Leonese languages. These remnants of nasal vowels in Eonavian explain that the syllables ended in nasal coda are always opened, the necessary consequence of velarization, the stage prior to the formation of the nasal.[17] [18]
A change in unstressed vowels when absolute enclitic position has labial consonant and vowel assimilation.
Regarding the unstressed vowels, as pointed out by García García, "Unlike other areas of the Galaicofonía, the relevant differences between open e-y-o and closed sounds can be considered such as variants of two separate couples archiphoneme, keeping to the following system-i-, E-, a,-O-, u.
As is clearly evident by García García, the nasalization of vowels preceding tonic or atonic to ensure –n- in coda "tamen", or situated between nasal consonants "mañá". Vowel lengthening occurs as a result by contractions: "vou à casa" or by compensation as a result of the loss of intervocalic nasal "machacan a 'llá/lá", "Que mañá' nos traiga un bó día de solín". The extension is also in the case of concomitant vowels, like in the proverb "A terra que da á ortiga".
Thus, the vowels acquired certain metaphonic connotations, to incorporate the distinction into verbal inflection and ignore the etymological origin of the words. The strong personal forms (the three person singular and third plural present indicative, subjunctive and all of the second imperative) are always distinguished by speakers between vowel -e- and open-o and between the strong and weak of forms other than monosyllabic verbs if the stressed vowel of the root morpheme and the match, except for the verbs given duty and irregular in Galician–Asturian. These are the main features of the verb forms in the language:
The –des is in the second person plural of every conjugation. García García confirms that although the ending is maintained stably in the second and third conjugations, in the first conjugation, it is giving way to the influence of Castilian -ais and -aides.[24]
The perfect past –che has in the first person singular, 'veño', 'teño', 'vexo'.
There is a vocal deformation by the rizotónic effect.
Infinitive ending in -r- join with pronomes.
There is a disappearance of –s- in the first person plural to join 'nos' enclitic.
The -n- paragogic is in the first person singular perfect in all strong and bending double –er, -ir, dixen-, puxen, fun, salin, còmín.
Endings in -i often take -n paragójica: tomein, falein, subirein, falarein, hein, sein.
The open -e forms in the first person plural past (coyèmos, dixèmos) or the open o- in second and third person plural (fòmos, fòron).
The infinitive in –er- in many verbs in Castillian is in -ir: 'morrer', 'encher', 'ferver', 'render', etc., less frequently, the form hesitates: 'valir'/'valer' y 'tosir'/'toser'.
An alternation occurs -e- open and closed in verbs with-e-open rizotónica for which the -e- radical of the singular and the third person plural.
Foe verbs ending in in-cer, the first person singular present indicative and subjunctive present are treated as ces: ce lluzo, lluce, lluza, lluzas, lluza.
There is an alternation between open and closed in the thematic vowel tonic of most verbs in -er.
Closed -e- is typical for all persons in the plural of the perfect, six of pluperfect simple, all the imperfect subjunctive in the two series, and forms of the gerund and the first person future, in the first and second person plural present, the plural of the imperative of the first and second person plural of the future, both as in the hypothetical future-e.
Verbs (medir and sentir) show an alternation i/e in the root vowel: with -i-in the strong forms (forms in the singular and the third plural of the present, the singular imperative and all of the subjunctive) and -e-in the weak vowels.
Western Asturian occurs accentuates the first and second persons of the plural present subjunctive.
Garcia Garcia admit the existence of composite shapes with verb 'ter' as an assistant.[25] However, that is more an approach particular of the authors on the morphosyntax of the compound forms than as the existence of their own specialty in Eonavian. For some scholars this fact is a result of the classification of perfects in resultatives and experientials; in Eonavian the experiential perfect would only be expressed using the periphrastic form with "tener" verb (have).[26]
According to Timothty Gupton, Galician–Asturian does not use the passive with the verb "tener" like a semiauxiliary verb as frequently as other Galician-Portuguese languages,yet goes on to mention two puzzling constructions in this variety of Galicianalso spoken in the region Navia-Eo (a fala), which are formed with "has" + "ter" + participle and "habías" + ter + participle.[27]
One of the most relevant aspects of the language is the study of its evolution in the Middle Ages through the parchments which are kept in the Villanueva de Oscos Chartulary, the fourth most important in Asturias after San Pelayo, San Vicente and the Oviedo Cathedral. It is very interesting its conservation by the massive information provided a community so small as the Villanueva de Oscos Abbey. The documents show us the vitality of this language in the Middle Ages and give very important information on Romance languages in the northwest of Iberian Peninsula. The Chartulary preserves 616 parchments about the Middle Ages: 32 from the 12th century, 261 from the 13th century, 224 from the 14th century and 99 from the 15th century.
The first scholar who dealt with its study was Aureliano Fernández-Guerra in 1865, in the very important article «Speech about the Carther of Aviles». He used extracts of 19 documents from 1256 to 1316. In 1868, Martín Sangrador y Vitores included in his work about the Asturias administration a copy in Galician of the royal prerogative given away by Fernando II to the Abbey. The next edition of the documents about monastery had to wait until the mid-20th century, when the Royal Institute of Asturian Studies (RIDEA) edited the article «El convento benedictino de Villanueva de Ozcos»[34] by Marcos G. Martínez, a rather poor edition. Only in 1981, Pedro Floriano Llorente publishes in RIDEA «Colección dipolomática de Villanueva de Ozcos»,[35] which implies an important improvement concerning the previous, both by perfection technical, as by the personal and toponymic references.
Nonetheless, the edition dealt with the issue only as far as 1200. In 1994, the Britonia journal published the second serial of the monastery's parchments, edited by Floriano Llorente, covering until the first half of the 13th century. The edition, however, failed to meet the editors' expectations.because no documents were produced in Romance so Britonia published a second version, less known, to covers until 1300, more interesting for the study of the question.
The works served as a basis to publish another set of documents by Professor Alvárez Castrillón in his book Los Ozcos en los siglos X-XIII, un modelo de organización social del espacio en la Asturias medieval, (2001), but the work addresses only the historic aspects and not the linguistics. In the following years, Professor Sanz Fuentes has published also four other documents with regard to Buron Hospital. Finally, Alvárez Castrillón, edited, in 2008, 605 more parchments as attachments to the book «La Comarca de los Oscos en la Edad Media, poblamiento, economía y poder», and in 2011, he edited 293 more documents from 1139 to 1300, Colección Diplomática del Monasterio de Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos, (1139–1300)[36] and more recently Colección Diplomática del Monasterio de Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos, (1300–1511)[37]
The documents of the chartulary give important information for knowledge of the language spoken in the western Asturias in the Middle Ages. They show the origin and the evolution of this language, but the serial of parchments finishes with the arrival the Congregation of Castile in 1511 at Monastery, the end of a cycle and will be the beginning of a new one, the big economic growth around the iron industry. However, the installation of the reformed order closed the documental history of this language, until its resurgence in the late 19th century.
(River Eo)
Here are the results by ALPI quiz (Spanish; Castilian: Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica|lit=[[Linguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula]]|label=none) in the 1930s[38] in regard to the following points placed among Eo and Navia rivers and the general rule set out for all the region by Acevedo y Fernández in the first dictionary of the language, published in 1932.
| width=12% | English | width=14% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Acevedo y Fernández 1932 | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | As Campas Castropol Low Eo | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Salgueiras Oscos Mid Eo | width=12% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Neiro Fonsagrada High Eo | width=12% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Navia de Suarna High Navia | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Boal Boal Mid Navia | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Freiral Navia Low Navia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| water | augua | auga pronounced as /['awga]/ | auga pronounced as /['awga]/ | auga pronounced as /['awga]/ | auga pronounced as /['awga]/ | auga pronounced as /['awga]/ | augua pronounced as /['awgwa]/ | |||||||||
| to | pra | pra pronounced as /['pra]/ | pra pronounced as /['pra]/ | pra pronounced as /['pra]/ | pra pronounced as /['pra]/ | pra pronounced as /['pra]/ | pa pronounced as /['pa]/ | |||||||||
| sowing | sema | somènta pronounced as /['somᴈnta]/ | somènta pronounced as /['somᴈnta]/ | semènta pronounced as /['semᴈnta]/ | sementa pronounced as /['sementa]/ | sema pronounced as /['sema]/ | sema pronounced as /['sema]/ | |||||||||
| how many | conto | cònto pronounced as /['kɔnto]/ | canto pronounced as /['kanto]/ | cuanto pronounced as /['kwanto]/ | cuanto pronounced as /['kwanto]/ | cònto pronounced as /['kɔnto]/ | cònto pronounced as /['kɔnto]/ | |||||||||
| sing | cantaide | cantaide pronounced as /[kan'taide]/ | cantai pronounced as /[kan'tai]/ | cantadie pronounced as /[kan'tadje]/ | cantái pronounced as /[kan'tái]/ | cantái pronounced as /[kan'tái]/ | cantade pronounced as /[kan'tade]/ | |||||||||
| naked | espido | espidu pronounced as /[es'piðo]/ | espido pronounced as /[es'piðo]/ | encoiro pronounced as /[en'koyro]/ | despido pronounced as /[es'piðo]/ | encoiro pronounced as /[en'koiro]/ | desnudo pronounced as /[ðes'nuiðo]/ | |||||||||
| woman | muyer | muyᶻer pronounced as /[muᶻ'ʝer]/ | muller pronounced as /[mu'λer]/ | muller pronounced as /[mu'λer]/ | muller pronounced as /[mu'λer]/ | muⁱyer pronounced as /[muⁱ'ʝer]/ | muyer pronounced as /[mu'ʝer]/ | |||||||||
| eye | oyo | òyᶻo pronounced as /[ˈɔᶻʝo]/ | òllo pronounced as /[ˈɔλo]/ | òllo pronounced as /[ˈɔλo]/ | òllo pronounced as /[ˈɔλo]/ | òⁱyo pronounced as /[ˈɔⁱʝo]/ | òyo pronounced as /[ɔʝo]/ | |||||||||
| ear | oureya | oreyᶻa pronounced as /[oreʝᶻa]/ | oᵘrella pronounced as /[oʷ'reʎa]/ | orella pronounced as /[o'reʎa]/ | orella pronounced as /[o'reʎa]/ | oreⁱya pronounced as /[oreʝⁱa]/ | oureya pronounced as /[owreʝa]/ | |||||||||
| hearing | ouguido | ouguido pronounced as /[ow'giðo]/ | ouguido pronounced as /[ow'giðo]/ | oído pronounced as /[o'iðo]/ | oído pronounced as /[o'iðo]/ | ouguidu pronounced as /[ow'giðu]/ | ouguido pronounced as /[ow'giðo]/ | |||||||||
| weep | chorar | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | chorar pronounced as /[ˈt∫orar]/ | |||||||||
| tear | ---- | lágrima pronounced as /[ˈlagrima]/ | lágrima pronounced as /[ˈlagrima]/ | lágrima pronounced as /[ˈlagrima]/ | lágrima pronounced as /[ˈlagrima]/ | llágrima pronounced as /[ˈλagrima]/ | yárima pronounced as /[ˈʝagrima]/ | |||||||||
| hand | mao | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmão]/ | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmãw]/ | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmãw]/ | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmãw]/ | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmãw]/ | mãu pronounced as /[ˈmãw]/ | |||||||||
| finger | dido | dido pronounced as /[ˈðido]/ | dido pronounced as /[ˈðido]/ | dido pronounced as /[ˈðido]/ | dédo pronounced as /[ˈðedo]/ | didu pronounced as /[ˈðido]/ | dido pronounced as /[ˈðido]/ | |||||||||
| leg | perna | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | pèrna pronounced as /[ˈpᴈrna]/ | |||||||||
| foot | pe | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | pè pronounced as /[ˈpᴈ]/ | |||||||||
| tooth | dente | dènte pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnte]/ | dènte pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnte]/ | dènte pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnte]/ | dènti pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnti]/ | dènti pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnti]/ | dènte pronounced as /[ˈðᴈnte]/ | |||||||||
| quiet | quieto | quieto pronounced as /[ˈkieto]/ | quieto pronounced as /[ˈkieto]/ | quieto pronounced as /[ˈkieto]/ | quieto pronounced as /[ˈkieto]/ | quietu pronounced as /[ˈkietu]/ | quieto pronounced as /[ˈkieto]/ | |||||||||
| mare | eugua | ègüa pronounced as /['ᴈgwa]/ | ègüa pronounced as /['ᴈgwa]/ | ègoa pronounced as /['ᴈgoa]/ | ègüa pronounced as /['ᴈgwa]/ | èuga pronounced as /['ᴈgwa]/ | ŷegua pronounced as /['ʝᴈgwa]/ | |||||||||
| axis | eixe | eixe pronounced as /['eiʃe]/ | eixe pronounced as /['eiʃe]/ | èixe pronounced as /['eiʃe]/ | eixi pronounced as /['eiʃi]/ | eixe | pronounced as /['eiʃe]/ | eixe | pronounced as /['eiʃi]/ | |||||||
| devil | demo | demo pronounced as /[ˈðemo]/ | dèmo pronounced as /[ˈðᴈmo]/ | demo pronounced as /[ˈðemo]/ | demo pronounced as /[ˈðemo]/ | demoniu pronounced as /[ˈðemoniu]/ | demonio pronounced as /[ˈðemonio]/ | |||||||||
| gum | enxigua /enxiba | enxiba pronounced as /[enˈ∫iba]/ | enxiba pronounced as /[enˈ∫iba]/ | enxiba pronounced as /[enˈ∫iba]/ | enxiba pronounced as /[enˈ∫iba]/ | enxiba pronounced as /[enˈ∫iba]/ | meya pronounced as /[meˈʝa]/ | |||||||||
| breast | --- | pecho pronounced as /[ˈpet∫o]/ | peito pronounced as /[ˈpeito]/ | peito pronounced as /[ˈpeito]/ | peito pronounced as /[ˈpeito]/ | pechu pronounced as /[ˈpet∫u]/ | pecho pronounced as /[ˈpet∫o]/ | |||||||||
| knot | nougo | nougo pronounced as /[ˈnowgo]/ | nó pronounced as /[ˈno]/ | nó pronounced as /[ˈno]/ | nó pronounced as /[ˈno]/ | nougo pronounced as /[ˈnowgo]/ | nougoᵘ pronounced as /[ˈnowgo]/ | |||||||||
| kick | couz | couz pronounced as /[ˈkowθ]/ | couce couz pronounced as /[ˈkowθe]/ | couce pronounced as /[ˈkowθe]/ | couzi pronounced as /[ˈkowθe]/ | cou(z) pronounced as /[ˈkowᶿ]/ | couz pronounced as /[ˈkowθ]/ | |||||||||
| joke /join | xoncer | xoncer pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | xoncer pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | xoncer pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | xoncèr pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | xoncèr pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | xoncer pronounced as /['ʃoncer]/ | |||||||||
| milk | leite /lleite | leite pronounced as /['leite]/ | leite pronounced as /['leite]/ | leite pronounced as /['leite]/ | lèiti pronounced as /['lᴈiti]/ | llèite pronounced as /['λeite]/ | ŷeite pronounced as /['ʝeite]/ | |||||||||
| ox | boi | bòi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | bòi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | bòi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | boi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | bòi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | bòi pronounced as /['bɔi]/ | |||||||||
| cricket | --- | grilo pronounced as /['grilo]/ | grilo pronounced as /['grilo]/ | grilo pronounced as /['grilo]/ | grilo pronounced as /['grilo]/ | grillo pronounced as /['griʎo]/ | griŷʸo pronounced as /['griŷʸo]/ | |||||||||
| dove | palomba | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | palomba pronounced as /[pa'lomba]/ | |||||||||
| frog | ra | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | ra pronounced as /['ra:]/ | |||||||||
| wolf | lobo /llobo | lobo pronounced as /['lobo]/ | lobo pronounced as /['lobo]/ | lobo pronounced as /['lobo]/ | lobo pronounced as /['lobo]/ | llobu pronounced as /['ʎobo]/ | ŷobo pronounced as /['ʝobo]/ | |||||||||
| iron | fèrro | fèrro pronounced as /['fᴈro]/ | fèrro pronounced as /['fᴈro]/ | fèrro pronounced as /['fᴈro]/ | ferro pronounced as /['fero]/ | fèrro pronounced as /['fᴈro]/ | fèrro pronounced as /['fᴈro]/ | |||||||||
| flame | lapa /llapa | lapa pronounced as /['lapa]/ | lapa pronounced as /['lapa]/ | lapa pronounced as /['lapa]/ | llapa pronounced as /['ʎapa]/ | llapa pronounced as /['ʎapa]/ | ŷapa pronounced as /['ʝapa]/ | |||||||||
| width=12% | English | width=14% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Acevedo y Fernández 1932 | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | As Campas Castropol Low Eo | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Salgueiras Oscos Mid Eo | width=12% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Neiro Fonsagrada High Eo | width=12% style="background:#efefef; color:Black" | Navia de Suarna High Navia | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Boal Boal Mid Navia | width=12% style="background:#d2dfed; color:Black" | Freiral Navia Low Navia |
The first known writer in Eonavian perhaps could be Fernan Soares de Quiñones or Quinhões dos cancioneiros, a troubadour of the last third of the 13th century. He was the author of four songs of moral satire, known as (cántigas de escarnio y maldecir). One of the cántigas relates, in ancient Galician-Portuguese language, to the "costumes" (manners) and "feituras" (facts) of the "Cavalon" (old horse), which tells the adventures of a nobleman who lived in Seville, and had come from Oscos Region in "Esturas" (Asturias) on the border with Galicia. The verses are included in a "cántiga" that is within the theme of "escarnio" (ridicule) and "maldecir" (cursing) but with the impersonation which is typical of the "Cántiga de amigo" (friend song). Anyway, it seems that the reference to the knight of Oscos presents allegorical connotations to the origin of the Asturian knight that might be related with the type of speech used in the cantiga.[39] [40]
After the arrival of the Castillian Congregation at the monastery of Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos in 1511, the written record of the language ended until its resurgence in the late 19th century.
In the early years of the 20th century was an identification with Galician, reflected in authors like Cotarelo Valledor and Antolin Santos Ferraria, who wrote entirely in Galician. Fernandez and Fernandez and Bernardo Acevedo Huelves were the first authors who are aware of the peculiarities of this language. The latest one is usually attributed the first sonnet in this language: "Vusté era un gran señor, Eu era un gran probe"(You was a great lord, I was a large poor man). A poet contemporary of them was Ramón García González, (1870–1938), who showed the influence of the modernist spirit, prevailing in the early 20th century. His best-known work is a long poem entitled "El xardín". Another poet in that time was Villar Conrado Loza (Taramundi 1873-Tapia 1962), who focused on themes around migration, recurring theme in folk literature on the early 20th century.
After the Spanish Civil War was a decline of the literature in Asturian Galician, which lost the identity features that were beginning to appear. Folk literature was mixing Galician and Castilian and tended to be anecdotic rather than purely literary. In the 1970s, thanks to the work of authors such as Damaso Alonso, writers of the western end of Asturia began to reaffirm the identity of their language, such as Manuel Garcia Sanchez, known Manolo Galano, particularly concerned about the popular culture of the region and published, in 1994, with Jacinto López Díaz "Vocabulario da Roda" and had published in 1984: "Cuentos Parzamiques". He was a frequent contributor to the magazine Entrambasauguas and published, in 2005, a recast of twenty written contributions to the magazine in the book "Vento d'outono". Beside them are some more recent authors as Xose Miguel Suarez (Mantaras, Tapia, 1965) and Xavier Frias Conde. The writers started their literary careers, from the philological study of the language albeit from very different perspectives.
The difficulty of publishing books for an audience so small makes it most remarkable of all that the literature projects through various magazines of the region. The oldest magazine is "A Freita", which appeared in eleven numbers, a general magazine that started to being published in 1992. Among its contributors were writers like Benigno Fernandez Braña, Xan Castañeira, Xosé Maximo Fernandez Muniz, Adela Valledor Conde, etc. In 1995, the magazine attached a literary supplement, published to makes noticed to the authors of Eonavia in other formats, through a kind of less formal book.[41]
Since 1996, the Department of Linguistics of Eo Navia has published the magazine "Entrambasauguas". Among the writers often to collaborating are Veiguela Crisanto (Vegadeo 1959), Alejandro Blanco Antunez, (Navia 1933), Teresa Lopez, (Boal 1950), Xoxe Carlos Alvarez Blanco, Xavier Vilareyo (Mieres 1967), Fredo de Carbexe (El Franco 1967), etc.
In theatre, there is some tradition like in Villar and Manuel Galano. Lately, old plays have been recovered: "Condo el cariño è de Verdá", a comedy released in 1936 by Association Armal, and "El tratto de FF Arias", premiered in Figueras in 1926.
In the dialectal area are associations supporting each side, such as Asociación Abertal (defending the Galician theory) and Xeira or Fala Viva (defending the Asturian theory). Its protection and language policy are the responsibility of the Asturian government and the Secretaría Llingüística del Navia-Eo, a division of the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana responsible for the area. There are two different orthographies for Eonavian, the official one (more Asturian-like) as well as one made by the Mesa prá Defensa del Galego de Asturias (more Galician-like).