Environmental Vulnerability Index Explained

The Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) is a measurement devised by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Program and others^[1] to characterize the relative severity of various types of environmental issues suffered by 243 enumerated individual nations and other geographies (such as Antarctica). The results of the EVI are used to focus on planned solutions to negative pressures on the environment, whilst promoting sustainability.

Development

The beginning stages of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) were developed to be appropriate for Small Island Developing States (SIDs), this theoretical idea at the time was presented by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) on February 4, 1999. The ideas and plans for The Environmental Vulnerability Index were worked on further with the creation of a (EVI) Think Tank that took place from September 7–10, 1999 in Pacific Harbour, Fiji. Expanding the (EVI) to other SIDS was aided by a meeting of experts convened in Malta on November 29 – December 3, 1999 by (SOPAC) and the Foundation for International Studies (of the University of Malta's Islands and Small States Institute) with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

During the second phase of the development, the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) was tested in five different countries. A workshop was made to expand the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index to a demonstrative set of countries from around the world. The workshop was hosted by UNEP in Geneva, Switzerland on August 27 – August 29, 2001. Continuation of work and development on The Environmental Vulnerability Index, lead to a presentation of the first functional results with the Demonstration EVI.

Calculation

To be able to calculate an Environmental Vulnerability Index it requires the compilation of relevant environmental vulnerability data for the 50 indicators. Once compiled then this data must be used to calculate each indicator. As the indicators are heterogeneous, include variables for which responses are numerical, qualitative and on different scales (linear, non-linear, or with different ranges) they are mapped onto a 1–7 vulnerability scale. Where data is not available, no value is given for the indicator and the denominator of the average adjusted down by one value. Where an indicator is considered 'non-applicable' in a country (such as volcanic eruptions in Tuvalu which has no volcanoes), the lowest vulnerability score of 1 is attributed to that indicator. The vulnerability scores for each indicator are then accumulated either into categories or sub-indices and the average calculated. An overall average of all indicators is calculated to generate the country EVI. The EVI is accumulated into three sub-indices: Hazards, Resistance, Damage

The 50 EVI indicators are also divided up in the issue categories for use as required: Climate change, Biodiversity, Water, Agriculture and fisheries, Human health aspects, Desertification, and Exposure to Natural Disasters.

Indicators

1. High Winds – Average annual excess winds over the last five years (summing speeds on days during which the maximum recorded wind speed is greater than 20% higher than the 30 year average maximum wind speed for that month) averaged over all reference climate stations.
2. Dry Periods – Average annual rainfall deficit (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with more than 20% lower rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.
3. Wet Periods – Average annual excess rainfall (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with more than 20% higher rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations
4. Hot Periods – Average annual excess heat (degrees C) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5^°C (9^°F) hotter than the 30 year mean monthly maximum, averaged over all reference climate stations.
5. Cold Periods – Average annual heat deficit (degrees C) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5^°C (9^°F) cooler than the 30 year mean monthly minimum, averaged overall reference climate stations.
6. Sea Temperatures – Average annual deviation in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the last 5 years in relation to the 30 year monthly means
7. Volcanoes – Cumulative volcano risk as the weighted number of volcanoes with the potential for eruption greater than or equal to a Volcanic Explosively Index of 2 (VEI 2) within 100 km of the country land boundary (divided by the area of land).
8. Earthquakes – Cumulative earthquake energy within 100 km of country land boundaries measured as Local Magnitude (ML) ≥ 6.0 and occurring at a depth of less than or equal to fifteen kilometers(≤15 km depth) over 5 years (divided by land area).
9. Tsunamis – Number of tsunamis or storms surges with run-up greater than 2 meters above Mean High Water Spring tide (MHWS) per 1000 km coastline since 1900.
10. Slides – Number of slides recorded in the last 5 years (EMDAT definitions), divided by land area
11. Land Area – Total land area (km2)
12. Country Dispersion – Ratio of length of borders (land and maritime) to total land area.
13. Isolation – Distance to nearest continent (km)
14. Relief – Altitude range (highest point subtracted from the lowest point in country)
15. Lowlands – Percentage of land area less than or equal to 50m above sea level
16. Borders – Number of land and sea borders (including EEZ shared with other countries.)
17. Ecosystem Imbalance – Weighted average change in trophic level since fisheries began (for trophic level slice ≤3.35).
18. Environmental Openness – Average annual USD freight imports over the past 5 years by any means per km2 land area
19. Migrations – Number of known species that migrate outside the territorial area at any time during their life spans (including land and all aquatic species) / area of land
20. Endemics – Number of known endemic species per million square kilometer land area
21. Introductions – Number of introduced species per 1000 square kilometer of land area
22. Endangered Species – Number of endangered and vulnerable species per 1000 km² land area (IUCN definitions)
23. Extinctions – Number of species known to have become extinct since 1900 per 1000 km² land area (IUCN definitions)
24. Vegetation Cover – Percentage of natural and regrowth vegetation cover remaining (include forests, wetlands, prairies, tundra, desert and alpine associations).
25. Loss Of Cover – Net percentage change in natural vegetation cover over the last five years
26. Habitat fragmentation – Total length of all roads in a country divided by land area.
27. Degradation – Percent of land area that is either severely or very severely degraded (FAO/AGL Terrastat definitions)
28. Terrestrial Reserves – Percent of terrestrial land area legally set aside as no take reserves
29. Marine Reserves – Percentage of continental shelf legally designated as marine protected areas (MPAs).
30. Intensive Farming – Annual tonnage of intensively farmed animal products (includes aquaculture, pigs, poultry) produced over the last five years per square kilometer land area.
31. Fertilizers – Average annual intensity of fertilizer use over the total land area over the last 5 years.
32. Pesticides – Average annual pesticides used as kg/km²/year over total land area over last 5 years.
33. Biotechnology – Cumulative number of deliberate field trials of genetically modified organisms conducted in the country since 1986.
34. Productivity Over-fishing – Average ratio of productivity : fisheries catch over the last 5 years
35. Fishing Effort – Average annual number of fishers per kilometer of coastline over the last 5 years
36. Renewable Water – Average annual water usage as percentage of renewable water resources over the last 5 years
37. SO₂ Emissions – Average annual SO₂ emissions over the last 5 years.
38. Generated and imported toxic, hazardous and municipal wastes per square kilometer land area over the last 5 years
39. Waste Treatment – Mean annual percent of hazardous, toxic and municipal waste effectively managed and treated over the past 5 years.
40. Industry – Average annual use of electricity for industry over the last 5 years per square kilometer of land
41. Spills – Total number of spills of oil and hazardous substances greater than 1000 liters on land, in rivers or within territorial waters per million km maritime coast during the last five years
42. Mining – Average annual mining production (include all surface and subsurface mining and quarrying) per km2 of land area over the past 5 years.
43. Sanitation – Density of population without access to safe sanitation (WHO definitions)
44. Vehicles – Number of vehicles per square kilometer of land area (most recent data)
45. Population – Total human population density (number per km² land area)
46. Population Growth – Annual human population growth rate over the last 5 years
47. Tourists Average annual number of international tourists per km2 land over the past 5 years.
48. Coastal Settlements – Density of people living in coastal settlements, i.e. with a city center within 100 km of any maritime or lake* coast.
49. Environmental Agreements – Number of environmental treaties in force in a country.
50. Conflicts – Average number of conflict years per decade within the country over the past 50 years.

List

Rank	Country	Index	Bracket
1	French Guiana	174	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
2	Western Sahara	175	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
3	Botswana	181	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
4	Central African Republic	193	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
5	Namibia	200	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
6	Zimbabwe	200	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
7	Guyana	207	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
8	Mongolia	208	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
9	Niger	208	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilent
10	Djibouti	210	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
11	Zambia	210	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
12	Gabon	211	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
13	Suriname	211	align=center style="background:#39fe3f"	Resilient
14	Kazakhstan	215	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
15	Mali	215	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
16		215	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
17	Chad	217	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
18	Congo	219	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
19		223	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
20	Mozambique	225	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
21	Angola	227	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
22	Cameroon	229	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
23	Burkina Faso	229	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
24	Qatar	229	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
25	Mauritania	233	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
26	Kyrgyzstan	234	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
27		235	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
28	Australia	238	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
29	Belarus	239	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
30	Equatorial Guinea	243	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
31	Greenland	243	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
32		243	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
33	Swaziland	243	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
34	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	245	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
35	Panama	247	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
36	Armenia	247	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
37	Bahamas	248	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
38	Cote d'Ivoire	248	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
39	Turkmenistan	249	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
40	Malawi	249	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
41	Oman	250	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
42		250	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
43	Canada	251	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
44	Papua New Guinea	251	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
45	Bhutan	253	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
46	Eritrea	254	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
47	Guinea	254	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
48	Libya	256	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
49	Andorra	257	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
50		257	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
51	Belize	258	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
52	Uruguay	259	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
53	Ethiopia	260	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
54	Paraguay	260	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
55	Georgia	261	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
56	Kenya	262	align=center style="background:#f0f0f0"	At risk
57	Finland	265	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
58		265	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
59	Somalia	265	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
60	Peru	268	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
61	Cambodia	270	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
62	Latvia	270	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
63	Myanmar	270	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
64	Bouvet Island	271	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
65	Guinea-Bissau	271	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
66	Liberia	271	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
67	Tajikistan	271	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
68	Nicaragua	272	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
69	Honduras	273	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
70	Norway	273	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
71		273	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
72	Saudi Arabia	274	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
73	Sudan	274	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
74	Algeria	275	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
75	Comoros	277	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
76	Gambia	277	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
77	Senegal	277	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
78	Benin	278	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
79	Ghana	279	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
80	Madagascar	279	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
81		279	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
82	Lesotho	280	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
83	Estonia	280	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
84	Morocco	281	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
85	Solomon Islands	281	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
86	Cape Verde	282	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
87	Sierra Leone	283	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
88	Uganda	283	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
89	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	285	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
90	Vanuatu	285	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
91	Uzbekistan	286	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
92	Argentina	287	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
93	Chile	287	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
94	Burundi	288	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
95		288	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
96	Afghanistan	289	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
97	Yemen	289	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
98	New Caledonia	290	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
99	Aruba	291	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
100		291	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
101	New Zealand	292	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
102	Turks and Caicos Islands	292	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
103	Togo	293	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
104	United Arab Emirates	293	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
105		293	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
106	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	294	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
107	British Indian Ocean Territory	295	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
108	Colombia	296	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
109	Faroe Islands	296	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
110	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	296	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
111	Egypt	298	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
112	Iceland	298	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
113	Rwanda	298	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
114		300	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
115	United States	300	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
116	Slovakia	303	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
117	Ecuador	304	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
118	Mayotte	304	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
119	Pitcairn	304	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
120	Wallis and Futuna	304	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
121	Nepal	305	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
122	San Marino	305	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
123		306	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
124	Mexico	306	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
125	Tunisia	306	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
126		307	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
127	Thailand	308	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
128	Hong Kong	309	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
129	Niue	309	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
130	Jordan	310	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
131	Sweden	311	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
132	Anguilla	312	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
133	Malaysia	312	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
134		313	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
135		313	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
136	Cyprus	314	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
137	Lithuania	314	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
138	Czech Republic	315	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
139	Grenada	315	align=center style="background:#fefe45"	Vulnerable
140	Malta	316	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
141	Indonesia	316	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
142		316	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
143	Ukraine	317	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
144	Ireland	318	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
145		322	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
146	Bulgaria	323	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
147	Kuwait	323	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
148		323	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
149	Dominican Republic	324	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
150	South Africa	324	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
151		324	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
152	Bahrain	326	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
153	Luxembourg	327	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
154	Gibraltar	328	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
155	Samoa	328	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
156	Tokelau	328	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
157	Cuba	329	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
158	Albania	330	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
159	Sri Lanka	331	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
160	Monaco	332	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
161	Fiji	333	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
162	Puerto Rico	334	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
163	Portugal	335	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
164	Romania	335	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
165	Nigeria	336	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
166	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	337	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
167	Guatemala	338	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
168	Palau	338	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
169	Bangladesh	340	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
170	Reunion	341	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
171	Montserrat	342	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
172	Cayman Islands	343	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
173	Croatia	343	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
174	Haiti	343	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
175	Iraq	344	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
176	Denmark	345	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
177	Liechtenstein	346	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
178	El Salvador	348	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
179	Marshall Islands	348	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
180	Switzerland	348	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
181	Christmas Island	350	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
182		350	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
183	Spain	352	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
184	Greece	353	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
185	Turkey	353	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
186	Azerbaijan	354	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
187	Costa Rica	354	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
188	Poland	354	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
189	Seychelles	355	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
190	Germany	357	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
191		357	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
192	Mauritius	358	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
193	Saint Kitts and Nevis	359	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
194	China	360	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
195	France	361	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
196	Slovenia	362	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
197	Hungary	363	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
198		363	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
199	Martinique	364	align=center style="background:#fb992c"	Highly vulnerable
200	Tuvalu	367	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
201	Pakistan	368	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
202	Norfolk Island	368	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
203	Austria	369	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
204	Bermuda	373	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
205		373	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
206	Brazil	373	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
207	United Kingdom	373	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
208		377	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
209	Northern Mariana Islands	378	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
210	Israel	380	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
211	French Polynesia	381	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
212	Jamaica	381	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
213	Trinidad and Tobago	381	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
214	Cook Islands	383	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
215	Maldives	383	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
216	India	385	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
217	Italy	386	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
218	Belgium	387	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
219	Lebanon	387	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
220	Netherlands	388	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
221	Japan	389	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
222	Guam	390	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
223		392	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
224	Tonga	392	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
225	Saint Lucia	393	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
226	Kiribati	395	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
227		396	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
228	Philippines	402	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
229	Barbados	403	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
230		407	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
231	Guadeloupe	412	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
232	Nauru	421	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
233	Singapore	428	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable
234	American Samoa	436	align=center style="background:#f90018"	Extremely vulnerable

See also

• Biotic index, a simple measurement of stream pollution and its effects on the biology of the stream.
• Climate Vulnerability Monitor (CVM)
• Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
• Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)

Further reading

• Kaly U, Pratt C and Mitchell J (2004) Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) 2004 SOPAC.
• Barnett J, Lambert S and Fry I (2008) "The Hazards of Indicators: Insights from the Environmental Vulnerability Index" Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98 (1).

Notes and References

1. http://www.vulnerabilityindex.net/ Environmental Vulnerability Index