Environmental conditions of South Korea explained

South Korea has the highest level of environmental pollution among OECD countries. With a population density of 492 people per square kilometer, it ranks third in the world, with more than half of the population living in the Seoul metropolitan area, which accounts for 11.8% of the land area. Therefore, since the population density of the metropolitan area is 4,169, the environmental pollution problem has a characteristic proportional to the population, so it is natural that the environmental pollution level is high. In addition, it is calculated that urban land will take 3,838 km (1,300 times the area of Yeouido) over the next 20 years, and 65 times the area of Yeouido will be developed as a residential or industrial complex every year. Accordingly, the forest area is decreasing by 78 km, and the tidal flat by 36 km every year, indicating how serious the environmental damage in Korea is.

Moreover, the amount of waste that pollutes the environment is nine times that of the United States, four times that of fertilizer and pesticides, and eight times that of sulfur dioxide is emitted, so the seriousness of environmental pollution is bound to intensify day by day. As if to prove this, the average temperature of the Earth has risen by 0.74 degrees Celsius over the past 100 years, but Korea has risen by 1.5 degrees Celsius, twice as much as this. If Korea's warming trend continues as it is, greenhouse gases could double from the current level by 2030, raising the temperature on the Korean Peninsula to up to 4 degrees Celsius. Accordingly, it is expected that all crops and fruits will lead to a decrease in production by more than 30%.

If the temperature of the Earth rises by 1 degree Celsius, the location conditions of the ecosystem change by 100 kilometers. However, if the temperature in Korea rises by 4 degrees Celsius in the next 20 years, the location conditions of the ecosystem will change by 400 kilometers. In other words, the ecosystem in Busan will lead to a big change in moving north to Seoul. Ecosystems are connected by food chains, so when the ecosystem is relocated, creatures that cannot move will eventually disappear from Earth. The Korean Peninsula is suffering from such climate change, and various environmental pollution issues are bothering us, so environmental issues should be the best challenge for Korea.[1]

The environment can be divided into a geographical environment and a social environment. Geographic environment refers to an objectively and physically given environment. It can be seen that the components of the geographical environment interact to form a unity. In other words, it generally refers to the natural appearance of the natural environment. On the other hand, the social environment refers to the inclusion of ideas, values, and human behavior. It is formed by humans and appears differently depending on the times and society. Pedagogy explains that although it is unclear which environment human behavior is more affected, changing the social environment is more important to human life than changing the natural environment.

Geographical environment

Further information: Environment of South Korea

Coast

Three-sided sea

South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some 1,100 km (680 mi) from the Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan to the east. Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea.[2]

The country, including all its islands, lies between latitudes 33° and 39°N, and longitudes 124° and 130°E. Its total area is 100,032 square kilometers (38,622.57 square miles).[3]

South Korea can be divided into four general regions – an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains: a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River.[4] South Korea is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: Central Korean deciduous forests, Manchurian mixed forests, and Southern Korea evergreen forests.[5]

South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not arable. Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southeast, make up only 30% of the total land area.

About three thousand islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. Jeju is about 100 kilometers off the southern coast of South Korea. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 square miles). Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: Hallasan, an extinct volcano, reaches 1,950 meters (6,400 feet) above sea level. The easternmost islands of South Korea include Ulleungdo and Liancourt Rocks, while Marado and Socotra Rock are the southernmost islands of South Korea.

Mountainous areas

East high and West low

Korea is high in the east and low in the west. During the Cenozoic era, the crust spread widely on both sides in the middle of the Sea of Japan, and at this time, the land of Korea rose up under the power transmitted horizontally transmitted. In this process, the east rose higher than the west, forming the current topography of Donggo West. The Nangrim Mountains and Taebaek Mountains, which stretch north and south along the east coast, were also created during this period. And the high, rugged mountains, hills, and valleys developed widely around the two mountains.[6]

If you go east along the Yeongdong Expressway, which runs from Incheon to Gangneung, and enter Gangwon Province, we can meet several tunnels. The reason why there are many tunnels is because of the topography of the east and west. There are many high and rough mountains in Gangwon-do in the east, so we had to make a tunnel through holes in the mountain to make a road. So tunnels are concentrated in the east, where there are many mountainous areas in Korea.

The topography of Donggo West and West also affected the flow of rivers. Since water flows from high to low, most rivers in Korea start from the east and flow to the west. South Korea's Han River, Geumgang River, and Yeongsan River, as well as North Korea's Daedong River and Yalu River, flow west. It also affected the development of the plains. Because plains are developed in the downstream of the river, the plains are spread out in the downstream of the river in the west.

The four major rivers in South Korea

In Korean rivers, the watershed is biased toward the east coast, so the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan are short and there are many rapid currents, but the rivers flowing west or southwest are gentle and long. Usually, rivers flow through the old valley and semi-plain to form an extremely gentle equilibrium river, and erosion basins, floodplains, and natural embankments are developed in the middle and downstream due to long-term erosion, and there are many places that form a river terrace in the upper stream. Due to the uneven distribution of precipitation according to the season, it is difficult to develop and use the river due to the large change in rainfall, especially due to the heavy rains in the summer, which accumulates in the lower part of the river, causing frequent flooding.[13]

Wetlands and national parks (ecology)

Wetlands

There are a total of 24 Ramsar registered wetlands in South Korea. First, the Ramsar Convention is the first international agreement on conservation and wise use of natural resources and habitats, and it presents basic directions for conservation and wise use of wetland resources.[17]

The types are Daeamsan Yong Wetland, Upo Wetland, Jangdo Wetland, Suncheonman Bay and Boseong Mudflats, Jeju Mulyeongari Wetland, Duung Wetland, Mujechi Wetland, Muan Mudflat, Jeju Muljang Orio Wetland, Jeju 1100 Wetland, Seocheon Mudflat, Gochang Wetland, Dongbangdo Island, and Daebangdo Wetland.[18]

Suncheonman Bay, which is well-known as a representative coastal wetland in Korea, is formed on Daedo Island, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do. Suncheon Bay Wetland is a representative ecotourism destination in Korea, as it was designated as a must-see list in the 2011 Michelin Green Guide Korean edition. At low tide, the wide tidal flats around the estuary are exposed, making it a destination for various migratory birds, and the Dongcheon Estuary turns into a deep tidal valley. Rice paddies, salt fields, tidal villages, aquaculture fields, low hills, and mountains are adjacent to the surrounding land, forming a unique ecosystem, scenery, and culture. In particular, the area of Suncheonman Bay tidal flat is 22.21 km2, of which reed colonies account for 2.3 km2.[19]

National Parks

The national parks of South Korea are as follows. It refers to a park designated and managed by the state for the purpose of protecting and fostering representative scenic spots of the state and contributing to the improvement of people's health, rest and emotional life. The national park is a designated natural landscape representing Korea's landscape, including natural scenery, historic historical sites, and protecting rare animals and plants. In Korea, after consulting with representatives of related ministries and offices to hear the opinions of the competent governor, it is designated by the Minister of Environment after deliberation by the National Land Construction Comprehensive Development Council. Therefore, the Minister of Environment decides on the park plan to promote the efficient protection and use of the park.[20]

In addition to Jirisan Mountain, there are Gyeongju, Gyeryongsan Mountain, Hallyeohaesang, Songnisan Mountain, Hallasan Mountain, Seoraksan Mountain, Naejangsan Mountain, Gayasan Mountain, Odaesan Mountain, Deokyusan Mountain, Juwangsan Mountain, Taean Coast, Dadohaean Mountain, Bukhansan Mountain, Woraksan Mountain, Wolchulsan Mountain, Byeonsan Peninsula, Mudeungsan Mountain, and Taebaeksan National Park.[21]

The representative national park of Korea is Juwangsan National Park. Developed at the end of the Taebaek Mountain Range, this place is famous for its strange rocks and bizarre stones surrounded like a bottle, and it is said that King Juwon, the prince of Silla, lived and practiced asceticism. The tourist resources here include Zahaseong Fortress at the foot of the mountain, as well as Giam, Zahaam, Juwanggul Cave, and Haksodae, and Dalgi Mineral Spring is also famous nearby.[22]

Flogging

Floating is the activity of jogging and picking up trash, which protects health and the environment together. It first started in Sweden in 2016. The meaning of the term is also a flogging made by combining 'pick up' and 'jogging' in Swedish. In Korean, the term 'picking up' is also used. It is a job to pick up conspicuous garbage and clean it while jogging, and it can be seen as an environmental protection movement that takes care of health at the same time as exercise.[23]

Recently, along with ESG management, flogging campaigns have been carried out in various places such as local governments, public institutions, companies, and organizations. In addition, flogging websites, communities, and small groups were formed. Flogging campaigns are steadily and widely spreading through SNS.[24]

Examples of floating include Samyang Group's recent flogging activities,[25] a flogging mountaineering club with celebrities,[26] and Jeju Olle Trail flogging day.[27] Changing the perception of small citizens through flogging and leading actions are the solutions for environmental problems. Therefore, it is time to recognize and respond to this.[28]

Carbon neutrality (2050 policy)

Carbon neutrality is the concept of making the actual emission of carbon dioxide "zero" by taking measures to absorb carbon dioxide as much as it emits carbon dioxide. Carbon neutrality is also called carbon zero. The main purpose is to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions to prevent global warming. Since the late 2010s, ESG management has become a hot topic, and as domestic carbon emission rights and carbon borders between countries have emerged, each company declared RE100. Here, RE100 stands for Renewable Energy 100, and refers to an international enterprise-to-business agreement project to replace 100% of the electricity used by companies with renewable energy by 2050. To achieve this, it is necessary to use only power generated from renewable energy or to purchase a certificate of supply of renewable energy (REC) as much as the power used.[29]

The domestic policy situation of the Republic of Korea is as follows. In February 2020, the 'Low Carbon Social Vision Forum', which consists of 100 experts, submitted a report to the Ministry of Environment. Based on this, 15 government ministries were created. On October 28, 2020, President Moon Jae In announced the "2050 Carbon Neutrality Declaration" at the plenary session of the National Assembly.[30] On January 19, 2022, the Ministry of Environment presented four major goals this year: establishing a basic carbon-neutral green growth plan, implementing a carbon-neutral practice point system, creating a green converting economic ecosystem, and fostering 1,300 high-quality workers.[31]

Let's look at the current status of carbon neutrality in domestic companies. In 2021, Ssangyong C&E declared de-coal management to be the first in the industry to reduce the amount of bituminous coal used to '0'. It also announced that it will invest a total of 282 billion won by 2030 to make large-scale facility investments.[32] In addition, Hyundai Motor has released a video on carbon neutrality.[33] In his New Year's address in 2022, Chae Hee-bong, president of the Korea Gas Corporation, cited carbon neutrality as a project for carbon neutrality this year, especially related to the environment of "introduction of overseas green hydrogen, mixing natural gas pipes and hydrogen".[34]

Environmental problems

Korea has a lot of social contradictions and careers as it is rapidly industrialized and is rushing to grow into an advanced country. Particularly serious is the environmental issue. A representative example that can explain Korea's environmental pollution is the Nakdong River phenol pollution incident by Doosan Electronics in 1991. Due to this incident, water sources in Daegu and Busan were contaminated, so tap water could not be consumed for several days. Because I knew that the water was very polluted.[35]

The garbage problem is also being treated as a major challenge for the city. In the meantime, nearly 400 "waste mountains" with illegal waste have been created throughout the country. Local governments sometimes have serious disputes in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi Province because they cannot find a place to throw away garbage. This is worth calling a 'waste mess'. The problem of automobile exhaust is also an urgent problem that cannot be neglected.[36]

Recently, according to an analysis of the "2019 World Air Quality Report" published by Air Visual, a global air pollution research institute, Korea ranked first among OECD members and was the worst air pollution country. Since such air pollution has been affected by weather conditions, the number of days of high-concentration fine dust in Korea is continuously increasing. Therefore, it is time to respond strongly to the climate crisis to reduce atmospheric congestion caused by climate change, and a ban on fossil fuel reduction and use is suggested as a fundamental solution. Greenhouse gas reduction should also be considered at the same time as reducing air pollutants.[37]

Climate crisis

Korea faces a big climate crisis. According to several international official reports, South Korea is expected to experience more frequent storms and problems as sea levels rise, even if various measures are taken. And if the sea level rises by 2 to 3 meters, cities that seemed irrelevant will be greatly affected.[38]

The climate crisis also affects domestic agriculture. Among the changes caused by the climate crisis, water shortage is the factor that will affect domestic agriculture the most. Although precipitation increases due to the climate crisis, drought persists for crops as rainfall patterns change differently than they do now. In addition, the amount of water that rains naturally supply to arable land is expected to decrease significantly, so the damage from the climate crisis is expected to become more and more serious.[39]

The climate crisis response is also our 'self-help'. Heat waves, wildfires, droughts, and floods all over the world are no one else's business. Large-scale disasters can occur at any time in Korea, and forest fires in Gangneung in 2017, heat waves in 2018, Goseong in 2019, and Sokcho have already occurred amid the climate crisis trend. Natural disasters will become more frequent and stronger if climate policies are not prepared to respond to the climate crisis.[40]

Climate policy: related to current legislation

Key documents on climate change negotiations!The names of the negotiations!The year!References
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1992.6[42]
Kyoto Protocol1997.12[43]
Bali Action Plan2007.12[44]
Copenhagen Accord2009.12[45]
Cancun Agreements LCA2010.12[46]
Durban Platform2011.12[47]
Doha Gateway2012.12[48]
Warsaw Outcomes2013.11[49]
Lima Declaration2014.12[50]
Paris Agreement2015.12[51]

Global warming

Global warming is a problem that is applied to Korea as well as the world. Global warming means that the global average surface temperature rises over a long period of time in a broad sense. Compared to 1850, the average global surface temperature has risen by more than 1 degree and is steadily increasing.[52]

Global warming started with the start of industrialization. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 280 ppm. However, it increased exponentially after the Industrial Revolution, reaching about 405 ppm in December 2017. If there are no regulations on carbon dioxide emissions in the future, it is estimated to exceed about 450 ppm by 2050. Modern global warming is evaluated to be due to the increase in greenhouse gases containing carbon dioxide due to human activities.[53]

The situation of global warming in Korea is as follows. Korea's climate is an appropriate mix of cold and temperate zones, where four seasons are clearly visible. However, in the summer of 2007, we discovered that our country's climate was entering a subtropical climate more than ever before. Recently, the summer weather in Korea has weakened the rainy season in July, but the phenomenon of localized torrential rains in August is becoming remarkable. In the past, precipitation in Korea was concentrated during the rainy season from late June to late July, but recently, precipitation was concentrated in late July and August, resulting in a reversal. In other words, this change in climate shows that the average surface temperature in Korea has increased.[54]

In addition, abnormal climate phenomena have been frequently seen in Korea recently. Even though the weather is clear, dark clouds suddenly come and pour out rain, and the sun rises again as if it were ever. In addition, drought occurred in spring, the rainy season was prolonged, and flooding occurred. This climate change is expected to threaten various ecosystems and have a great impact on our lives.[55]

Air pollution

Air pollution in Korea is increasingly a threat to people and the environment. Air pollution starts with many causes, both at home and international. Since rapid industrialization, many forms of pollution have increased, especially in Seoul and other cities. Seoul is one of the most polluted cities, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Since 2009 and 2013, the city's average PM10 has been higher than many large cities around the world, such as Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, and London. In addition, it is estimated that about 16% of the deaths in 2010 in the Seoul metropolitan area were air quality. This has led to health and environmental problems. Koreans are buying masks and air purifiers to breathe cleaner air, and trying to reduce Korea's air pollution emissions.[56]

Causes of air pollution

Pollution in Korea has increased since World War II. In 1960, Korea was still a developing country with few manufacturing industries and was heavily dependent on foreign aid. South Korean society began a major transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, which was accelerated only by the Korean War. In the aftermath of the war, the United States provided significant aid to South Korea through the sponsorship of the United Nations Reconstruction Organization of Korea. The Korean economy, once a newly industrialized nation, grew by 10% annually until the 1980s and 1990s. Today, Korea is a manufacturing and export powerhouse, the world's 11th-largest gross domestic producer as of 2015, but this has been driven by coal-fired power generation and high vehicle emissions. The rapid growth has contributed to Korea's major air pollution, including diesel vehicles, construction equipment, heating and cooling, and power plants.[57]

Deaths from fine dust from fossil fuel

The number of deaths from fossil fuel fine dust (2012) was the second highest in India (2.5 million) after China (3.9 million), but Bangladesh (36.5%) was the second highest after China (40.2%). Korea's fossil fuel fine dust mortality rate was the fourth highest at 30.5%. Looking at the death rate grid distribution, it was found that 4,000 to 5,000 people die annually in the metropolitan area. The average annual concentration of ultra fine dust was the highest in China with 62.9 μg/m3, followed by Bangladesh (52.3%), India (42.9%), and Korea (38.8%). The concentration of ultra fine dust in North Korea was also high at 30.5 μg/m3, resulting in a 26.2% death rate of fine dust in fossil fuels.[58]

Government regulations on air pollution

Water pollution

The topography of the Korean Peninsula has the characteristics of east, west, and west. In other words, there are high mountain ranges in the east and most of the large rivers in the west, forming a granary where rice paddy farming can develop greatly. In the 1970s, the Park Chung-hee administration promoted a reclamation project to achieve national revival. In other words, in 1961, the Public Water Reclamation Act was enacted, and a reclamation project to secure farmland and agricultural water by blocking the estuary of the river and tidal flats flowing into the Yellow Sea was carried out extensively. Moreover, two-thirds of the precipitation in Korea falls at once during the summer rainy season and goes down to the sea. Therefore, if an artificial lake that can store water flowing in the stream is not created, it will inevitably suffer from a serious lack of water. Therefore, there are 3,960 small and medium-sized rivers in Korea, with 18,800 appeals. However, there are only five natural appeals, and the rest are formed by artificial structures such as dams, estuaries, and reservoirs.[62]

Korea's total annual water resources are 127.6 billion tons, of which 45 percent, or 54.5 billion tons, are lost due to evaporation and penetration, and 39 percent, or 49.3 billion tons, are lost to the sea in the event of flooding. However, only 23.8 billion tons, or 18%, are usually leaked, so the total usage is far below 33.1 billion tons. Therefore, water use is 16.1 billion tons of river water, 13.3 billion tons of dam use, and 3.7 billion tons of groundwater use, which is a financial burden to solve the water shortage problem. By use, it is divided into 15.8 billion tons of agricultural water (48%), 7.3 billion tons of living water (22%), 2.9 billion tons of industrial water (9%), and 7.1 billion tons of maintenance water (21%).

Meanwhile, 18,800 appeals in Korea are actually turning into hotbeds of water pollution. On top of that, a huge reservoir has been installed to promote the development of the four major rivers, and all parts of the country are suffering from serious water pollution.

Taean oil spill accident

It is also called the "Samsung 1: Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Accident." A total of 12,547 km (78,918 barrels) of crude oil from the tanker tank leaked to waters near Taean when the Hong Kong-registered tanker Hebei Spirit collided with Samsung Heavy Industries' Samsung No. 1 off Taean, Chungcheongnamdo on December 7, 2007. It is generally called the Taean oil spill accident.[63]

Many fish and shellfish from nearby fish farms died as the oil spill caused turbidity in seawater and reduced dissolved oxygen. In addition, as fishing grounds become dilapidated, it affects the livelihood of the region and affects the local economy. It usually takes about 10 years at the earliest to normalize the local economy, and it will take 20 to 30 years at the longest (in the case of the Sea Prince oil spill off Yeocheon, Jeollanamdo, it was confirmed that oil slicks were found at the bottom of the sunken sea in 2005, 10 years after the incident). It is also expected that it will take up to 100 years for the marine ecosystem to return to its original state.

Fish mass death

Pollutants and their effects!Pollutant!Main representative parameter!Possible effect of the pollutant
Suspended solidsTotal suspended solids
  • Aesthetic problems
  • Sludge deposits
  • Pollutants adsorption
  • Protection of pathogens
Biodegradable organic matterBiological oxygen demand (BOD)
  • Oxygen consumption
  • Death of fish
  • Septic conditions
Nutrients
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Excessive algae growth
  • Toxicity to fish (ammonia)
  • Illnesses in new-born infants (Blue baby syndrome from nitrate)
  • pollution of groundwater
Pathogens
  • Coliforms, such as E. coli
  • Helminth eggs
Waterborne diseases
Non-biodegradable organic matter
  • Pesticides
  • Some detergents
  • Others
  • Toxicity (various)
  • Foam (detergents)
  • Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents)
  • Non-biodegradability
  • Bad odors (e.g. phenols)
Inorganic dissolved solids
  • Total dissolved solids
  • Conductivity
  • Excessive salinity – harm to plantations (irrigation)
  • Toxicity to plants (some ions)
  • Problems with soil permeability (sodium)
• Sources of these pollutants are municipal and industrial wastewater, urban runoff, agricultural and pasture activities[68]

Damage to plants and animals

The biodiversity crisis caused by the climate crisis is becoming a reality. The protection of vulnerable species in the climate crisis should be considered the top priority of the government's biodiversity maintenance policy. In addition, climate crisis measures are urgently needed for the management of endangered species.[69]

Harmfulness in plant ecosystems due to climate change

Harmfulness in the animal ecosystems due to climate change

Recently, the weather has become serious, with summer in Korea becoming the hottest ever and winter becoming unprecedentedly warm. In the past, this phenomenon was described in terms of "climate change", but the extent of it got worse, and now it's called a "climate disaster". In particular, the climate disaster has threatened to mass extinction of barely surviving animals and plants. Although they live on the Korean Peninsula, there are representative animals in Korea that are sensitive to climate change, whose habitats are threatened by climate change without our perception.[71]

Korea's biodiversity is also faltering amid a global climate disaster. If animals in Korea disappear without adapting to the rapidly changing climate, changes in the ecosystem connected to them threaten the survival of other creatures. Therefore, we need the active interest and support of the Korean people to respond to the climate crisis now so that the ecosystem can be maintained healthy from the climate disaster and mankind can live safely in it.[78]

Environmental organizations

Social enterprise

A social enterprise is a company that establishes and operates a business model that can realize social value and generate profits at the same time. There are various social enterprises operating in relation to the dual environment. The waste discharged is reborn and branded. Examples include LAR, high cycle, and beautiful shops.[79]

ESG stands for Environment, Social, and Government. In other words, it means the environment, society, and governance, which are non-financial elements of a company. These days, interest in ESG management is increasing as the social responsibility factor increases, not just the traditional method of emphasizing corporate performance or profits. Looking at the company's ESG management, it has emerged that the company's behavioral style can benefit society and have a positive impact.[83]

ESG management has already been introduced as a disclosure obligation system by Germany, Canada, Belgium, France, and Sweden, led by the UK in 2000. And South Korea introduced it in January 2021, and announced that it plans to expand all KOSPI-listed companies by 2030. It is not an option, but ESG management, which is now an obligation.[84]

As a recent example, ESG management has been accelerated by the practice of environmental protection in the life of Kyobo Life Insurance. Kyobo Life Insurance held a donation ceremony for Vietnam's Hope Tree and an environmental flogging campaign for executives and employees.[85]

There's also Coway's strides. Coway conducted the 2022 Coway River Flogging Campaign to clean up the environment in August this year, and also conducted the in-container challenge (a project to encourage executives and employees to use multiple containers instead of disposable products to participate in environmental protection), and the Clean School Classroom Project.[86]

Non-profit organization

The term "non-profit organization" means an organization that does not distribute profits from the operation of the organization to those who have paid for the establishment of the This includes small private businesses, consumer organizations, and charity and relief organizations. A non-profit organization uses all of its profits only for its operations. Non-profit organizations related to the environment include the Seoul Korea Federation for Environmental Movements, Noeul Park, Environmental Justice, and Happy Bean.[87]

The Seoul Korea Federation for Environmental Movements deeply recognizes that the sky, land, water, and ecosystems are being seriously destroyed by people's reckless behavior, and aims to turn the world into a safe and peaceful place for us and our descendants through our lives and environmental movements.[88]

Noeul Park is a group created to restore the ecological life of the old Nanjido land and give peace and cultural values to children growing up with clear nature instead of trash and the wisdom and peace of life instead of pain.[89]

Environmental Justice Environmental Justice is an environmental civic group that gathers people who try to solve environmental inequality in our society. In addition, there are Happy Bean and the Green Union.[90]

Vegan refers to an active vegetarian who does not eat any animal food (meat, milk, eggs, etc.). Recently, social interest in vegan has been increasing. For example, in Korea, an eco-friendly vegan brand recently entered Daiso. In addition, there are cases of treating mourners with vegan food in funeral culture,[91] and the case of Korea's first upcycling vegan bread launch, "The Bread Blue," a vegan bakery brand that announced that it will launch the first vegan bread using upcycling ingredients with food upcycling company "Rihabest."[92]

References

  1. News: 김 . 종서 . 18 November 2014 . <삽교천을 살립시다> 우리나라의 심각한 수질오염문제 . Korean . Korea's Serious Water Pollution Problem . Dangjin Newspaper .
  2. Web site: 한반도의 지리적 위치 . The geographical location of the Korean Peninsula . Our History Net . Korean.
  3. 권 . 동희 . 2006 . 한국의 해안지형 연구성과와 과제 . The Study of Coastal Geography in Korea . Journal of the Korean Geographic Society . Korean . 13 . 2 . 23–25.
  4. Web site: Korea's Geography (Land, Territory, Landforms, Climate and Weather, Four Seasons) . Asianinfo.
  5. Dinerstein . Eric . Olson . David . Joshi . Anup . Vynne . Carly . Burgess . Neil D. . Wikramanayake . Eric . Hahn . Nathan . Palminteri . Suzanne . Hedao . Prashant . Noss . Reed . Hansen . Matt . Locke . Harvey . Ellis . Erle C . Jones . Benjamin . Barber . Charles Victor . 2017-06-01 . An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm . BioScience . 67 . 6 . 534–545 . 10.1093/biosci/bix014 . 0006-3568 . 5451287 . 28608869.
  6. News: 홍 . 준호 . 28 April 2014 . 동쪽은 산맥 많고, 서쪽은 평야 발달... '동고서저' 지형 이뤄 . Korean . There are many mountains in the east, and plains in the west... The topography of "Donggo West" . Children's Chosun Ilbo .
  7. Web site: Highest Mountains in South Korea . GeoNames.
  8. Web site: 지리산 . Jirisan . . Korean.
  9. Web site: 30 June 2016 . 지리산 10경 . 10 Views of Jirisan . Culture and tourism in Hamyang-gun . Korean.
  10. 현 . 원학 . 2003 . 제주도 한라산국립공원의 지질 . Geology of Hallasan National Park on Jeju Island . ScienceON . Korean . 47.
  11. Web site: 설악산 국립공원 . Seoraksan National Park . Korean National Park . Korean.
  12. Web site: 태백산 국립공원 . Taebaeksan National Park . Korean National Park . Korean.
  13. Shin . Jong-Ho . Chung . Jae-Yong . 2011-02-01 . The four major rivers restoration project in South Korea . Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Civil Engineering. 164 . 1 . 19–26 . 10.1680/cien.2011.164.19 . 0965-089X.
  14. 유 . 한별 . 2019 . 한국 4대강의 수질 환경 지표 변화 분석과 오염 위험 탐색에 관한 연구 : 4대강 관련 수질 환경 정책의 영향을 중심으로 . Study on Changes in Water Quality Index and Detection of pollution risk in the Four Rivers in South Korea : focusing on the impact of water management policies and 'Four Rivers Restoration Project' . ScienceON . Korean . 237.
  15. News: 임 . 종금 . 21 July 2010 . 역사적 관점으로 본 4대강 사업 . Korean . Four Rivers Project from a Historical Perspective . Gyeongnam Newspaper .
  16. News: 14 September 2009 . 4대강 유역 개발 박정희 전 대통령도 추진 . Korean . Former President Park Chung-hee also promotes the development of the four major rivers basin . South Korea Policy Briefing .
  17. Web site: 박 . 종철 . 2015 . 람사르협약 . Ramsar Convention . Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Korean.
  18. News: 김 . 정문 . 30 June 2021 . 협약등록습지 . Korean . Convention Registration Wetland . The Eco-Times .
  19. Web site: 순천만 . Suncheon Bay . Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia . Korean.
  20. Web site: 김 . 병문 . 1995 . 국립공원 . National Park . Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=Korean.
  21. Web site: 우리나라 국립공원 . Korea National Park . Korea National Park . Korean.
  22. News: 10 November 2022 . 탄소중립 실현, 치악산국립공원과 함께 . Korean . Realizing Carbon Neutrality, with Chiaksan National Park . Newspeam .
  23. Web site: 플로깅 . Flogging . . Korean.
  24. News: 김 . 환이 . 10 November 2022 . 적정 기술로 내부 데이터 관리, IT사회적기업 '라임프렌즈' . Korean . Internal data management with appropriate technology, IT social enterprise 'LIME FRIENDS' . IMPACT ON .
  25. News: 김 . 종윤 . 21 October 2022 . 삼양그룹, 창립 98주년 기념 한강 공원서 플로깅 활동 . Korean . Samyang Group's 98th anniversary flogging activities at Hangang Park . News1 .
  26. News: 이 . 나영 . 21 October 2022 . 여기어때, 플로깅 산악회 '쓰봉크럽' 공개 . Korean . How about here? Flogging Mountaineering Club's "Ssbong Krup" is unveiled . Dailian .
  27. News: 우 . 장호 . 20 October 2022 . 제주 올레길 플로깅 데이 . Korean . Jeju Olle Trail Flogging Day . .
  28. News: 편 . 도욱 . 29 November 2022 . 글래드 호텔, 임직원 친환경 플로깅 캠페인 진행 外 . Korean . Jeju Olle-gil Flogging Dayglad Hotel conducts eco-friendly flogging campaign for executives and employees . Lawissue .
  29. News: 박 . 형석 . 13 November 2022 . 탄소흡수원 확충 위해 각계 전문가 나섰다 . Korean . Experts from all walks of life have stepped up efforts to expand carbon absorption sources . Landscape Architecture Korea .
  30. News: 강 . 찬수 . 28 October 2020 . 문 대통령 "2050 탄소 중립" 선언... 30년 허리띠 졸라매야 한다 . Korean . President Moon declared "2050 carbon neutral"... You have to tighten your belt for 30 years . .
  31. News: 이 . 훈 . 9 January 2022 . 환경부, "2022년 탄소중립 이행 원년" . Korean . Ministry of Environment, "The first year of implementing carbon neutrality in 2022" . Monthly Electrical Journal .
  32. News: 서 . 미숙 . 18 October 2021 . 쌍용C&E, 2030년까지 2천800억원 투자... '탈석탄 경영' 앞당긴다 . Korean . Ssangyong C&E invests 280 billion won by 2030... "Management of de-coal" is accelerating . .
  33. Web site: 현대자동차의 탄소 중립 비전 및 목표 . In Progress with Positive Energy . HYUNDAI MOTORS . Korean.
  34. News: 이 . 기우 . 26 January 2022 . '탄소 중립 로드맵' 수립... 해외 그린수소 조기 도입하기로 . Korean . Establish a 'Carbon Neutral Roadmap'... Early introduction of green hydrogen from overseas . .
  35. Web site: 송 . 승용 . 27 September 2007 . 한국의 환경문제 . Environmental Problems in Korea . Ministry of Environment . Korean.
  36. News: 윤 . 우성 . 23 July 2021 . "쓰레기 버릴 곳 없어"... 10년 내 '쓰레기 대란' 온다 . Korean . "There's no place to throw away trash"... In 10 years, "Trash chaos" is coming . .
  37. News: 이 . 철현 . 25 February 2020 . 한국, OECD 회원국 중 초미세먼지 최악의 국가 . Korean . Korea is the worst country for ultrafine dust among OECD member countries . Greenpeace .
  38. News: 23 August 2021 . 한국의 기후위기 대응은 '먹고 사는' 문제 . Korean . Korea's Climate Crisis Response Is a 'Living and Living' Problem . .
  39. News: 11 May 2011 . 기후변화와 우리 농업 . Korean . Climate Change and Our Agriculture . South Korea Policy Briefing .
  40. News: 윤 . 호중 . 28 March 2021 . 대형산불에 안전한 달이 없어지고 있습니다 . Korean . The safe moon is disappearing from the big forest fires . .
  41. Web site: 기후변화협상 . Climate change negotiations . Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea . Korean.
  42. Web site: 21 January 2012 . India's Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . United Nations Development.
  43. Web site: What is the Kyoto Protocol? . United Nations Climate Change.
  44. Web site: 최 . 기상 . 13 July 2009 . 발리행동계획 실천을 위한 합의사항 . Agreements for the Implementation of the Bali Action Plan . ScienceON . Korean.
  45. Web site: 29 November 2015 . The Outcomes of Copenhagen: The Negotiations and the Accord . United Nations Development.
  46. Web site: Intro to Cancun Agreements . United Nations Climate Change.
  47. Web site: The UNFCCCs Durban platform explained . HFW.
  48. Web site: The Doha Climate Gateway . United Nations Climate Change.
  49. Web site: Warsaw Outcomes . United Nations Climate Change.
  50. Web site: The Lima Declaration . The Irish Forum for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
  51. Web site: The Paris Agreement . United Nations Climate Change.
  52. Web site: 지구온난화 . Global Warming . Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia . Korean.
  53. Web site: 지구온난화 . Global Warming . . Korean.
  54. News: 17 April 2008 . 지구온난화의 공격을 받고 있는 한반도 . Korean . Korean Peninsula under attack from global warming . The Science Times .
  55. News: 박 . 기용 . 27 January 2021 . 기후변화·지구온난화·기후위기... 무엇이 맞을까 . Korean . Climate change, global warming, climate crisis... What's right? . .
  56. News: 장 . 명화 . 24 December 2015 . 공기오염 위성지도, 남북한 차이 보여 . Korean . Air pollution satellite map shows differences between South and North Korea . .
  57. Web site: 박 . 동찬 . 2009 . 국제연합한국재건단 . United Nations Reconstruction Organization of Korea . . Korean.
  58. News: 이 . 근영 . 30 December 2021 . 한국 사망자 30%는 화석연료 미세먼지가 원인... 세계 4위 . Korean . 30% of deaths in Korea are caused by fine dust from fossil fuels. 4th in the world . .
  59. News: 박 . 지영 . 28 April 2021 . 이제는 한국의 시간... 돌려막기 기후정책은 그만 . Korean . It's time in Korea... No more climate policy . IMPACT ON .
  60. 배 . 정환 . 김 . 유선 . 2016 . 우리나라 대기오염배출 원인과 저감 정책 효과 분석 . An Analysis of the Causes of Air Pollution Emission and the Effectiveness of Policy Reduction in Korea . Research on Resources and Environmental Economy . Korean . 25 . 4 . 545–564.
  61. Web site: 강 . 상인 . 1 December 2007 . 수도권 대기환경 개선에 관한 특별법 제정 . Enactment of the Special Act on the Improvement of Air Environment in Seoul Metropolitan Area . National Archives of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security . Korean.
  62. News: 이 . 덕환 . 22 June 2022 . 수질 오염과 물고기 집단 폐사 . Korean . Water pollution and fish mass death . Dongascience .
  63. News: 박 . 주영 . 3 December 2017 . 태안 기름유출 10년... 123만명 손으로 다시 찾은 바다 . Korean . 10 years of oil spill in Taean... 1.23 million people came back to the sea . .
  64. News: 4 June 2022 . 춘천 도심 하천서 물고기 떼죽음... 원인조사 착수 . Korean . Fish died in a stream in downtown Chuncheon... Initiate a cause investigation . .
  65. News: 최 . 상원 . 김 . 정수 . 1 June 2017 . 4대강 사업 때 '녹조 라떼' 대책 부실했다 . Korean . The "green algae latte" measures were poor during the four-river project . .
  66. Web site: 13 April 2021 . 화학물질의 등록 및 평가 등에 관한 법률 . Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances . National Legal Information Center . Korean.
  67. Web site: 5 January 2021 . 먹는 물 관리법 . How to take care of drinking water . National Legal Information Center . Korean.
  68. Web site: 수질오염이란 . What is water pollution . Cheongju Environmental Management Headquarters . Korean.
  69. News: 25 August 2022 . 지리산 구상나무 집단 고사 지도 작성, 기후위기로 인한 집단고사 가속화 확인 돼 . Korean . A map of the group test of the fir trees in Jirisan Mountain has been prepared, and the acceleration of the group test due to the climate crisis has been confirmed . Green Union .
  70. News: 윤 . 상석 . 25 November 2021 . 지구 온난화는 지구 생물들에게 어떤 영향을 줄까? . Korean . How does global warming affect Earth's life? . The Science Times .
  71. News: 남 . 종영 . 3 August 2022 . 인류 멸종, 지구 재앙... '기후종말론'은 사실일까? . Korean . Human extinction, global disaster... Is Climate Apocalypse True? . .
  72. Web site: 조 . 성원 . 멸종위기종 – 붉은점모시나비 . Endangered Species – Red Spot Mosinabi . Ministry of Environment . Korean.
  73. Web site: 한국의 멸종위기종 . Endangered Species in Korea . National Institute of Biological Resources . Korean.
  74. News: 김 . 지숙 . 10 November 2020 . '멸종위기 1급' 사향노루 포착... 서식지 보호 시급 . Korean . 'Extinction Rebellion Level 1' caught musk roe... Habitat protection is urgently needed . .
  75. Web site: 조 . 성원 . 멸종위기종 – 하늘다람쥐 . Endangered Species – Sky Squirrels . Ministry of Environment . Korean.
  76. Web site: 2018 . 긴점박이 올빼미 . A long-spotted owl . National Ecological Center for Endangered Species . Korean.
  77. Web site: 2018 . 까막딱따구리 . Black woodpecker . National Ecological Center for Endangered Species . Korean.
  78. News: 이 . 창표 . 20 May 2021 . '생물다양성 위기' 밥상도 위협한다 . Korean . "Biodiversity Crisis" threatens the table, too . .
  79. Web site: 15 October 2022 . 사회적 기업의 개념 및 종류 . Concepts and Types of Social Enterprises . The Office of Legislation . Korean.
  80. News: 박 . 해영 . 30 March 2022 . 무인양품, LAR·효성티앤씨와 친환경 스니커즈 선봬 . Korean . Unmanned goods, LAR, Hyosung TNC and eco-friendly sneakers are introduced . Apparelnews .
  81. News: 이 . 창환 . 1 May 2018 . 고용부, 두팔로·하이사이클 등 새 사회적 기업 40개 인증 . Korean . Ministry of Employment and Labor, 40 new social enterprises such as Dupalo and Hi-Cycle are certified . Asian economy .
  82. News: 31 October 2022 . 홈앤쇼핑, 아름다운가게에 1억1000만원 상당 물품 기부 . Korean . Home&Shopping donated 110 million won worth of goods to beautiful stores . .
  83. Web site: ESG . Environmental, Social and Governance . . Korean.
  84. News: 김 . 동수 . 4 November 2022 . ESG 공시 의무화 주요 쟁점과 대응 방향 . Korean . Major issues of mandatory ESG disclosure and direction of response . MONEY TODAY .
  85. News: 구 . 현주 . 20 October 2022 . 교보생명 "생활 속 환경보호로 ESG경영 가속화" . Korean . Kyobo Life Insurance "Speed up ESG management by protecting the environment in daily life" . E-News Today .
  86. News: 이 . 준영 . 19 October 2022 . "환경에 진심"... 코웨이, 환경 경영 방점 찍는다 . Korean . "Serious about the environment"... Coway focuses on environmental management . The market economy .
  87. Web site: NPO . Non Profit Organization . . Korean.
  88. Web site: 서울환경연합 – 소개 . Seoul Environmental Union – Introduction . The Seoul Environmental Union . Korean.
  89. Web site: 노을공원시민모임 – 단체소개 . Noeul Park Citizens' Meeting – Group Introduction . Noeul Park Citizens' Meeting . Korean.
  90. Web site: 초록으로 그리는 정의로운 세상 . A just world drawn in green . Environmental Justice . Korean.
  91. News: 이 . 광주 . 10 November 2022 . 친환경 비건 뷰티 브랜드 채비공간, 다이소 입점 . Korean . Launched Daiso, an eco-friendly vegan beauty brand preparation space . Fashionbiz .
  92. News: 최 . 다은 . 11 November 2022 . Recycled raw material 'beef bun' came out . Korean . 재활용 원료 '비건빵' 나왔다 . Korean Economy Geeks .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Environmental conditions of South Korea".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.