Environmental issues in the Philippines explained

Today, environmental problems in the Philippines include pollution, mining and logging, deforestation, threats to environmental activists, dynamite fishing, landslides, coastal erosion, biodiversity loss, extinction, global warming and climate change.[1] [2] Due to the paucity of extant documents, a complete history of land use in the archipelago remains unwritten. However, relevant data shows destructive land use increased significantly in the eighteenth century when Spanish colonialism enhanced its extraction of the archipelago's resources for the early modern global market. The Philippines is projected to be one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change,[3] which would exacerbate weather extremes. As the Philippines lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is prone to natural disasters, like earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions.[4] In 2021, the Philippines ranked the fourth most affected country from "weather-related loss events", partly due to the close proximity of major infrastructure and residential areas to the coast and unreliable government support.[5] [6] [7] One of the most devastating typhoons to hit the archipelago was Typhoon Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda, in 2013 that killed 6,300 people and left 28,689 injured.[8] Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1999, the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, the Climate Change Act of 2009 to address environmental issues. The country is also a signatory to the Paris Agreement. However, research has found that outside of cities, the general public doesn't feel equally informed.[9] Environmental activists and land defenders, consisting mostly of Indigenous communities who have been attempting to bring attention to the environmental issues in the country have been met with violence or murder. As a result, the Philippines has been ranked one of the most dangerous places in the world for environmental activists. It also has one of the highest percentages of climate change denialists in the world.[10] [1]

Broad Environmental Issues

Air pollution

Air pollution causes significant health and economic problems in the Philippines.[11] An estimated 66,000 deaths annually have been directly linked to air pollution.[12]

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is tasked with implementing the Clean Air Act of 1999 to monitor and prevent air pollution in the country.

Deforestation

See main article: Deforestation in the Philippines.

Over the course of the twentieth century, the forest cover of the Philippines dropped from 70 percent down to 20 percent.[13] In total, 46 species are endangered, and 4 have been eradicated completely. Only 3.2 percent of total rainforest is left. Based on an analysis of land use pattern maps and a road map, an estimated 9.8 million acres of forests were lost in the Philippines from 1934 to 1988.[14] Illegal logging occurs in the Philippines[15] and intensifies flood damage in some areas.[16]

According to scholar Jessica Mathews, short-sighted policies by the Filipino government have contributed to the high rate of deforestation:[17]

The government regularly granted logging concessions of less than ten years. Since it takes 30–35 years for a second-growth forest to mature, loggers had no incentive to replant. Compounding the error, flat royalties encouraged the loggers to remove only the most valuable species. A horrendous 40 percent of the harvestable lumber never left the forests but, having been damaged in the logging, rotted or was burned in place. The unsurprising result of these and related policies is that out of 17 million hectares of closed forests that flourished early in the century only 1.2 million remain today.

The Philippines had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.91/10, ranking it 91st globally out of 172 countries.[18]

Water pollution

See also: Marcopper mining disaster, MT Princess Empress oil spill and Guimaras oil spill. Although water resources have become scarce in some regions and seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy has led to the contamination of 58% of the groundwater in the Philippines. The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.[19]

It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins.[20] Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to problems in the fishing and tourism industries.[21] The national government recognized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management (see below).[22]

Only 10% of the total population is connected to a sewer network.[23] The vast majority uses flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are discharged into the ecosystem without treatment.[24] According to the Asian Development Bank, the Pasig River is one of the world's most polluted rivers, running through the capital city of Manila. In March 2008, Manila Water announced that a wastewater treatment plant will be constructed in Taguig.[25] The first Philippine constructed wetland serving about 700 households was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of Bayawan which has been used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities.[26]

According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.[27]

Destructive fishing

General

Commercial fishing is causing environmental problems, exhausting food supply, and threatening livelihoods in the Philippines and around the world. The Philippines has a strong fishing culture due to its historically productive and diverse marine ecosystems. In 2018, 927,617 people were officially reported as being involved in "capture fishing", and fish contributes to 50% of a Filipinos protein consumption.[28] [29] This fish reliance has contributed to the current overfishing of 70% of Philippine fishing grounds and about 40% of fish caught being done illegally.[30] Coastal communities and local fishers organized themselves to implement sustainable fishing practices and protect fishing grounds from commercial fishing fleets that are destroying marine habitats.

COVID-19 lockdowns seem to have allowed an increase in illegal fishing. Karagatan Patrol ships using VIIRS (visible infrared imaging lure lights) have detected an increase in apparent commercial fishing vessels from 3,602 in February 2020 (before COVID-19 lockdowns) to 5,950 in March, which went back down to 1,666 in May when lockdown eased.[31] These vessels were detected in waters that only allow small artisanal fishermen using passive fishing methods, due to the area being a spawning ground for most fish species.

Dynamite and cyanide fishing

Dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing, and bottom trawling are fishing methods that cause extensive damage to coral reefs.[32] These practices are major threats to Philippine marine life and ecosystems.

Dynamite fishing, also known as blast fishing and fish bombing, was outlawed in 1932.[33] It is a practice of throwing bombs into the water to kill and stun the fish caught in the blast, and then collecting the fish. The process kills both fish eggs and fish too young to sell. It also destroys the surrounding habitat, including coral reefs in the area. This damage is estimated to have cause $99.2 billion in losses a year, according to a study by Rhodora Azanza of the University of the Philippines. As such, average fish yields have been reported to be decreasing. Jimely Flores, a senior marine scientist for Oceana, described the situation saying, "In some dynamited areas, if you dive you don't see any fish at all."[34]

Commercial fishing vessels have used cyanide to stun and capture coral reef fish in the Philippines.

Solid waste

See also: Payatas dumpsite and Smokey Mountain. According to Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), the country produces an average of 41 kilotons of garbage daily with almost 10 ktons/day coming from Metro Manila alone.[35] As of May 2024, there are 296 garbage disposal sites in the Philippines.[36]

While most local government units establish a Material Recovery Facility (MRF), implement segregation at the source, and collect and process all recyclable and biodegradable materials, most of the municipal solid wastes are either disposed in the dump sites or openly burned, which further worsen the quality of heavy polluted air in the cities.[37]

Republic Act No. 9003 or the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000" provides for a solid waste management program. It orders the adoption of sanitary landfills and the closure of dangerous open dump sites.

Plastic waste

According to World Bank calculations, the Philippines generates 2.7 million tons of plastic waste every year. Around 20% of the plastic waste makes its way to the sea.[38] One estimate ranks the Philippines as the world's third largest producer of oceanic plastic waste.[39] The Pasig River deposits 72,000 tons of plastic into the sea annually, mostly during monsoons, placing it among the world's top 10 rivers that bring plastic waste to the sea.[40]

Rising sea levels

One of the problems of environmental issues is about the sea level rise. Sea level rise is an increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the effects of global warming. Burning fossil fuels is one of the causes of global warming because it releases carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses into the atmosphere. The oceans then absorb the majority of this heat. Sea levels are rising as a result of climate change. This rise is likely to accelerate over the coming century and continue for centuries. The impacts of sea level rise include permanent flooding (inundation) of low-lying areas, and increased frequency, extent and depth of tidal inundation. Sea level rise will also cause most sandy beaches to recede (where beaches will move further inland) and erode.

The Philippines is experiencing sea-level rise, which is threatening more than 40% of the population that live in coastal areas. The rising sea levels are causing increased flooding, erosion, and salinization of freshwater resources. These impacts have significant economic, social, and environmental consequences, including the displacement of people and destruction of coastal infrastructure. To address the impacts of climate change, the Philippine government has taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate. The country has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2030,[41] which will require significant changes in the energy and transportation sectors. The government is also implementing measures to increase the resilience of the population to the impacts of climate change. These measures include the construction of flood control infrastructure, disaster risk reduction policies, and programs to promote sustainable agriculture.

In conclusion, climate change is a significant issue in the Philippines that is already causing significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. The country is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its location and its high population density. The government has taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate, but much more needs to be done to reduce the impacts of climate change on the country and its people. The Philippines must continue to prioritize climate action to build a more sustainable and resilient future.[42]

Environmentalism

Climate movement

Activists in the Philippines have organized activities to call for government action to address climate change. They have protested government policies that have allowed reclamation projects and mining activities and the killing of activists.[43] [44]

Activists have called for higher emission cuts in the Philippines and in developed countries.

Youth Strike for Climate

Philippine youth activists have participated in the global Youth Strike for Climate by organizing protest actions in different parts of the country.[45] Youth activists have also protested the building of coal energy plants and their funding by multinational banks such as Standard Chartered.[46]

Threats to environmentalists

The Philippines is sometimes considered the most dangerous country for environmental activists.[47] [48] According to environmental watchdog Global Witness, at least 30 land and environmental defenders were killed in the Philippines in 2018, many of whom were in conflict with private business groups.[49] Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment recorded 46 deaths in 2019.[50] The group said activists have also been harassed, vilified, "red-tagged," and labeled as terrorists or "enemies of the state."[51]

Journalists reporting on the environment have also been threatened or killed. UNESCO director general Audrey Azoulay stated that the "continued targeting of journalists reporting on environmental issues represents a particularly concerning trend for freedom of expression."[52]

Environmental groups have asked Congress to pass a Human Rights Defenders Bill to help protect activists and their families.

Government policy

See main article: Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Environmental protection

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for creating, supporting, and enforcing policies on environmental protection by the Philippine government. The department is also tasked with ensuring sustainable management of the Philippines' natural resources.[53] The Philippine Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is responsible for environmental impact assessments, pollution prevention and control, as well as enforcing six main environmental laws in the Philippines.[54] The Philippines has also signed into several international environmental treaties,[55] with CITES protecting species from overexploitation due to international trade, and ratified the Paris Agreement.

Sustainable development

The Philippines formulated the Sustainable Development Strategy to tackle environmental issues and address the need to sustain development and growth.[56] The Sustainable Development Strategy proposes policies for assimilating environmental considerations in administration, apposite pricing of natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, rehabilitation of ecosystems, control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in rural areas, promotion of environmental education, strengthening citizens' participation, and promoting small to medium-sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry practices.[57] One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the 1992 Earth Summit.

Upon signing the 1992 Earth Summit,[58] the government of Philippines has been constantly looking into many different initiatives to improve the environmental aspects of the country.

Clean Air Act

Republic Act No. 8749, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, mandates the government to create and implement a national program for preventing and managing air pollution. The law also tasks the government to monitor air quality throughout the country.[59] The Department of Environment and Natural Resources issued Administrative Order No. 81 in 2000 outlining its implementing rules and regulations for the Clean Air Act. It also issued in 2004 Administrative Order No. 2004-26 amending Rule XIX of DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-81.

See also

Species:

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Holden . William N. . 2019-01-02 . Endogenous exacerbation of an exogenous problem: climate change, environmental degradation, and unsustainable development practices in the Philippines . Asian Geographer . 36 . 1 . 1–27 . 10.1080/10225706.2018.1483831 . 158354398 . 1022-5706.
  2. Book: Boomgaard, P. . Southeast Asia : an environmental history . 2007 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-424-0 . Santa Barbara, Calif. . 80145978.
  3. Figure 1. The economy has been volatile but also resilient to shocks . 2022-03-23 . 10.1787/888933338536 .
  4. Book: Bankoff, Greg . Cultures of disaster : society and natural hazards in the Philippines . 2003 . RoutledgeCurzon . 0-203-22189-3 . London . 53173775.
  5. Bollettino . Vincenzo . Alcayna-Stevens . Tilly . Sharma . Manasi . Dy . Philip . Pham . Phuong . Vinck . Patrick . 2020-01-01 . Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines . Climate Risk Management . en . 30 . 100250 . 10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250 . 2020CliRM..3000250B . 226346685 . 2212-0963. free .
  6. Book: Eckstein, David . Global Climate Risk Index 2021 Who Suffers Most Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000-2019 . 2021 . Vera Künzel, Laura Schäfer, Germanwatch Körperschaft . 978-3-943704-84-6 . Bonn . 1237111120.
  7. Holden . William . 2022-02-24 . Climate change, neoauthoritarianism, necropolitics, and state failure: the Duterte regime in the Philippines . Asian Geographer . 40 . 2 . 145–167 . 10.1080/10225706.2022.2029506 . 247123595 . 1022-5706.
  8. Lagmay . Alfredo Mahar Francisco . Agaton . Rojelee P. . Bahala . Mark Allen C. . Briones . Jo Brianne Louise T. . Cabacaba . Krichi May C. . Caro . Carl Vincent C. . Dasallas . Lea L. . Gonzalo . Lia Anne L. . Ladiero . Christine N. . Lapidez . John Phillip . Mungcal . Maria Theresa Francia . 2015-03-01 . Devastating storm surges of Typhoon Haiyan . International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . en . 11 . 1–12 . 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.006 . 2015IJDRR..11....1L . 2212-4209.
  9. La Viña . Antonio GM . Tan . Joyce Melcar . Guanzon . Teresa Ira Maris . Caleda . Mary Jean . Ang . Lawrence . 2018-01-01 . Navigating a trilemma: Energy security, equity, and sustainability in the Philippines' low-carbon transition . Energy Research & Social Science . Energy and the Future . en . 35 . 37–47 . 10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.039 . 2214-6296.
  10. Bille Larsen . Peter . Le Billon . Philippe . Menton . Mary . Aylwin . José . Balsiger . Jörg . Boyd . David . Forst . Michel . Lambrick . Fran . Santos . Claudelice . Storey . Hannah . Wilding . Susan . 2020-12-01 . Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action . Conservation Letters . 14 . 3 . 10.1111/conl.12777 . 229390470 . 1755-263X. free .
  11. Web site: Myllyvirta . Lauri . Thieriot . Hubert . Suarez . Isabella . February 6, 2023 . Estimating the Health & Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the Philippines . 2023-03-03 . Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air . en-US.
  12. Web site: Subingsubing . Krixia . 2021-11-12 . Pollution costs P4.5 trillion, 66,000 lives every year . 2023-08-31 . Inquirer . en.
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  23. Web site: March 21, 2017 . Many at risk of contracting diseases from the poorly managed wastewater of 26 million Filipinos . 2023-06-06 . World Health Organization . en.
  24. Book: World Bank Group in the Philippines . Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges . 2005 . Manila . en . April 9, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200129214716/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/PHInfra.pdf . January 29, 2020 . dead., p. 107
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  26. Web site: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance . 2010 . Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects: Constructed Wetland for a Peri-Urban Housing Area Bayawan City, Philippines . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214043212/http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-constr-wetlands-2009.pdf . December 14, 2019 . March 11, 2010 . en.
  27. News: De Guzman . Lawrence . November 11, 2006 . Pasig Now One of World's Most Polluted Rivers . en . Inquirer.net . dead . June 18, 2010 . https://archive.today/20120530222756/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20061111-31901/Pasig_now_one_of_world%92s_most_polluted_rivers . May 30, 2012.
  28. Web site: Fish Contribution to the Economy, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720070004/https://www.bfar.da.gov.ph/profile?id=18 . July 20, 2021 . July 20, 2021 . Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources On-Line Information System . en.
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  31. Web site: June 7, 2020 . Lockdown Allowed Illegal Fishing to Spike in Philippines, Satellite Data Suggest . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720070004/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/lockdown-allowed-illegal-fishing-to-spike-in-philippines-satellite-data-suggest/ . July 20, 2021 . July 20, 2021 . Mongabay . en.
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  42. Web site: issue of sea level rise in the sea level.
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