Pantoea agglomerans explained

Pantoea agglomerans is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Erwiniaceae.

It was formerly called Enterobacter agglomerans, or Erwinia herbicola and is a ubiquitous bacterium commonly isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, fruit, and animal or human feces and can be found throughout a honeybee's environment.[1] Levan produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7 was reported to decrease the viability of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and breast cancer (MDA) cells compared with untreated cancer cells. In addition, it has high antiparasitic activity against the promastigote of Leishmania tropica.[2]

Plant Disease Biocontrol

Pantoea agglomerans can serve as a biocontrol organism for the management of plant diseases. It has been used to control fire blight, a plant disease caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora, that is a common problem in pear and apple crops.[3] [4] After coming in contact with Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans produces antibiotic compounds that are toxic to the fire blight-inducing bacterium. It is possible that habitat modification or exclusion (competition) also be mechanisms that make Pantoea agglomerans effective for fire blight biological control.[5]

Environmental factors influencing the growth and spread of Pantoea agglomerans include winter chilling, good sunlight exposure and quality air circulation.[6] Fruit-bearing trees, such as apple and pear trees are common Pantoea agglomerans hosts and during blooming season the fruit-bearing trees receive a period of chilling to revive them from their dormant state in the following spring. In terms of sunlight exposure, fruit trees generally grow best in warm, moist and well-lit environments, thus Pantoea agglomerans must also be able to survive under these conditions to effectively protect healthy plant hosts. Pantoea agglomerans is an aerobic bacterium, so it requires a certain level of air circulation in order to survive.[7]

Pantoea agglomerans has also been used as a biocontrol organism to manage other plant diseases, such as grapevine trunk disease caused by the fungal pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum.[8]

Insect symbiont

Pantoea agglomerans is also found in the gut of locusts. The locusts have adapted to use the guaiacol produced by Pantoea agglomerans to initiate the synchronized swarming of locusts.[9]

It is also commonly found as a symbiont in the gut of mosquitoes. Scientists have created a genetically modified strain of Pantoea agglomerans produce antimalarial effector molecules. Inoculating mosquitoes with this strain reduced the prevalence of the malaria-causing organism (Plasmodium) by up to 98%.[10]

Plant Pathogen

Pantoea agglomerans pv. glysophilae completely inhibits root development in Gypsophila paniculata. Both Pag and P. a. pv. betae (Pab) cause gall formation in G. paniculata. That makes Pag a problem for the floral industry, for example in the Israeli industry.

Some strains of Pantoea agglomerans have been identified as the cause of leaf blight of rice in Korea and leaf blight of oats in China.[11] [12]

Antibiotics derived from Pantoea agglomerans

More recent studies have shown that Pantoea agglomerans has a wide variety of antibiotics that can be derived from it. These antibiotics include: herbicolin, pantocins, phenazine and others. In addition, Pantoea agglomerans products may act as a preservative, have bioremediation properties, and be able to fight against harmful pathogens in plants. A Japanese researcher was able to isolate IP-PA1 in Pantoea agglomerans and found that the lipopolysaccharide has a low molecular mass giving it unique properties. The bacterium and its lipopolysaccharide were also found to induce macrophage activity to regulate homeostasis, giving Pantoea agglomerans healing properties when consumed orally.[13] These properties include: "tumours,[14] hyperlipidaemia, diabetes,[15] ulcer, various infectious diseases, atopic allergy[16] and stress-induced immunosuppression".[17] [18]

Clinical isolates

Pantoea agglomerans is occasionally reported to be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients, causing wound, blood, and urinary-tract infections. Infections are typically acquired from infected vegetation parts penetrating the skin. Contaminated intravenous fluids or blood products are only rarely the causal agent.[19] Bloodstream infection can lead to disseminated disease and end-organ infection, mainly septic arthritis, but also endophthalmitis, periostitis, endocarditis and osteomyelitis in humans.[20]

Using the biochemical panels commonly employed in medical diagnostics it is difficult to differentiate Pantoea agglomerans from other species of the same genus or from members of related genera such as Phytobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia spp.[21] This has led to confusion surrounding its pathogenicity as molecular studies based on DNA sequencing have disproved the identity of several clinical isolates initially reported as Pantoea agglomerans.[22] [23] For the precise identification of Pantoea agglomerans non-culture based methods such as Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) or Whole-Cell MALDI-TOF MS are recommended.[24]

Pathovars

Includes P. a. pv. glysophilae (Pag)[25] [26] [27] and P. a. pv. betae (Pab).

Identification

In the course of culture for identification, P. a. pv. gypsophilae can be cultured on trehalose.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Loncaric . Igor . Heigl . Helmut . Licek . Elisabeth . Moosbeckhofer . Rudolf . Busse . Hans-Jürgen . Rosengarten . Renate . 2009-01-01 . Typing of Pantoea agglomeransisolated from colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and culturability of selected strains from honey . Apidologie . en . 40 . 1 . 40–54 . 10.1051/apido/2008062 . 29833478 . 0044-8435.
  2. Al-Qaysi. Safaa A. S.. Al-Haideri. Halah. Al-Shimmary. Sana M.. Abdulhameed. Jasim M.. Alajrawy. Othman I.. Al-Halbosiy. Mohammad M.. Moussa. Tarek A. A.. Farahat. Mohamed G.. 2021-05-28. Bioactive Levan-Type Exopolysaccharide Produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7: Characterization and Optimization for Enhanced Production. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. en. 31. 5. 696–704. 10.4014/jmb.2101.01025. 33820887. 9705920 . 1017-7825. free.
  3. Anderson . L. M. . Stockwell . V. O. . Loper . J. E. . November 2004 . An Extracellular Protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens Inactivates Antibiotics ofPantoea agglomerans. Phytopathology . en . 94 . 11 . 1228–1234 . 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.11.1228 . 18944458 . free.
  4. Lim . Jeong-A . Lee . Dong Hwan . Kim . Byoung-Young . Heu . Sunggi . 2014-10-20 . Draft genome sequence ofPantoea agglomeransR190, a producer of antibiotics against phytopathogens and foodborne pathogens . Journal of Biotechnology . 188 . 7–8 . 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.440 . 25087741 . 0168-1656.
  5. Johnson . K. B. . Stockwell . V. O. . Sugar . D . Loper . J. E. . November 2002 . Antibiosis Contributes to Biological Control of Fire Blight byPantoea agglomeransStrain Eh252 in Orchards . 18944246 . Phytopathology . en . 92 . 11 . 1202–9 . 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.11.1202 . free.
  6. Johnson . K. B. . Stockwell . V. O. . Sugar . D . Sawyer . T. L. . November 2000 . Assessment of Environmental Factors Influencing Growth and Spread of Pantoea agglomerans on and Among Blossoms of Pear and Apple . Phytopathology . en . 90 . 11 . 1285–94 . 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1285 . 18944433 . free .
  7. Web site: Climate and aspect . Apple and Pear Australia Limited . 2009 . December 15, 2016.
  8. Haidar . Rana . Amira . Yacoub . Roudet . Jean . Marc . Fermaud . Patrice . Rey . 2021-07-02 . Application methods and modes of action of Pantoea agglomerans and Paenibacillus sp. to control the grapevine trunk disease-pathogen, Neofusicoccum parvum . OENO One . en . 55 . 3 . 1–16 . 10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4530 . 31 January 2024 . 2494-1271.
  9. 10.1038/35002669 . 10706273 . Exploitation of gut bacteria in the locust . Nature . 403 . 6772 . 851 . 2000 . Dillon . Rod J. . Vennard . Chris T. . Charnley . A. Keith. 5207502 . free .
  10. 2012 . Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 . 31 . 12734–12739 . 10.1073/pnas.1204158109 . 22802646 . Wang . Sibao . etal . 3412027 . 2012PNAS..10912734W. free .
  11. Lee . H. B. . Hong . J. P. . Kim . S. B. . 2010-11-01 . First Report of Leaf Blight Caused by Pantoea agglomerans on Rice in Korea . Plant Disease . 94 . 11 . 1372 . 10.1094/PDIS-05-10-0374 . 30743637 . 0191-2917.
  12. Wang . Jianjun . Chen . Taixiang . Xue . Longhai . Wei . Xuekai . White . James F. . Qin . Zemin . Li . Chunjie . February 2022 . A new bacterial leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China . Plant Pathology . en . 71 . 2 . 470–478 . 10.1111/ppa.13479 . 240528629 . 0032-0862.
  13. Nishizawa . Takashi . Inagawa . Hiroyuki . Oshima . Haruyuki . Okutomi . Takafumi . Tsukioka . Daisuke . Iguchi . Makoto . Soma . Gen-Ichiro . Mizuno . Den'ichi . 1992 . Homeostasis as Regulated by Activated Macrophage. I. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Wheat Flour : Isolation, Purification and Some Biological Activities . Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin . 40 . 2 . 479–483 . 10.1248/cpb.40.479. 1606647 . free .
  14. Inagawa . H. . Nishizawa . T. . Noguchi . K. . Minamimura . M. . Takagi . K. . Goto . S. . Soma . G. . Mizuno . D. . 1997 . Anti-tumor effect of lipopolysaccharide by intradermal administration as a novel drug delivery system . Anticancer Research . 17 . 3C . 2153–2158 . 0250-7005 . 9216680.
  15. Yamamoto . Kazushi . Yamashita . Masashi . Oda . Masataka . Tjendana Tjhin . Vindy . Inagawa . Hiroyuki . Soma . Gen-Ichiro . January 2023 . Oral Administration of Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Insulin Signaling-Related Factors in the KK/Ay Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . en . 24 . 5 . 4619 . 10.3390/ijms24054619 . 36902049 . 10003108 . 1422-0067 . free .
  16. Wakame . Koji . Komatsu . Ken-Ichi . Inagawa . Hiroyuki . Nishizawa . Takashi . August 2015 . Immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans Prevents Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Dermatophagoides farinae Extract in NC/Nga Mouse . Anticancer Research . 35 . 8 . 4501–4508 . 1791-7530 . 26168493.
  17. Dutkiewicz . Jacek . Mackiewicz . Barbara . Lemieszek . Marta Kinga . Golec . Marcin . Milanowski . Janusz . 2016-06-02 . Pantoea agglomerans : a mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part IV. Beneficial effects . Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine . en . 23 . 2 . 206–222 . 10.5604/12321966.1203879 . 27294621 . 1232-1966 . free.
  18. Inagawa . Hiroyuki . Kohchi . Chie . Soma . Gen-Ichiro . July 2011 . Oral administration of lipopolysaccharides for the prevention of various diseases: benefit and usefulness . Anticancer Research . 31 . 7 . 2431–2436 . 1791-7530 . 21873155.
  19. Cruz . A. T. . Cazacu . A. C. . Allen . C. H. . 2007-04-18 . Pantoea agglomerans, a Plant Pathogen Causing Human Disease . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . en . 45 . 6 . 1989–1992 . 10.1128/JCM.00632-07 . 1933083 . 17442803.
  20. Dutkiewicz . J . Mackiewicz . B . Kinga Lemieszek . M . Golec . M . Milanowski . J . 2016-06-02 . Pantoea agglomerans: A mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part III. Deleterious effects: Infections of humans, animals and plants . Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine . en . 23 . 2 . 197–205 . 10.5604/12321966.1203878 . 27294620 . free.
  21. Rezzonico . F. . Stockwell . V.O. . Tonolla . M. . Duffy . B. . Smits . T.H.M. . 2012-04-01 . Pantoea clinical isolates cannot be accurately assigned to species based on metabolic profiling . Transplant Infectious Disease . en . 14 . 2 . 220–221 . 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00684.x . 22093950 . 205424326 . 1399-3062.
  22. Rezzonico . Fabio . Smits . Theo HM . Montesinos . Emilio . Frey . Jürg E. . Duffy . Brion . 2009-01-01 . Genotypic comparison of Pantoea agglomerans plant and clinical strains . BMC Microbiology . 9 . 204 . 10.1186/1471-2180-9-204 . 1471-2180 . 2764716 . 19772624 . free .
  23. Delétoile . Alexis . Decré . Dominique . Courant . Stéphanie . Passet . Virginie . Audo . Jennifer . Grimont . Patrick . Arlet . Guillaume . Brisse . Sylvain . 2009-02-01 . Phylogeny and Identification of Pantoea Species and Typing ofPantoea agglomeransStrains by Multilocus Gene Sequencing . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . en . 47 . 2 . 300–310 . 10.1128/JCM.01916-08 . 0095-1137 . 2643697 . 19052179.
  24. Rezzonico . Fabio . Vogel . Guido . Duffy . Brion . Tonolla . Mauro . 2010-07-01 . Application of Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Identification and Clustering Analysis of Pantoea Species . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . en . 76 . 13 . 4497–4509 . 10.1128/AEM.03112-09 . 0099-2240 . 2897409 . 20453125. 2010ApEnM..76.4497R .
  25. Barash . Isaac . How Way Leads on to Way . . . 52 . 1 . 2014-08-04 . 0066-4286 . 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045953 . 1–17. 25090476 . free .
  26. Barash . Isaac . Manulis-Sasson . Shulamit . Recent Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens: The Gall-Forming Pantoea agglomerans Case . . . 47 . 1 . 2009 . 0066-4286 . 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081803 . 133–152. 19400643 .
  27. Gitaitis . Ronald . Walcott . Ronald . The Epidemiology and Management of Seedborne Bacterial Diseases . . . 45 . 1 . 2007-09-08 . 0066-4286 . 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094321 . 371–397. 17474875 .

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