Ensifer (bacterium) explained

Ensifer (often referred to in literature by its synonym Sinorhizobium) is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), three of which (Ensifer meliloti,[1] [2] Ensifer medicae[3] and Ensifer fredii[4] [5]) have been sequenced.

Etymology

The generic epithet Ensifer derives from the Latin noun ensifer, "sword-bearer". The synonym Sinorhizobium is a combination of Medieval Latin noun sino ("China"), the Classical Greek noun rhiza ("root"), and the Classical Greek noun bium ("life"). Thus, the Neo-Latin generic epithet of the synonym Sinorhizobium means "a Rhizobium isolated from China", in turn referring to the related genus Rhizobium ("root-associated life form").

Proper name

The name Ensifer was published in 1982 and the name Sinorhizobium was published in 1988 thus the latter is regarded as a later synonym and by the rules of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision) of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP), the older name (Ensifer) takes priority.[6] In response to a request that the single extant species of Ensifer (Ensifer adhaerens) be moved to Sinorhizobium, a special ICSP subcommittee was formed to evaluate the request. It was ultimately ruled that Ensifer retained priority and that all Sinorhizobium species be transferred to the genus Ensifer.[7] [8] However, both terms continue to be used in published scientific literature, with Sinorhizobium being the more common.[9]

Deprecated species

Two species have been described which have since been reclassified into existing species: Sinorhizobium morelense (now Ensifer adhaerens)[10] and Sinorhizobium xinjiangense (now Ensifer fredii[11] [12] —though some dissent exists[13]).

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The following phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.[14]

This phylogeny is based on a constrained analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA.[14]

Notes and References

  1. Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Puhler A, Abola P, Ampe F, Barloy-Hubler F, Barnett MJ, Becker A, Boistard P, Bothe G, Boutry M, Bowser L, Buhrmester J, Cadieu E, Capela D, Chain P, Cowie A, Davis RW, Dreano S, Federspiel NA, Fisher RF, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Golding B, Gouzy J, Gurjal M, Hernandez-Lucas I, Hong A, Huizar L, Hyman RW, Jones T, Kahn D, Kahn ML, Kalman S, Keating DH, Kiss E, Komp C, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Palm C, Peck MC, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Surzycki R, Thebault P, Vandenbol M, Vorholter FJ, Weidner S, Wells DH, Wong K, Yeh KC, Batut J . 6 . The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti . Science . 293 . 5530 . 668–72 . July 2001 . 11474104 . 10.1126/science.1060966 . 18580010 .
  2. Web site: NCBI Genome Page for Sinorhizobium meliloti . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
  3. Web site: NCBI Genome Page for Sinorhizobium medicae . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) .
  4. Schmeisser C, Liesegang H, Krysciak D, Bakkou N, Le Quéré A, Wollherr A, Heinemeyer I, Morgenstern B, Pommerening-Röser A, Flores M, Palacios R, Brenner S, Gottschalk G, Schmitz RA, Broughton WJ, Perret X, Strittmatter AW, Streit WR . Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 possesses a remarkable number of secretion systems . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 75 . 12 . 4035–45 . June 2009 . 19376903 . 2698369 . 10.1128/AEM.00515-09 . 2009ApEnM..75.4035S .
  5. Web site: NCBI Genome Page for Sinorhizobium fredii . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) .
  6. Young JM . The genus name Ensifer Casida 1982 takes priority over Sinorhizobium Chen et al. 1988, and Sinorhizobium morelense Wang et al. 2002 is a later synonym of Ensifer adhaerens Casida 1982. Is the combination "Sinorhizobium adhaerens" (Casida 1982) Willems et al. 2003 legitimate? Request for an Opinion . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 53 . Pt 6 . 2107–10 . November 2003 . 14657154. 10.1099/ijs.0.02665-0 . free .
  7. Lindström K, Martínez-Romero ME . International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Minutes of the meeting, 4 July 2001, Hamilton, Canada . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 52 . 6 . 2337 . 2002 . 10.1099/ijs.0.02524-0 . free .
  8. ((Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes)) . The genus name Sinorhizobium Chen et al. 1988 is a later synonym of Ensifer Casida 1982 and is not conserved over the latter genus name, and the species name 'Sinorhizobium adhaerens' is not validly published. Opinion 84 . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 58 . Pt 8 . 1973 . August 2008 . 18676490 . 10.1099/ijs.0.2008/005991-0 . free .
  9. Web site: Young JPW. . Rhizobium: Writing about bacteria and their genomes . February 9, 2013 . WordPress.
  10. Wang ET, Tan ZY, Willems A, Fernández-López M, Reinhold-Hurek B, Martínez-Romero E . Sinorhizobium morelense sp. nov., a Leucaena leucocephala-associated bacterium that is highly resistant to multiple antibiotics . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 52 . Pt 5 . 1687–93 . September 2002 . 12361275 . 10.1099/ijs.0.01954-0 . 10261/109835 . free .
  11. Peng GX, Tan ZY, Wang ET, Reinhold-Hurek B, Chen WF, Chen WX . Identification of isolates from soybean nodules in Xinjiang Region as Sinorhizobium xinjiangense and genetic differentiation of S. xinjiangense from Sinorhizobium fredii . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 52 . Pt 2 . 457–62 . March 2002 . 11931157 . 10.1099/00207713-52-2-457. free .
  12. Martens M, Dawyndt P, Coopman R, Gillis M, De Vos P, Willems A . Advantages of multilocus sequence analysis for taxonomic studies: A case study using 10 housekeeping genes in the genus Ensifer (including former Sinorhizobium) . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 58 . Pt 1 . 200–14 . January 2008 . 18175710 . 10.1099/ijs.0.65392-0 . free .
  13. Martens M, Delaere M, Coopman R, De Vos P, Gillis M, Willems A . Multilocus sequence analysis of Ensifer and related taxa . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 57 . Pt 3 . 489–503 . March 2007 . 17329774 . 10.1099/ijs.0.64344-0 . free .
  14. Hördt . Anton . López . Marina García . Meier-Kolthoff . Jan P. . Schleuning . Marcel . Weinhold . Lisa-Maria . Tindall . Brian J. . Gronow . Sabine . Kyrpides . Nikos C. . Woyke . Tanja . Göker . Markus . Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of Alphaproteobacteria . Frontiers in Microbiology . 7 April 2020 . 11 . 468 . 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468. 32373076 . 7179689 . free .

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