| Enrique Gómez Carrillo | |
| Birth Date: | 27 February 1873 |
| Birth Place: | Guatemala City, Guatemala |
| Death Place: | Paris, France |
| Occupation: | Diplomat, writer, journalist |
| Period: | 19th century – 20th century |
| Language: | Spanish |
| Movement: | Modernism |
| Notableworks: | Sensaciones de arte (1893) Literatura extranjera (1895) Tres novelas inmorales: Del amor, del dolor y del vicio (1898) El modernismo (1905) El alma encantadora de París (1902) La Rusia actual (1906) La Grecia eterna (1908) El Japón heroico y galante (1912) La sonrisa de la esfinge (1913) Jerusalén y la Tierra Santa (1914) Vistas de Europa (1919) Literaturas exóticas (1920) Safo, Friné y otras seductoras (1921) El misterio de la vida y de la muerte de Mata-Hari (1923) Las cien obras maestras de la literatura universal (1924) La nueva literatura francesa (1927). |
| Spouse: | Aurora Cáceres (1905-1906) Raquel Meller (1919-1920) Consuelo Suncín (1926-1927) |
| Signature: | Firmagomezcarrillo.jpg |
| Awards: |
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Enrique Gómez Carrillo (February 27, 1873 in Guatemala City – November 29, 1927 in Paris) was a Guatemalan literary critic, writer, journalist and diplomat, and the second husband of the Salvadoran-French writer and artist Consuelo Suncin de Sandoval-Cardenas, later Consuelo Suncin, comtesse de Saint-Exupéry,[1] who in turn was his third wife; he had been previously married to intellectual Aurora Cáceres and Spanish actress Raquel Meller.
He also became famous for his travels, chronicles, bohemian lifestyle and his notoriously numerous love affairs. At one point he was falsely accused of being the one that betrayed Mata Hari and gave the famous German spy up to the French during World War I.
In 1891 Gómez Carrillo won a scholarship to study in Spain, from then President of Guatemala Manuel Lisandro Barillas. Before moving there, he went to Paris, where he met several writers, such as Paul Verlaine, Jean Moréas and Leconte de Lisle. He subsequently moved to France in 1892, becoming a journalist for a Spanish newspaper thanks to his close friend the Spanish writer Alfredo Vicenti and becoming acquainted with many Parisian literary figures such as James Joyce, Oscar Wilde and Émile Zola. The following year he published his first book, Esquisses, which includes profiles of several writers of the time, and contributed to several publications.
In 1898 he was back in Guatemala, and worked in the election campaign of interim president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who rewarded him for his work by appointing him consul of Guatemala in Paris. Years later, the Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen also appointed him as a representative of Argentina. In 1895 he became a member of the Royal Spanish Academy. In France, he won several awards for his literary work; in 1906 he won the Montyon of the Académie Française for the French translation of his book The Japanese Soul. In 1916 he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor, and later promoted to Commander in the same order.
Ever since his arrival in Europe, Gómez Carrillo sent his critical and opinion articles to El Liberal, a prestigious Spanish newspaper.
Among the journalists in Europe there were very few that could match him, so that he came to be known as "Prince of the Chroniclers". His massive work production is not known in its entirety because he worked for a lot of different news outlets throughout his life; the most famous were:
Among his major contributions were:
For his war contributions, the French government granted him the high dignity of Commentator of the Legion of Honor. He was also a skilled interviewer, and his most famous one was with pope Benedict XV during the war; the Pope accepted to be interviewed by Gómez Carrillo in spite of being a well-known playboy and a heretic writer. In 1916 was appointed as El Liberal director, but could work in that position for a year due to his multiple travels as press correspondent.
In 1907 he began published the magazine El Nuevo Mercurio (The new Mercury, which had first class contributions from the best Latin American writers: besides Gómez Carrillo, it had material from Catulle Mendès, Jean Moréas, Rubén Darío, José María Vargas Vila, Miguel de Unamuno, Manuel Ugarte, Amado Nervo, and others. Unfortunately, and despite the quality of its material, the magazine had to close because it did not appeal to the readers.
Given his intellectual and physical strengths, Gómez Carrillo was very popular with women, having a long list of affairs with artists, writers, and French socialites. However, there were a handful of ladies that were able -at least for a short while- keep him for themselves:
See main article: article.
Mata Hari was a famous exotic dancer, who was accused of espionage and then shot by French authorities due to her ties to the German secret services during World War I. Later on, admiral Wilhelm Canaris, German secret service director, told in his autobiography that it was him who betrayed Mata Hari given that her services were not needed anymore. At the time, a rumor that Gómez Carrillo and his wife Raquel Meller were the ones that told the French on Mata Hari -even though at the time Gómez Carrillo had not met Raquel yet-; Gómez Carrillo took advantage of the scandal to increase his fame and prestige, and even wrote a book on it: El Misterio de la Vida y de la Muerte de Mata Hari -The mystery of Mata Hari's life and death-.
Maurice Maeterlinck described Gómez Carrillo as a "true Renaissance man", living his life to the extreme as a relentless dueler, syphilitic, traveller and correspondent. He died on November 29, 1927, and is buried in Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery; years later, when Consuelo died, she was buried alongside him; upon his death, she inherited his two homes in Paris and Cimiez, near Nice.
Gómez Carrillo died in Paris on 27 November 1927 victim of an aneurysm following years of excess and is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Next to him are the remains of his last wife, Consuelo, who had become countess of Saint-Exupéry after her third marriage, to French pilot and writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.
See also: Natalia Górriz, Federico Hernández de León and Miguel Ángel Asturias.
On 9 July 1941, by initiative Nicaraguan write Juan Manuel Mendoza, who wrote Gómez Carrillo's biography, a Committee pro Enrique Gómez Carrillo Monument was created, and it was in charge of Natalia Górriz de Morales. Among those who worked with the committee were Miguel Ángel Asturias and Federico Hernández de León, who put at the committee's service the Diario del Aire broadcasts, and Nuestro Diario newspaper, respectively. Finally, during Dr. Juan José Arévalo presidency, in 1947 the monument was opened to the public in Concordia square, which was renamed as Enrique Gómez Carrillo Park.
See also: Guatemala City General Cemetery.
In 1960 a tomb for those famous Guatemalan intellectuals that had died overseas was built in the Guatemala City General Cemetery Unfortunately, due to the coup d'état of 1963 that deposed general Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, President of Guatemala and sponsor of this idea, the project was abandoned; only Antonio José de Irisarri -who died in New York City in 1868 and whose remains were taken back to Guatemala in 1968- and poet Domingo Estrada -who died in Paris in 1901- are buried in the tomb. In the case of Gómez Carrillo, due to the impossibility of getting his remains, his name was inscribed on a plaque in bronze letters. By the end of the 20th century, all the bronze letters had been stolen, the plaque covered with graffiti and the whole place is totally abandoned.
Gómez Carrillo became the author of nearly eighty books of various genres, and is known primarily for his chronicles (crónicas), characterized by modernist prose.
He contributed to numerous publications in Spain, France and Latin America, and headed El Nuevo Mercurio (1907) and Cosmópolis (1919–1922). Gómez Carrillo lived mainly in Madrid and Paris. It was in Madrid where he decided to change his surname from "Gomez Tible" to "Gómez Carrillo," mortified by the joking of others. A tireless traveler, he wrote numerous chronicles that collected his impressions of the places he visited: the enchanting París (1902), La Rusia actual (1906), La Grecia eterna (1908), El Japón heroico y galante (1912), La sonrisa de la esfinge (1913), Jerusalén y la Tierra Santa (1914) and Vistas de Europa (1919).
He was also the author of several essays, autobiographies and literary criticisms on "Art Sensation" (1893) "Foreign Literature" (1895), "Modernism" (1905), "Exotic literatures" (1920), "Sappho, and other seductive courtesans" (1921), "The mystery of life and death of Mata Hari" (1923), "The hundred masterpieces of world literature" (1924) and "New French literature" (1927).
As for his narrative, immoral novels include Of love, of pain and vice (1898), Bohemia sentimental (1899), Wonderland (1899, 1922) and The Gospel of Love (1922). Erotic themes predominates within the aesthetic decadence of his writings.
See also: Luis Cardoza y Aragón.
Guatemala is probably the country where Gómez Carrillo is least known, and where the few that do know about his work, are those who criticize it the most. Official cultura curriculum has ignored him, neglecting both his persona and his work. Luis Cardoza y Aragón, has been the direct culprit of this; in both of his memoirs Cardoza y Aragón wrote complete chapters about Gómez Carrillo where he attacks the writer mercilessly. Cardozas criticism, however, cannot completely hide his resentment and envy toward the writer who visited him in Paris in his youth, and to whom he dedicated his very first poems book.
It is until the 21st century that a collection about representative writers in the American continent has published a chapter explaining the deliberate neglect around Gómez Carrillo's memory in his home country. The chapter state that: "ever since Darío died in 1916 there has been a lot of books about modernism. Generally, they ignore Gómez Carrillo. This musketeer winner in life, has not escaped the destiny of those who indulge in their excesses. Besides, he lacked something critical to accomplish immediate celebrity: loved relatives and a protector government.» Further along, the chapter says: «[...] in Guatemala, asking about Gómez Carrillo, no body had any information. His own brother, language professor, carries along completely oblivious to his brother's glory [...] and the bookstores do no have any of his works [...] it is easier to find them in Buenos Aires and in Madrid, for sure.
In Spain, in the 2010s, there has been a renewed interest in Gómez Carrillo's works; some of his best books have been reprinted and starting in 2014 -with the centennial of World War I- there have been printings of several books with the articles that he wrote about the war for El Liberal of Madrid and La Nación of Buenos Aires.
. Mi Vida con Enrique Gómez Carrillo. Aurora Cáceres. Co. Iberoamericana de Publicaciones. Madrid. 1929. Spanish.
. Stacy Schiff . Saint-Exupéry: A Biography . 1996 . 1994 . de Capo . New York . Reprinted . 978-0-8050-7913-5 .