English settlement of Belize explained

Event:	English settlement of Belize
Coordinates:	17.4936°N -88.1853°W
Result:	Belize founded

The Anglo-Saxon, English, or Baymen's settlement of Belize is traditionally thought to have been effected upon Peter Wallace's 1638 landing at the mouth of Haulover Creek. As this account lacks clear primary sources, however, scholarly discourse has tended to qualify, amend, or completely eschew said theory, giving rise to a myriad competing narratives of the English settling of Belize. Though none of the aforementioned have garnered widespread consensus, historical literature has tended to favour a circumspect account of a landing near Haulover sometime during the 1630s and 1660s, effected by logwood-seeking, haven-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.

Prelude

Buccaneering

In NovemberDecember 1544, a patax of 22 French corsairs, mates of a captain called Pedro Braques by the Spanish, were apprehended off the coast of colonial Honduras. Their arrival marked the beginning of over three centuries of piracy in the Bay of Honduras. French corsairs were (belatedly) followed into the Bay by Elizabethan Sea Dogs three decades later. The earliest of these is thought to have been either Sir Francis Drake in the Minion, or John Oxenham in the Beare, who during 23 February 1573 – 22 March 1573 cruised the Bay and watered at Guanaxa. English buccaneering activities in the Bay intensified in the ensuing decades. Notably, during October 1577 – April 1578, an English pirate or privateer, called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish, with 60 men aboard two ships, sacked Puerto Caballos and Bacalar, possibly marking the earliest entrance of such sea dogs into Bacalar's [ie present-day Belize's] waters. It is commonly thought that, upon the 1570s discovery of the intricate, secluded reefs, cayes, and coastline which characterised the waters of Bacalar, English buccaneers promptly opted to base their operations in this portion of the Bay, it affording them safe haven and quick access to Spanish ports.

Smuggling

Prior to 1630, Spanish smuggling with Anglo-Dutch pirate-merchants at ports in the Bay of Honduras is thought to have 'amounted to little more than evasion of duties and taxes,' with typical cases described as 'not spectacular.' However – Consequently, post-1630 smuggling in the Bay is thought to have been 'sporadic but fairly frequent,' especially in indigo and logwood, 'large quantities' of which [illicitly] found their way to non-Spanish markets.

Logging

The earliest logwood cutting near the Bay of Honduras is commonly dated to 1562, and attributed to the Spanish conquistador Marcos de Ayala Trujeque of Valladolid, Yucatan. By the 1570s, Yucatanese encomenderos were shipping to Spain some 200 tonnes of logwood per annum, principally via Campeachy. During this same decade, English pirates, privateers, or buccaneers are thought to have first recognised the commercial value of logwood, and consequently, to have increasingly sought it as prize.

It is uncertain when and where exactly English pirates or buccaneers first began surreptitiously cutting logwood, as opposed to merely seizing Spanish-cut logwood. Proposals range geographically from Campeachy to Belize, and temporally from 1599 to 1670.

English settlement

The earliest English settlement near the Bay is thought to have been Old Providence. Anglo-Dutch buccaneers are known to have watered or camped in the island, and Cape Gracias a Dios, since at least 1616. English presence intensified shortly upon the 4 December 1630 chartering of the Old Providence Company. In 1631, Anthony Hilton's settlement in Tortuga was made a dependency of the Company. In 1633, Sussex Cammock established a trading post in Cape Gracias a Dios for Old Providence. By 29 January 1636, the Company was granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish. On 8 June 1638, the Company granted William Claiborne letters patent to settle Roatan. And shortly after 17 May 1641, Old Providence refugees are thought to have established themselves at Cape Gracias a Dios or Roatan.

Maya revolt

See main article: 1638 Tipu revolt. The 1638 Tipu rebellion against Bacalar, possibly (indirectly) aided by piratical raids of coastal and riverine Maya hamlets in that district, is thought to have significantly eroded Spanish dominion and presence in Bacalar's waters.

Incident

In tradition

Belize is traditionally held to have been among the first English settlements in the Bay of Honduras, along with Roatan. It is commonly thought to have been settled by Peter Wallace and his crew of 80 buccaneers, aboard the Swallow, in 1638. No records of this landing have been discovered, however, and it is commonly thought that none are extant, or that the story is apocryphal.

In scholarship

The traditional story of the English settlement of Belize is the most commonly given account in scholarly literature, though historians often qualify it, given the lack of primary sources. A variety of competing accounts have been proffered since the 18th century, none of which have gained widespread scholarly favour. Despite this, most scholarly accounts seem to favour a second- or third-quarter-of-the-17th century date, with responsibility attributed to pirate's-haven-seeking, logwood-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.

Comparison of 18th- to 21st-century theories regarding the earliest English settlement in present-day Belize.

			Date	Settled	Cause	Notes
1	1603	1607	late 1603 / c. est. of Hond. flotilla	Wallace	settle
2	1605	1615	c. 1610	Wallace	settle
3	1613	1641	prior to / c. Fuensalida misiones	the British	log
4	1617	1617	–	Wallace	?
5	1617	1652	prior to Bacalar sacking	the English	?
6	1629	1635	c. est. of Providence	Earl of Warwick's privateers / Providence Puritans	haven / farm
7	1630	1670	mid-17th cent.	Wallace	settle
8	1630	1670	prior to Treaty	the British	?
9	1634	1668	in sec. third of 17th cent.	Wallace	?
10	1638	1638	–	a few British subjects	wreck
11	1638	1638	–	Wallace	wreck
12	1640	1640	–	Wallace	wreck
13	1642	1658	during Cromwell govt.	the English	haven
14	1642	1680	after Bacalar sacking / after Truxillo sacking / after logging Tris	the British	haven / log
15	1650	1685	in sec. half of 17th cent. / prior to early 1680s	the English	–
16	1655	1680	after Jam. invasion / after logging Tris	Jamaicans	log
17	1658	1668	c. 1663	Wallace	log
18	1662	1670	–	Wallace	log
19	1662	1680	after logging Catoche / after logging Tris	Jamaicans	log
20	1667	1680	shortly after Treaty	Wallace	?
21	1667	1700	in last third of 17th cent.	the English	?
22	1701	1734	early 18th cent.	the English	haven
23	1717	1717	after logging Tris	Wallace	haven / log

Notes and references

Full citations

Serials

1. News: A . 6 May 2011 . Ideas and Opinions – To the ICJ or not . Amandala . Belize City . xxx . xxx .
2. News: F . 5 September 1849 . OJEADA sobre el establecimiento británico de BELICE y reflexiones sobre su futura influencia . Fénix . Campeche, Camp. . Por Gregorio Buenfil . 62 . 3–4 .
3. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1826 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1826 . Published by Authority of the Magistrates . Belize . 950944267.
4. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1827 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1827 . Published by Authority of the Magistrates . Belize . 950947887.
5. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1828 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1828 . Published by Authority of the Magistrates . Belize . 266074037.
6. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1829 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1829 . Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly . Belize . 2027/nnc1.cu56617763 . 682190774.
7. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1830 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1830 . Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly . Belize . 266074037.
8. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1828 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1832 . Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly . Belize . 266074037.
9. Book: HA . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1839 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize . 1839 . Printed and Published by Henry Whitney . Belize . 266074037.
10. News: RWJ . 27 May 1732 . Extract of a Letter from Campeche in the Province of Yucatan, dated Nov. 24 . subscription . Read's Weekly Journal Or British Gazetteer . London . Printed for J. Read, in White-Fryers, Fleet-street . 375 . 3 .
11. News: WR . 11 November 1828 . Honduras (From the Honduras Almanack for 1826.) . subscription . The Weekly Register . St. John's, Antigua & Barbuda . Loving & Hill . XV . 759 . 4 .

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55. Book: McCulloch. John Ramsay. A Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical, Of the Various Countries, Places and Principal Natural Objects in the World. 2. 1866. Longmans, Green, and Co.. London. New Rev.. 890743491.
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57. Book: Molina Solís , Juan Francisco . Historia de Yucatán durante la dominación española. 1910. Impr. de la Loteria del estado. Merida, Yuc.. 2. 1st. 13381125.
58. Book: Morris. Daniel. The Colony of British Honduras, its Resources and Prospects; with Particular Reference to its Indigenous Plants and Economic Productions. 1883. Edward Stanford. London. 1st. 3082083.
59. Book: Naylor . Robert A. . Penny ante imperialism : the Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600-1914 : a case study in British informal empire . 1989 . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Associated University Presses . Rutherford, NJ; London . 1st . 17505939 . 2027/txu.059173018680090 . 0838633234.
60. Book: Newton. Arthur Percival. The colonising activities of the English Puritans: the last phase of the Elizabethan struggle with Spain. 1914. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. Yale Historical Publications: Miscellany. 1. 2027/hvd.32044014678932. 1st. 2993127 .
61. Book: Nuñez Ortega . Ángel . Belice, estudio sobre el origen de ese nombre . 1877 . Imprenta de Gonzalo A. Esteva . México, D.F. . 1st . 680451856.
62. Book: Parsons . James J. . San Andrés and Providencia : English Speaking Islands in the Western Caribbean . 1956 . University of California Publications in Geography vol. 12 no. 1 . University of California Press . Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif. . 1st . 2027/mdp.39015028783234.
63. Book: Pavía. Lázaro. Los ingleses en Mexico, ó sea, el origen y fundacion de las colonias británicas en el seno mexicano. 1888. Imprenta de Jose V. Castillo. México, D.F.. 1st.
64. Book: Raithby. John. Statutes of the Realm. 1819a. 4. subscription.
65. Book: Raithby. John. Statutes of the Realm. 1819b. 5. Great Britain Record Commission.
66. Book: Robertson . William . The History of America . 1777 . 2 . Printed for Messrs. Whitestone, W. Watson, Corcoran, R. Cross, Sleater, Sheppard, Chamberlaine, Potts, J. Hoey, Flin, Fitzsimons, Exshaw, E. Lynch, S. Watson, W. Colles, Williams, W. Wilson, Porter, Walker, M. Hay, Moncrieffe, Armitage, Hallhead, Faulkner, T. Stewart, Burnet, Vallance, Spotswood, Gilbert, R. Stewart, Mills, Beatty, Jenkin, P. Wilson, E. Cross, Wogan, Macelrath, Higley, Hillary, White, Grueber, M'kenly, and Magee . Dublin . 1st . 1871683.
67. Book: Roys . Ralph L . The political geography of the Yucatan Maya . 1957 . Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 613 . Carnegie Institution of Washington . Washington, DC . 1st . 2027/uva.x000422247 . 1851713.
68. Book: Rubio Alpuche. Nestor. Belice : Apuntes historicos y colección de tratados internacionales relativos a esta colonia británica. 1894. Imprenta de "La Revista de Mérida". Merida. 1st. 645354630.
69. Book: Sainsbury. W. Noel. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. 1889. 7. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
70. Book: Sloane. H.. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the Herbs and Trees, Four-Footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that Place, with some Relations concerning the Neighbouring Continent, and Islands of America. Illustrated with the figures of the things describ'd, which have not been heretofore engraved; In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life.. 1707. 1. Printed by B.M. for the author. London. subscription. 1st.
71. Book: Squier . Ephraim George . The states of Central America : their geography, topography, climate, population, resources, productions, commerce, political organization, aborigines, etc., etc., comprising chapters on Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Belize, the Bay Islands, the Mosquito Shore, and the Honduras Inter-Oceanic Railway . 1858 . Harper & Brothers . New York . 1st . 464354896.
72. Book: Stein. Christian Gottfried Daniel. Hörschelmann. Ferdinand. Wappäus. Johann Eduard. Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik für die gebildeten Stände. 1863–1870. J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. Leipzig. 7th. 2. subscription. 746793168.
73. Book: Stephens . John L. . Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan . 1841 . John Murray . London . 1 . 1st . 2027/nyp.33433081696803 . 4163910.
74. Book: Ungewitter. Franz Heinrich. Hopf. Georg Wilhelm. Neueste Erdbeschreibung und Staatenkunde, oder geographisch-statistisch-historisches Handbuch : mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der neuesten Gestaltung Deutschlands : in drei Bänden. 1872. Gustav Dietze. Dresden. 2. 163480536.
75. Book: Uring. Nathaniel. A history of the voyages and travels of Capt. Nathaniel Uring. With new draughts of the Bay of Honduras and the Caribbee Islands; and particularly of St. Lucia, and the Harbour of Petite Carenage; into which Ships may run in bad Weather, and be safe from all Winds and Storms. Very useful for Masters of Ships that use the Leeward Island Trade, or Jamaica. 1726. Printed by W. Wilkins, for J. Peele. London. 1st. subscription. 85795208.
76. Book: Villagutierre Soto-Mayor. Juan de. Historia de la conquista de la provincia de El Itza, reduccion, y progressos de la de El Lacandon, y otras naciones de indios Barbaros, de la mediacion de el reyno de Guatimala, a las provincias de Yucatan, en la America septentrional. 1701. En la Imprenta de Lucas Antonio de Bedmar, y Narvaez, portero de camara de Su Magestad, y impressor de los Reynos de Castilla, y Leon, en la Calle de los Preciados. Madrid. 1st. 79430424.
77. Web site: Waight. Larry. Peter Wallace : "To Be, Or Not To Be". 2022. Belize Hub. 8 April 2022.
78. Book: Williamson . James A. . Sir John Hawkins : the time and the man . 1927 . Clarendon Press . Oxford . 1st . 3075296 . 2027/mdp.39015027905218.
79. Book: Winzerling. E. O.. Beginning of British Honduras, 1506-1765. 1946. North River Press. New York. 1st. 1892890.
80. Book: Wright . Irene A. . Spanish documents concerning English voyages to the Caribbean, 1527-1568 . 1929 . Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 62 . Printed for the Hakluyt Society . London . 1st . 2092435.
81. Book: Wright . Irene A. . Documents concerning English voyages to the Spanish main, 1569-1580 . 1932 . Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 71 . Printed for the Hakluyt Society . London . 1st . 1476408 . 2027/mdp.39015012306133.
82. Book: Wright . Irene A. . Further English voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594 : documents from the Archives of the Indies at Seville illustrating English voyages to the Caribbean, the Spanish Main, Florida, and Virginia . 1951 . Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 99 . Printed for the Hakluyt Society . London . 1st . 2027/mdp.39015026881790 . 1476734.