English Americans Explained

Group:English Americans
Flag:
Population:46,550,968 (14.0%)
English alone and in any combination[1] [2]
25,536,410 (7.7%) English alone[3]
2020 U.S. census
50,000,000+ (1980)[4]
Regions:Throughout the entire United States, but especially in the east central U.S., in and around Appalachia, throughout the Southern U.S., upper New England and the Mormon west
Region1:California
Pop1:3,754,933
Ref1:[5]
Region2:Texas
Pop2:3,520,547
Ref2:[6]
Region3:Florida
Pop3:2,540,795
Ref3:[7]
Region4:Ohio
Pop4:2,037,771
Ref4:[8]
Region5:North Carolina
Pop5:1,869,609
Ref5:[9]
Region6:New York
Pop6:1,641,789
Ref6:[10]
Region7:Pennsylvania
Pop7:1,641,137
Ref7:[11]
Region8:Michigan
Pop8:1,637,351
Ref8:[12]
Region9:Georgia
Pop9:1,594,956
Ref9:[13]
Region10:Tennessee
Pop10:1,430,466
Ref10:[14]
Region11:Illinois
Pop11:1,385,480
Ref11:[15]
Langs:English
Rels:Christianity[16]
Related:Other English diaspora, American ancestry, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, Old Stock Americans, other British Americans, White Americans, European Americans, Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, Cornish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans

English Americans (historically known as Anglo-Americans) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. In the 2020 United States census, English Americans were the largest group in the United States with 46.5 million Americans self-identifying as having some English origins (many combined with another heritage) representing (19.8%) of the White American population. This includes 25,536,410 (12.5%) who were "English alone".[17] Despite them being the largest self-identified ancestral origin in the United States,[18] demographers still regard the number of English Americans as an undercount.[19] As most English Americans are the descendants of settlers who first arrived during the colonial period which began over 400 years ago, many Americans are either unaware of this heritage or choose to elect a more recent known ancestral group[20] even if English is their primary ancestry.[21]

The term is distinct from British Americans, which includes not only English Americans but also others from the United Kingdom such as Scottish, Scotch-Irish (descendants of Ulster Scots from Ulster and Northern Ireland), Welsh, Cornish, Manx Americans and Channel Islanders.

In 1980, 49.6 million Americans claimed English ancestry.At 26.34%, this was the largest group amongst the 188 million people who reported at least one ancestry. The population was 226 million which would have made the English ancestry group 22% of the total.[22]

Scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English (specifically County Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland and Yorkshire) settlers who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. Additionally, African Americans tend to have a significant degree of English and Lowland Scots ancestry tracing back to the Colonial period, typically ranging between 17 and 29%.[23]

The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of English ancestry. English immigrants in the 19th century, as with other groups, sought economic prosperity. They began migrating in large numbers, without state support, in the 1840s and continued into the 1890s.[24]

Sense of identity

Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.[25]

Since 1776, English Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage, unlike other British Americans, Latino Americans, African Americans, Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Native Americans or other ethnic groups. This is a reason why numbers vary drastically between self-identification and estimates. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible," dismissing the occasional St. George Societies as ephemeral elite clubs that were not in touch with a larger ethnic community.[26] In Canada, by contrast, the English organized far more ethnic activism, as the English competed sharply with the well-organized French and Irish elements.[27] In the United States, the Scottish immigrants were much better organized than the English in the 19th century, as were their descendants in the late 20th century.[28]

Number of English Americans

English origins response
YearSingle ancestry
/ alone 		Totals / %
1980[29] [30] 23,748,77249,598,03521.9
1990[31] -32,651,78813.1
2000[32] -24,515,1388.71
2010[33] -27,403,0639.02
2020[34] 25,536,41046,550,96814.0

The original 17th century settlers were overwhelmingly English. From the time of the first permanent English presence in the New World until the 1900s, these migrants and their descendants outnumbered all others firmly establishing the English cultural pattern as predominant for the American version.[35]

1700–1775

According to studies and estimates, the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies from 1700 onwards were: (*Georgia not included)

Ethnic composition of the American Colonies[36] [37] [38]
1700 / %1755 / %1775 / %
English / Welsh80.0English / Welsh52.0English 48.7
African11.0African20.0African20.0
Dutch4.0German7.0Scots-Irish 7.8
Scottish3.0Scots-Irish7.0German6.9
Other European2.0Irish5.0Scottish6.6
Scottish4.0Dutch2.7
Dutch3.01.4
Other European2.00.6
Other 5.3
Twelve*100.0 Thirteen Colonies100.0 United Colonies100.0
Colonial English origin 1776[39]
Colonies% of population
New England70.5
Middle40.6
37.4

Data

National origins: 1790–1900

The ancestries of the population in 1790 (the first national population census) has been estimated by various sources, first in 1909, then again in 1932, 1980 and 1984 by sampling distinctive surnames in the census and assigning them a country of origin. There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.[40] [41]

A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 by the Government Census Bureau estimated the English were 83.5%, 6.7% Scottish, 1.6% Irish, 2.0% Dutch, 0.5% French, 5.6% German and 0.1% all others of the white population for the 12 enumerated states.[42] "Hebrews" (Jews) were less than one-tenth of 1 percent. When the Scotch and Irish are added, British origins would be more than 90% of the European ancestry.[43] [44] [45]

The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were Connecticut 96.2%, Rhode Island 96.0%, Vermont 95.4%, Massachusetts 95.0%, New Hampshire 94.1%, Maine 93.1%, Virginia 85.0%, Maryland 84.0%, North Carolina 83.1%, South Carolina 82.4%, New York 78.2% and Pennsylvania 59.0%.[46] CPG estimated that, of all European Americans in the Continental United States as of 1790, 82.1% were English, followed by 7.0% Scotch, 5.6% German, 2.5% Dutch, 1.9% Irish, and 0.6% French.

English American population estimates (1790)

The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census.

The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:

At the time of the first census in 1790, English was the majority ancestry in all U.S. states, ranging from a high of 96.2% in Connecticut to a low of 58.0% in New Jersey.

Ancestries of Each U.S. State in 1790 - [47] !State!English %!Scotch %!Irish %!Dutch %!French %!German %!Other %
93.14.31.40.30.10.50.3
94.14.71.00.10.10.00.0
95.43.00.70.50.20.00.2
95.03.61.00.10.20.00.1
96.03.10.70.00.10.10.0
96.22.80.70.10.20.00.0
78.23.20.816.10.80.40.5
58.07.77.112.72.19.23.2
86.37.53.91.00.50.40.4
59.011.72.00.60.626.10.0
84.06.52.40.10.75.90.4
85.07.12.00.20.64.90.2
83.111.22.30.20.32.80.1
83.111.22.30.20.32.80.1
83.111.22.30.20.32.80.1
82.411.72.60.11.31.70.2
Georgia83.111.22.30.20.32.80.1

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).

Estimated English American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census.[48]

State or Territory
%
67.00%
60.00%
57.40%
57.90%
60.00%
64.50%
82.00%
61.00%
47.00%
52.00%
66.00%
35.30%
71.00%
60.20%
76.00%
68.50%
60.94%
29.81%
11.20%
Spanish America 2.54%
United States60.10%

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984[49] estimated that people of English ancestry made up about 47.5% of the total population or 60.9% of the European American or white population (his figures can also be found, and as divided by region, in Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991 p. 2540-839-1346-2).[49] [50] The study which gives similar results can be found in The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick in percentages for 1790: 47.9 English, 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish (Ulster), 4.3 Scottish, 4.7 Irish (South), 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French, 0.2 Swedish, 19.3 Black, 103.4 British. The difference between the two estimates are found by comparing the ratios of the groups (adding and subtracting) to accommodate and adding the Welsh.[51]

The category 'Irish' in the Bonwick study represents immigrants from Ireland outside the province of Ulster, the overwhelming majority of whom were Protestant and not ethnically Irish, though from Ireland. They were not Irish Catholics. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics were 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.[52] [53] Some 80.7% of the total United States population was of European origin.[54]

Using the first model above, in 1900, an estimated 28,375,000 or 37.8% of the population of the United States was wholly or partly of English ancestry from colonial roots. The estimate was based on the Census Bureaus Estimate that approximately thirty five million white Americans were descended from colonial forebears.[55]

Census

1980

In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed only English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.[56] 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "American" (counted under "not specified") as also seen in censuses that followed.[57] Below shows the persons who reported at least one specific ancestry are as follows.[58] [59]

ResponseNumberPercentNortheastNorth
Central		SouthWest
Single ancestry23,748,77247.92,984,9314,438,22312,382,6813,942,937
Multiple ancestry25,849,26352.15,190,0457,099,9617,235,6896,323,568
Totals49,598,0358,174,97611,538,18419,618,37010,266,505

1990

In 1990, the national level response rate for the question was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry and 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose English, 66.9% of people chose it as their first response.Totals for the English showed a considerable decrease from the previous census.[60] Responses for "American" slightly decreased both numerically and as a percentage from 5.9% to 5.2% in 1990 with most being from the South.[61]

ResponseNumber%
First ancestry21,834,16066.9
Second ancestry10,817,62833.1
Totals32,651,788

2000

In the 2000 census, 24.5 million or 8.7% of Americans reported English ancestry, a decline of some eight million people. At the national level, the response rate for the ancestry question fell to 80.1% of the total U.S. population, while 19.9% were unclassified or ignored the question completely. It was the fourth largest ancestral group.[62] Some Cornish Americans may not identify as English American or British American, even though Cornwall had been part of England since long before their ancestors arrived in North America. Responses were:[63]

ResponsePopulationChange
1990–2000
First ancestry16,623,938 rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; style="color: red"-24.9%
Second ancestry7,885,754
Total24,509,692

2010 ACS

In 2010, the official census did not include a question on origins or ancestry, however the American Community Survey enumerated Americans reporting English ancestry at 27.4 million, 9.0% of the U.S. population; in 2015, 24.8 million, 7.8% of the population. A decade thereafter, in 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau recorded 25.2 million Americans reporting full or partial English ancestry, about 7.7% of the U.S. population.[64] [65]

2020

Results for the 2020 United States census showed that English Americans were the largest group in the United States where 25,536,410 (12.5%) identified as "English alone" with a further 21 million choosing English combined with another ethnic origin. The total is 46,550,968 Americans self-identifying as being of English origin representing (19.8%) of the White American alone or in any combination population.[66]

Census responsePopulation
Origin Alone25,536,410
Origin combined with another21,014,558
Total46,550,968

Geographical distribution

1980

In the 1980 United States census,[67] English ancestry was reported to be at around 49.6 million. This number had dramatically declined by the previously mentioned 2000 census, where 24.5 million people reported English ancestry.

One main reason for this is because once the American ancestry category was introduced for self-reporting ancestry, many people who previously reported having English origins reported as having "American" ancestry instead.

2000

English Americans are found in large numbers throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast, South and West.

Cities

The following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities (total list of the 101 communities, see source):[68]

Top 20 highest cities with over 500 Population: English Ancestry (In Progress)!Rank!City!State!Percent
1HildaleUtah66.9
2Colorado CityArizona52.7
3MilbridgeMaine41.1
4PanguitchUtah40
5BeaverUtah39.8
6EnterpriseUtah39.4
7East MachiasMaine39.1
8Marriott-SlatervilleUtah38.2
9Utah37.9
10MorganUtah37.2
11HarringtonMaine36.9
12FarmingtonUtah36.9
13HighlandUtah36.7
14NephiUtah36.4
15Fruit HeightsUtah35.9
16Maine35.6
17Farr WestUtah35.4
18HooperUtah35.0
19Utah35.0
20Plain CityUtah34.7

Maps showing percentages by county of Americans who declared English ancestry in the 2000 Census. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a higher percentage: highest in the east and west (see also Maps of American ancestries). Center, a map showing the population of English Americans by state. On the right, a map showing the percentages of English Americans by state.

2020 census by state

According to the 2020 U.S. census, the 10 states with the largest populations of self-reported English Americans are:

State! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"
NumberPercentage
7.87%
7.99%
8.49%
8.21%
5.44%
10.42%
8.39%
9.38%
5.61%
6.96%
7.78%
4.05%
17.09%
5.71%
8.71%
8.13%
10.24%
11.02%
5.46%
18.99%
7.28%
9.34%
8.85%
5.64%
7.33%
9.09%
11.61%
8.01%
7.28%
16.90%
4.84%
6.60%
5.06%
9.76%
4.31%
8.62%
8.05%
11.45%
7.24%
10.57%
9.04%
6.17%
9.41%
6.19%
24.13%
16.97%
9.79%
10.28%
11.07%
5.80%
12.73%
United States7.72%

History

Early settlement and colonization

See also: English overseas possessions. English settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport,[24] who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.[69] The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity.[70] Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.[71] Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller.[72] [73] This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.

A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.[74]

England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664.[75] With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.[76]

English immigration after 1776

Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.[77] English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.

English immigration to the United States
PeriodArrivalsPeriodArrivals
1820–183015,837 1901–1910388,017
1831–18407,611 1911–1920249,944
1841–185032,092 1921–1930157,420
1851–1860247,1251931–194021,756
1861–1870222,277 1941–1950112,252
1871–1880437,706 1951–1960156,171
1881–1890644,680 1961–1970174,452
1891–1900216,726 1971–1980–
Total (1820–1970): 3,084,066[78] [79] [80]

A number of English settlers moved to the United States from Australia in the 1850s (then a British political territory), when the California Gold Rush boomed; these included the so-called "Sydney Ducks" (see Australian Americans).[81]

In prior eras there were English-centered cultural events such as Morris dance events and Saint George's Day. There had been conflicts between English immigrant groups and Irish immigrant groups. A magazine article from The Republic in 1852 had criticized English immigrants for remaining loyal to the British Crown.[82]

During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration grew to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893. The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.

English-born in the United States
YearPopulation% of foreign-born
1850278,67512.4
1860431,692–
1870550,92410.0
1880662,676–
1890908,1419.8
1900840,513–
1910877,7196.5
1920813,853–
1930809,5635.7
1940– –
1950– –
1960528,2055.4
1970458,1144.8
1980442,499–
1990405,588–
2000423,609–
2010356,4890.9
Source:[83] [84] [85]
Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups came to practice their religion freely.[86]

The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man.[83] In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s.[87] While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the British government[88] was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Known informally as "WASPS" (see White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), their dominance has slipped since 1945, but remains high in many fields. Eight out of the first ten American presidents and more than that proportion of the 46 presidents, as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third-largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.[89] [90]

In 2011, Lucy Tobin of The Guardian wrote that, as of that year, it was not common to see English cultural heritage expression nor events in the United States.[82]

Political influence

As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,[91] often because many had been involved in government back in England.[92] In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.[93]

The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of English extraction. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.[94] While WASPs have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the Republican Party, before the 1980s. A few top Democrats qualified, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Northeastern Republican leaders such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and especially Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance.[95] Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, of a prominent old Yankee family, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.[96]

Asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?" journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ended with Republicans George H. W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.[97]

Language

See main article: American English.

English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.[98] The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the de facto official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.[99]

Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%. Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains the pronunciation of the letter "R" after vowels, unlike standard British English, though it still can be heard in several regional dialects in England) and spelling (one example is the "u" in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar and vocabulary. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or dialect differences.

Conversely, some lexical items often thought to be Americanisms actually have their origin in England, either falling out of use there or being restricted to specific dialects in England. Such items include all out ("entirely"), cattail ("bullrush"), crib ("child's bed"), daddy long legs ("cranefly"), homecoming ("return"), rumpus ("tumult"), which are recorded in Northern and Midland English dialects as late as the 19th century.

Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.[100]

Expression

"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.[101] Today, the one-cent coin is commonly known as a penny. A modern alternative expression is "In for a dime, in for a dollar".

Cultural contributions

Much of American culture shows influences from English culture.

Cuisine

See main article: Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies.

Celebrations

Law

The American legal system also has its roots in English law.[106] English law prior to the American Revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.[107]

Education

The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.[108] The first free taxpayer-supported public school in North America, the Mather School, was opened in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639.[109] [110]

New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible. Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636, and named after an early benefactor. Most of the funding came from the colony, but the college began to build an endowment from its early years.[111] Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry, but many alumni went into law, medicine, government or business. The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies.[112]

A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[113] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers, politicians, and leading planters.[114] Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition.

Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701, and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven, Connecticut. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard, and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. However president Thomas Clap (1740–1766) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology.[115]

The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution.[116] These nine have long been considered together, notably since the survey of their origins in the 1907 The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.[117] Seven of the nine colonial colleges became seven of the eight Ivy League universities: Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, and Brown.

Music

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

English ballads, jigs, and hornpipes had a large influence on American folk music, eventually contributing to the formation of such genres as old time, country, bluegrass, and to a lesser extent, blues as well.

Sports

See main article: Origins of baseball.

Most common family last names

In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.[131] Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name) and ancestrally came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.[132] For example, changing "Schmidt" to "Smith," causing an increase of English names.

Name NumberCountry of Origin England (2001)[133] [134]
2,442,977England,[135] Scotland,[136] Ireland[137] Smith
1,932,812England, Scotland (Can also be an anglicization of the Dutch Jansen or Scandinavian Johansen, Johansson, Jonsson, etc.)[138] [139]
1,625,252England, Wales[140] Taylor
1,437,026England, Ireland, Scotland[141] Brown
1,425,470England, Wales[142] Williams
1,166,120The Basque region of Spain,[143] Mexico and other Hispanic nationsWilson
1,161,437England, Ireland, or Scotland (Miller can be the anglicized version of Mueller/Müller – a surname from Germany)[144] Johnson
1,116,357England, Wales[145] Davies
1,094,924Spain[146] Robinson, Roderick
1,060,159Spain, Mexico and other Hispanic nationsWright

English place names in the United States

See main article: Locations in the United States with an English name. This is a brief partial list of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:

Alabama

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Missouri

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Notable people

See main article: List of Americans of English descent.

Presidents of English descent

Most of the presidents of the United States have had English ancestry.[204] The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English Yankee origin. Later presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have lacked recent English ancestry are Martin Van Buren, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Donald Trump.[205]

18th century

George Washington,[206] [207] John Adams.[208]

19th century

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison[209] John Quincy Adams,[208] Andrew Jackson,[210] [211] William Henry Harrison,[212] John Tyler,[213] Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore,[214] Franklin Pierce,[215] Abraham Lincoln,[216] [217] Andrew Johnson,[218] Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes,[219] James A. Garfield,[220] Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley.

20th century

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft,[221] [222] Warren G. Harding,[223] Calvin Coolidge,[224] Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,[225] [226] Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter,[227] Ronald Reagan,[228] George H. W. Bush,[229] [230] Bill Clinton.

21st century

George W. Bush,[231] Barack Obama,[232] [233] Joe Biden.[234]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census. United States census. October 10, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  2. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  3. Web site: English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census. United States census. October 10, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  4. Web site: 1980 United States census. census.gov. April 3, 2020. 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223204536/https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6. dead.
  5. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  6. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  7. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  8. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  9. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  10. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  11. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  12. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  13. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  14. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  15. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  16. Book: Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. 780. 978-1-4522-7626-7 . Cortés . Carlos E. . August 15, 2013 . SAGE Publications .
  17. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  18. Web site: English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census. United States census. October 21, 2023.
  19. Book: Pulera, Dominic. Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. 20 October 2004. A&C Black. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9780826416438.
  20. Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
  21. Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
  22. Web site: Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 2 . United States Census Bureau . November 21, 2018.
  23. Bryc . Katarzyna . et al. . The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States . National Center for Biotechnology Information . American Journal of Human Genetics . 2015 . 96 . 1 . 37–53 . June 29, 2023 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. 25529636 . 4289685 .
  24. Web site: English Emigration.. Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173429/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEengland.htm. 8 April 2014. dead.
  25. Book: From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. Stanley. Lieberson. Mary C.. Waters. 1988. Russell Sage Foundation. 9780871545435.
  26. Charlotte Erickson, Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America (1990)
  27. Tanja Bueltmann, and Don MacRaild, "Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s" Journal of Global History (2012) 7#1 pp. 79–105
  28. Rowland Berthoff, "Under the Kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American Ground" Journal of American Ethnic History (1982) 1#2 pp. 5–34 online
  29. Web site: Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for United States: 1980 . Census.gov. January 2, 2024.
  30. Book: 1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. 1990 & 1980 census comparisons table. 20. 1993. Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census . February 19, 2024.
  31. Book: 1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. 1990 & 1980 census comparisons table. 20. 1993. Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census . February 19, 2024.
  32. Web site: Ancestry: 2000. https://archive.today/20200212213043/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table. dead. 12 February 2020. United States Census Bureau. 30 November 2012.
  33. Web site: Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 18 July 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220713222944/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2010.B04006. 13 July 2022.
  34. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  35. Book: Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. 17 March 2015. 9781438110127. Powell. John. 2009. Infobase .
  36. Book: The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Paul S.. Boyer. Clifford E.. Clark. Karen. Halttunen. Joseph F.. Kett. Neal. Salisbury. 1 January 2010. Cengage Learning. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9781111786090.
  37. Web site: Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775. Dalhousielodge.org. 17 March 2015. February 19, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm. dead.
  38. Web site: U.S. Federal Census :: United States Federal Census :: US Federal Census. 1930census.com. 17 March 2015.
  39. Book: Parrillo, Vincent N.. Diversity in America. 30 November 2015. Routledge. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9781317261063.
  40. Web site: People of Western European origin. CSun.edu. April 4, 2020.
  41. Book: From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. Stanley. Lieberson. Mary C.. Waters. 20 September 1988. Russell Sage Foundation. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9780871545435.
  42. Web site: A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900. census.gov. 1909. April 4, 2020.
  43. Web site: A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900. census.gov. 1909. April 4, 2020.
  44. Web site: A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900. W. S.. Rossiter. 1909. April 4, 2020.
  45. Book: Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population. 1969. 9780806300047. April 4, 2020. Council. American Rearned. Genealogical Publishing Company .
  46. Web site: A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 (pp. 111–117). census.gov. 1909. April 4, 2020.
  47. Web site: A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900. census.gov. 1909. 26 December 2022.
  48. Book: American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. 1932. Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.. American Council of Learned Societies. 1086749050.
  49. The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium. Thomas L.. Purvis. The William and Mary Quarterly. 1984. 41. 1. 85–101. 10.2307/1919209. 1919209.
  50. Book: The Source. registration. 361. English US census 1790.. Ancestry Publishing. 17 March 2015. 9781593312770. Szucs. Loretto Dennis. Luebking. Sandra Hargreaves. 2006.
  51. 1991,
  52. Richard Middleton, Colonial America (2003), 95–100, 145, 158, 159, 349n
  53. Maynard, 126-126
  54. Web site: Table 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990. Webcitation.org. 2017-08-21. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf. 2010-03-27.
  55. Book: Orth, Samuel Peter. Our Foreigners: A Chronicle of Americans in the Making. 21 August 2017. Library of Alexandria. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9781465601483.
  56. Web site: Census.gov Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980. Census.gov. 21 August 2017.
  57. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1983/dec/pc80-s1-10.pdf Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980
  58. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03a.pdf Single ancestry response by Region, Division and State
  59. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03b.pdf Multiple ancestry response by Region, Division and State
  60. Web site: 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. United States Census Bureau. 30 November 2012. 18 September 1992.
  61. Web site: 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. United States Census Bureau. 30 November 2012. 18 September 1992.
  62. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2000/briefs/c2kbr-35.pdf Ancestry: 2000
  63. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2000/phc/phc-t-43/tab01.pdf First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question
  64. Web site: Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 18 July 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006. 13 July 2022.
  65. Web site: Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 18 July 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223827/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B04006. 13 July 2022.
  66. Web site: Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States census. September 21, 2023. December 1, 2023.
  67. Web site: Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980 . United States Census. December 28, 2023.
  68. Web site: Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+). 2007-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163452/http://epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html. 2007-10-11. dead.
  69. Web site: Newport, Christopher. Infoplease.com. 17 March 2015.
  70. Web site: Bassetlaw Museum. Bassetlawmuseum.org.uk. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013133508/http://bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf. 13 October 2007. dead.
  71. Web site: Pilgrims – Learn English. Learnenglish.org.uk. 21 August 2017.
  72. Book: Bradford , William . http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf. Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation". Hildebrandt, Ted. 1898. Wright & Potter. Boston. Book 2, Anno 1620. 2006-06-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233832/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf. 2016-03-03. dead.
  73. William Bradford, Edward Winslow (printer G. Mourt [George Morton], Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England, Early English Books Online, p.4
  74. Herbert L. Osgood, "The Proprietary Province as a Form of Colonial Government, II." American Historical Review 3.1 (1897): 31–55 online.
  75. Web site: Digital History. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20120418021716/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682. 18 April 2012. dead.
  76. Web site: New Sweden . 17 March 2015 . U-s-history.com.
  77. Web site: Synonyms Thesaurus with Antonyms & Definitions - Synonym.com. Trivia-library.com. 17 March 2015.
  78. Web site: Statistical Abstract of the United States. 21 August 2017. U.S. Government Printing Office. 21 August 2017. Google Books.
  79. Web site: Statistical Abstract of the United States. 21 August 2017. U.S. Government Printing Office. 21 August 2017. Google Books.
  80. Web site: Statistical Abstract of the United States. 21 August 1968. U.S. Government Printing Office. 21 August 2017. Google Books.
  81. Sherman L. Ricards, and George M. Blackburn, "The Sydney Ducks: A Demographic Analysis". Pacific Historical Review (1973) . 42#1 pp: 20–31.
  82. Web site: Tobin. Lucy. O'bama? It could never happen in England. The Guardian. London. 2011-06-13. 2024-07-13.
  83. Encyclopedia: Ward. David. Thernstrom. Stephan. Stephan Thernstrom. Orlov. Ann. Handlin. Oscar. Oscar Handlin. Immigration: Settlement Patterns and Spatial Distribution. 496–508. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. 1980. Harvard University Press. 0674375122. 1038430174.
  84. Web site: 1850–2000.. Census.gov. 21 August 2017.
  85. Web site: Statistical Portrait of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, 2010. Eileen. Patten. 21 February 2012. Pewhispanic.org. 21 August 2017.
  86. Berthoff, British Immigrants, p. 154.
  87. Web site: English Americans – History, Contemporary england, Immigration, settlement, and employment, Acculturation and Assimilation. Everyculture.com. 17 March 2015.
  88. Book: Billington, Ray Allen. The Historian's Contribution to Anglo-American Misunderstanding: Report of a Committee on National Bias in Anglo-American History Text Books. 14 April 2016. Routledge. Google Books. 9781317271772.
  89. Michael J. White, and Sharon Sassler, "Judging not only by color: Ethnicity, nativity, and neighborhood attainment." Social science quarterly (2000): 997–1013.
  90. Howard G. Schneiderman, "Thoughts Out of Season: E. Digby Baltzell and the Protestant Establishment." in Judgment and Sensibility (Routledge, 2018) pp. 1–24.
  91. Web site: GI Roundtable Series. Historians.org. 17 March 2015.
  92. Encyclopedia: History of Colonial America . https://web.archive.org/web/20091102005537/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html . 2009-11-02 . dead .
  93. Dan Priel, "Conceptions of authority and the Anglo-American common law divide." American Journal of Comparative Law 65.3 (2017): 609–657.
  94. Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." William and Mary Quarterly (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79. online
  95. Book: Gregory L. Schneider. Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader. 2003. NYU Press. 289–. 9780814797990.
  96. Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989)
  97. Nina Strochlic, "George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America," Daily Beast Aug. 16, 2012
  98. Web site: National Virtual Translation Center. Nvtc.gov. 2017-08-21.
  99. Book: Summary Tables on Language Use and English Ability: 2000 (PHC-T-20). U.S. Census Bureau. 2008-02-22.
  100. Wes Venteicher, "California DMV reverses decision to eliminate most foreign language options for driver tests" Sacramento Bee May 7, 2021. online
  101. Web site: Money in the American Colonies | Economic History Services . 2010-04-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152801/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money . 2010-06-11 .
  102. Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.
  103. Mary Randolph, The Virginia house-wife (Univ of South Carolina Press, 1984) p. xxxv, 41–44.
  104. Web site: Primary Sources for 'The First Thanksgiving' at Plymouth. Pilgrim Hall Museum. November 26, 2009. The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving. https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003144/http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf. December 24, 2012. dead.
  105. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647, 85.
  106. Web site: Features – Sources of United States of America Legal Information in Languages Other than English – . LLRX. 17 March 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140249/http://www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm. 2 April 2015.
  107. Web site: COMMON LAW V. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS. Usinfo.state.gov. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20081114211318/https://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/messitte.htm. 14 November 2008. dead.
  108. Web site: History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America. BLS Web Site. 2007-06-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20070502223937/http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm . 2007-05-02.
  109. Web site: History. Mather Elementary School. 2017-02-14.
  110. Web site: The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education; NYPD's Bratton, an alumnus, to speak at assembly Dorchester Reporter. www.dotnews.com. 2017-02-14.
  111. Book: Harvard University. Report of the president of Harvard College and reports of departments. 1902. 2–.
  112. Frederick E. Brasch, "The Newtonian Epoch in the American Colonies." Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society Vol. 49. (1939).
  113. Web site: Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections . Swem.wm.edu . September 26, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919125611/http://www.swem.wm.edu/departments/special-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ . September 19, 2008 . live .
  114. Craig Evan Klafter, "St. George Tucker: The First Modern American Law Professor." Journal of The Historical Society 6.1 (2006): 133–150.
  115. Louis Leonard Tucker, Puritan Protagonist President Thomas Clap of Yale College (1962).
  116. Stoeckel. Althea. Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution. Conspectus of History. 1976. 1. 3. 45.
  117. Book: The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. XXIII. Education. § 13. Colonial Colleges.. http://www.bartleby.com/227/1613.html. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. June 14, 2022 .
  118. Web site: John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181457/http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm . 2007-07-11 .
  119. Web site: Fort McHenry – National Anthem. 21 July 2007. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070721004503/http://www.bcpl.net/%7Eetowner/anthem.html. 21 July 2007.
  120. Web site: Star Spangled Banner. Lesley Nelson. Contemplator.com. 17 March 2015.
  121. Book: Heintze, James R.. The Fourth of July Encyclopedia. 9 January 2007. McFarland. 21 August 2017. Google Books. 9780786477166.
  122. Web site: My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection] ]. The Library of Congress . 2009-01-20.
  123. Book: Snyder, Lois Leo . Louis Leo Snyder . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . 1990 . 13 . 1-55778-167-2 . registration .
  124. Web site: Amazing Grace. 29 December 2002. NPR.org. 17 March 2015.
  125. Book: Lomax, John A. . Lomax, Alan . American Ballads and Folk Songs. 521. 9780486282763 . January 1994 . Courier Corporation .
  126. News: Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?. BBC News. 26 July 2013. July 26, 2013.
  127. News: BBC NEWS – UK – England – Baseball 'origin' uncovered. news.bbc.co.uk. 17 September 2008. 17 March 2015.
  128. Web site: BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history. Bbc.co.uk. 17 March 2015.
  129. Web site: Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live. Telegraph staff and agencies. 11 September 2008. Telegraph.co.uk. 17 March 2015.
  130. Book: The New American Sport History. 17 March 2015. 9780252065675. Pope. S. W.. Pope. Steven W.. 1997. University of Illinois Press .
  131. Web site: Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census. United States Census Bureau. 25 April 2020.
  132. Book: Hawgood, John. The Tragedy of German-America. Arno Press. 1970. New York.
  133. Web site: Ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology Most common surnames in Britain.. Ucl.ac.uk. 21 August 2017. June 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110605164749/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology/pdfs/Signficance_Surnames_Paper.pdf. dead.
  134. Web site: English Surnames: Meanings and Origins. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. January 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170131015316/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/a/english.htm. dead.
  135. Web site: Smith – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. May 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022709/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/smith.htm. dead.
  136. Web site: Scottish Surnames. Fife.50megs.com. 17 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150321015911/http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-s.htm. 21 March 2015. dead.
  137. http://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/2015/04/17/history-of-irish-surnames-is-yours-here/ "A History of Irish Surnames: Is Yours Here?"
  138. Web site: Johnson (Surname) – Origin and Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130403/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/johnson.htm. dead.
  139. Web site: Is Your Last Name Johnson? Learn What it Means and Where it Came From!. Thoughtco.com. 2 January 2018.
  140. Web site: Williams – Meaning and Origin of This Surname. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201125746/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/williams.htm. dead.
  141. Web site: BROWN – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130747/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/brown.htm. dead.
  142. Web site: JONES – Surname Meaning – Origin for the Surname Jones Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130327/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/jones.htm. dead.
  143. Web site: Origin for the Surname Garcia – Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. July 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140711140029/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/garcia.htm. dead.
  144. Web site: The Geography of European Surnames. Geocurrents.info. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20140328030354/http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/geography-european-surnames. 28 March 2014. dead.
  145. Web site: Origin for the Surname "Davis" – Genealogy. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130216/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/davis.htm. dead.
  146. Web site: Rodriguez Name Meaning and Origin. Kimberly Powell. About.com Parenting. 17 March 2015. December 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101201165242/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/rodriguez.htm. dead.
  147. Book: Foscue, Virginia . 1989 . Place Names in Alabama . . The University of Alabama Press . 0-8173-0410-X.
  148. Web site: Leeds . Shelby County, Alabama – Official Website . 8 August 2023.
  149. Web site: "Jesmond Dene". March 22, 2024. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002453/http://www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html. dead.
  150. Book: The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. 1903. Connecticut Magazine Company. 334.
  151. Web site: Town of Windermere . Orange County Government - Florida . 5 April 2024.
  152. Web site: The State of Maryland. Netstate.com. 17 March 2015.
  153. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - A . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  154. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - C . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  155. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - D . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  156. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - F . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  157. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - L . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  158. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - H . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  159. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - M . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  160. Web site: Oxford Historic District, Newton County, Georgia. National Register of Historic Places. 2012-08-27.
  161. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - S . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  162. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - T . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  163. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - W . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  164. Book: Krakow, Kenneth K. . 1975 . Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - X,Y,Z . Winship Press . Macon, GA . 0-915430-00-2 .
  165. Book: Callary . Edward . Place Names of Illinois . 2010 . University of Illinois Press . Illinois . 9780252090707 .
  166. Book: Dept. of English and Journalism. Indiana names, v.1-3. 1970–72. Indiana State University. 15.
  167. Book: Dept. of English and Journalism . Indiana names, v.1-3. 1970–72. Indiana State University. 15.
  168. Book: The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1 . Kentucky State Historical Society . 1903.
  169. Rennick, Robert. Kentucky Place Names, University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987, https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg. Accessed 26 August 2013.
  170. News: Some Maine town names . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Jun 13, 1928 . 17 October 2015 . Yates, Edgar A.P. . 4.
  171. Web site: The State of Maryland. netstate.com.
  172. Web site: A Tale of Two Bostons – iBoston. Iboston.org. 21 August 2017.
  173. Web site: ePodunk. Epodunk.com. 21 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107232910/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141. 7 November 2017. dead.
  174. Web site: How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?. October 16, 2018 .
  175. Web site: Jackson County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived) . The State Historical Society of Missouri . October 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624070750/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html . June 24, 2016 .
  176. Web site: The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM . 21 August 2017 . Netstate.com.
  177. New Hampshire Town Names and Whence They Came p. 9
  178. Web site: New Hampshire. boulter.com. 21 August 2017.
  179. Hutchinson, Viola L. Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed August 28, 2015.
  180. Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed December 1, 2017.
  181. [Joseph Nathan Kane|Kane, Joseph Nathan]
  182. Web site: New York State Information – Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs. 50states.com. 21 August 2017.
  183. Web site: The Split – One Colony Becomes Two. Carolana.com. 21 August 2017.
  184. Web site: Town of Kendal . Spring Hill Historic Home . 9 August 2023.
  185. Book: Espenshade, A. Howry. Pennsylvania Place Names. 1925. The Evangelical Press. Harrisburg, PA. 37.
  186. Book: The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . Govt. Print. Off. . Gannett, Henry . 1905 .
  187. Web site: Township History - Edgmont, PA . Township of Edgmont, Pennsylvania . 17 July 2024.
  188. Web site: PHMC Doc Heritage: Lancaster County Petition. 7 August 2006. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060807113052/http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp. 7 August 2006.
  189. http://www.pendlehill.org/about/history.php Pendle Hill Beginnings
  190. Web site: WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY. 5 March 2013. Township of Warminster. 2015-07-31.
  191. Web site: WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP HISTORY. Township of Warrington. 2017-12-01.
  192. Web site: WARWICK TOWNSHIP HISTORY. Township of Warwick. 2017-12-01.
  193. Book: Miller . Larry . Tennessee Place Names . 2001 . Indiana University Press . 0-253-33984-7 . October 16, 2020.
  194. Web site: Coffee County, TNGenWeb. October 16, 2011 . 20 June 2018.
  195. Book: Tarpley . Fred . 1001 Texas Place Names . 5 July 2010 . University of Texas Press . 9780292786936 .
  196. In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to lead an exploration of what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." Book: Stewart, George . Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States . registration . George R. Stewart. 1945 . Random House. New York . 22.
  197. Book: Salmon. Emily J.. Campbell. Edward D.C. . The Hornbook of Virginia History : A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past. 1994. Library of Virginia. Richmond. 0884901777. 161. 4th.
  198. News: Blackburn . Jonathan . The American railway town named after Crewe . 2 July 2024 . Cheshire Live . 24 July 2022.
  199. Book: Meade . William . Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, Volume 2 . 1891 . J. B. Lippincott Company . Virginia .
  200. Web site: Virginia County Names – A History. September 21, 2013.
  201. Web site: City of Portsmouth History. City of Portsmouth. 2017-12-01.
  202. Book: Kenny, Hamill. West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. 1945. The Place Name Press . Piedmont, WV. 156, 169, 231, 234, 349, 379, 548, 557, 565, 588.
  203. Book: Chicago and North Western Railway Company. A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. 1908. 118.
  204. Web site: Genealogy and Ancestry of Barack Obama and the Other U.S. Presidents.
  205. Web site: Powell. Kimberly. Ancestry of Donald Trump. Genealogy.about.com. 2017-08-21. February 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227234239/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump.htm. dead.
  206. Web site: AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: George Washington. 10 July 2010. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710153430/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml. 10 July 2010.
  207. Book: Historic Homes of the American Presidents. Irvin Haas. 1992. Courier Dover Publications. 0-486-26751-2.
  208. http://concentric.net/~pvb/GEN/hadam.html Henry Adams
  209. Web site: The Fourth President • 1809–1817: James Madison. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162020/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml . January 2, 2010 .
  210. Web site: The Presidents, Andrew Jackson . American Heritage.com . 19 November 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ . 10 February 2006 .
  211. Jackson, Elmer Martin (1985). Keeping the lamp of remembrance lighted: a genealogical narrative with pictures and charts about the Jacksons and their allied families. Maryland: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Co. p. 9.
  212. Web site: The Ninth President • 1841–1841: illiam Henry Harrison. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102161455/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml . January 2, 2010 .
  213. Web site: AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: John Tyler. 2 January 2010. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162841/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml. 2 January 2010.
  214. Web site: AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Millard Fillmore. 11 May 2010. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100511125604/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml. 11 May 2010.
  215. Web site: The Fourteenth President • 1853–1857: Franklin Pierce. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100206130120/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml. February 6, 2010 .
  216. Book: The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln. 160. swanton morley lincoln norfolk.. 1909. James Henry. Lea. John Robert. Hutchinson. Houghton Mifflin. 21 August 2017. Internet Archive.
  217. Web site: Ancestors of Abraham Lincoln. Genbox.com. 17 March 2015.
  218. Web site: AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Andrew Johnson. 11 May 2010. 21 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100511125618/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml. 11 May 2010.
  219. Web site: The Nineteenth President • 1877–1881: Rutherford Birchard Hayes. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102163641/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml. January 2, 2010 .
  220. Web site: The Twentieth President • 1881–1881: James Abram Garfield. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162649/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml . January 2, 2010 .
  221. Web site: John T. . Marck . William H. Taft . aboutfamouspeople.com . 2008-04-14.
  222. Web site: The Presidents, William Taft . American Heritage.com . 19 November 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ . 10 February 2006 .
  223. Web site: Warren Gamaliel Harding . thinkquest.com . 2008-04-16.
  224. Web site: The Thirtieth President • 1923–1929: Calvin Coolidge. February 14, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102163013/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml . January 2, 2010 .
  225. Web site: John T . Marck . Harry S. Truman . aboutfamouspeople.com . 2008-04-16.
  226. Web site: The Presidents, Harry S Truman . American Heritage.com . 19 November 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ . 10 February 2006 .
  227. Web site: Jimmy Carter Library. Jimmycarterlibrary.org. 17 March 2015.
  228. Web site: The Presidents, Ronald Reagan . American Heritage.com . 19 November 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ . 10 February 2006 .
  229. News: Scion of traitors and warlords: why Bush is coy about his Irish links . Guardian . 13 July 2010 . London . Angelique . Chrisafis . 2005-01-27.
  230. Web site: American Presidents with Irish Ancestors . Directory of Irish Genealogy . 15 April 2008.
  231. News: BBC News – UK POLITICS – George W Bush, Essex boy. News.bbc.co.uk. 7 November 2000. 17 March 2015.
  232. Web site: The Forty-Fourth President • 2009–present: Barack Hussein Obama. September 9, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100710153938/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml . July 10, 2010 .
  233. Web site: Ancestry of Barack Obama . William Addams Reitwiesner . 2009-12-02.
  234. Web site: 'Joe Biden will be the first US president to have Sussex ancestry' . 15 January 2021.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "English Americans".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.