Energy density Extended Reference Table explained

This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

Energy densities table!Storage type!Specific energy (MJ/kg)!Energy density (MJ/L)!Peak recovery efficiency %!Practical recovery efficiency %
89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion576,000,000
Uranium-235 fissile isotope144,000,000[1] 1,500,000,000
86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor3,456,00035%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor443,00035%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[2]
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen23.9[3]
Lithium + Fluorine23.75
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[4]
Hydrogen + Oxygen13.4[5]
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline13.3
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[6] 16.9[7]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[8]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[9] 10.2[10]
ANFO-ANNM6.26
battery, Lithium–air6.12
Octogen (HMX)5.710.8[11]
TNT[12] 4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
ANFO3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire2.5429 95%[13]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14] 2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C<-- clarify what the final temperature and pressure is --> 1.9680.708
1.930
battery, Lithium–Sulfur[15] 1.80[16] accessdate = 2009-08-03 --> 1.26
1.72.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[17] 1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt198%[18]
Molecular spring approximate1
battery, Lithium–Manganese[19] [20] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Sodium–Sulfur0.72[21] 1.2385%[22]
battery, Lithium-ion[23] [24] 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6[25] 95%[26]
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature0.56
battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
0.47 1.8
Flywheel0.36-0.5[27] [28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density 0.4 3.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29] 0.41.55
0.349
0.3340.334
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30] <-- "0.27 to 0.306" replaced with "0.27" to get sort to work -->0.27
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[31] 0.2500.493
0.14 1.08 80%
0.13 0.331
0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redox0.090.11887070-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox0.180.25280%–90%[32]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor0.0199[33] 0.050
Capacitor Supercapacitor0.0180%–98.5%[34] 39%–70%
Superconducting magnetic energy storage0 0.008[35] >95%
Capacitor0.002[36]
Neodymium magnet0.003[37]
Ferrite magnet0.0003
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[38] 0.0006
Storage typeEnergy density by mass (MJ/kg)Energy density by volume (MJ/L)Peak recovery efficiency %Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes and References

  1. Book: Prelas . Mark . Nuclear-Pumped Lasers . 2015 . Springer . 9783319198453 . 135 .
  2. http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf
  3. The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1 . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 75 . 13 . 3102–3103 . 2002-05-01 . 10.1021/ja01109a018 . Cosgrove. Lee A.. Snyder . Paul E. .
  4. Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?† . Inorganic Chemistry . 35 . 24 . 7124–7133 . 1996-05-28 . 10.1021/ic9606237 . 11666896 . Glukhovtsev. Mikhail N.. Jiao . Haijun . Schleyer . Paul von Ragué .
  5. Web site: Miller. Catherine. 1 February 2021. Introduction to Rocket Propulsion. 9 May 2021. 9 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210509105240/https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf. dead.
  6. https://archive.today/20130105062703/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract Wiley Interscience
  7. [Octanitrocubane]
  8. https://archive.today/20130105055433/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract Wiley Interscience
  9. Web site: Chemical Explosives . Fas.org . 2008-05-30 . 2010-05-07.
  10. [Nitroglycerin]
  11. [HMX]
  12. Book: Kinney, G.F. . K.J. Graham . Explosive shocks in air . . 1985 . 978-3-540-15147-0.
  13. Web site: Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery . News-service.stanford.edu . 2007-12-18 . 2010-05-07 . 2010-01-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100107182920/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html . dead .
  14. Web site: Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries . Nexergy . 2010-05-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090204131145/http://nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm . 2009-02-04 . dead .
  15. Web site: Sion Power, Inc. . 2005-09-28 . Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828105501/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf . 2008-08-28 .
  16. Kolosnitsyn . V.S. . E.V. Karaseva . 2008 . Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions . Russian Journal of Electrochemistry . 44 . 5 . 506–509 . 10.1134/s1023193508050029 . 97022927 .
  17. Web site: The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell . Llnl.gov . 1994-12-01 . 2010-05-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080920152815/https://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html . 2008-09-20 . dead .
  18. Web site: Technology . https://web.archive.org/web/20080119090114/http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html . dead . 2008-01-19 . SolarReserve . 2010-05-07 .
  19. Web site: ProCell Lithium battery chemistry . . 2009-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160212/http://www1.duracell.com/procell/chemistries/lithium.asp . 2011-07-10 . dead .
  20. Web site: Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries . corrosion-doctors.org . 2009-04-21.
  21. Web site: New battery could change world, one house at a time . Heraldextra.com . 2009-04-04 . 2010-05-07 . 2015-10-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163418/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html . dead .
  22. Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185 . Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States). 2. Osti.gov . 5960185. August 1984. Kita. A.. Misaki. H.. Nomura. E.. Okada. K..
  23. Web site: Battery energy storage in various battery types. AllAboutBatteries.com. 2009-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20090428060954/http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html. 2009-04-28. dead.
  24. A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg Web site: Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4 . 2012-12-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065328/http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 . 2008-12-01 .
  25. Web site: Lithium Batteries. 2010-07-02. 2011-08-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112807/http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries. dead.
  26. Web site: Justin Lemire-Elmore . 2004-04-13 . The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles . 7 . Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries . 2009-02-26 . 2012-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095738/http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf . dead .
  27. Web site: Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel . 2012-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130114062530/http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf . 2013-01-14 . dead .
  28. Web site: Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage . Product Design & Development . 2009-05-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100710052927/http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ . 2010-07-10 .
  29. Web site: Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008 . 2012-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100104134725/http://ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf . 2010-01-04 . dead .
  30. Web site: ZBB Energy Corp . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015134212/http://zbbenergy.com/technology.htm . 2007-10-15 . 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram.
  31. http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf High Energy Metal Hydride Battery
  32. Web site: Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc . 2010-05-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114137/http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf . 2010-11-22 . dead .
  33. Web site: Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000 . Maxwell.com . 2010-05-07.
  34. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-12-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130618/http://www3.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf . 2012-07-22 .
  35. http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html
  36. Web site: Department of Computing . 2012-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061006125946/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html . 2006-10-06 . dead .
  37. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-12-14 . 2011-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205201/http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf . dead .
  38. Web site: Garage Door Springs . Garagedoor.org . 2010-05-07.

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