Endothelin 3 Explained

Endothelin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDN3 gene.^[1]

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the endothelin family. Endothelins are endothelium-derived vasoactive peptides involved in a variety of biological functions. The active form of this protein is a 21 amino acid peptide processed from the precursor protein. The active peptide is a ligand for endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB). The interaction of this endothelin with EDNRB is essential for development of neural crest-derived cell lineages, such as melanocytes and enteric neurons. Mutations in this gene and EDNRB have been associated with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and Waardenburg syndrome (WS), which are congenital disorders involving neural crest-derived cells. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding three distinct isoforms have been observed.^[1]

Further reading

• Calderone RA . Molecular interactions at the interface of Candida albicans and host cells. . Arch. Med. Res. . 24 . 3 . 275–9 . 1994 . 8298278 .
• Hofstra RM, Osinga J, Buys CH . Mutations in Hirschsprung disease: when does a mutation contribute to the phenotype. . Eur. J. Hum. Genet. . 5 . 4 . 180–5 . 1998 . 9359036 . 10.1159/000484760.
• Parisi MA, Kapur RP . Genetics of Hirschsprung disease. . Curr. Opin. Pediatr. . 12 . 6 . 610–7 . 2001 . 11106284 . 10.1097/00008480-200012000-00017 . 12573027 .
• O'Reilly G, Charnock-Jones DS, Davenport AP . Presence of messenger ribonucleic acid for endothelin-1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3 in human endometrium and a change in the ratio of ETA and ETB receptor subtype across the menstrual cycle. . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. . 75 . 6 . 1545–9 . 1993 . 10.1210/jcem.75.6.1464662 . 1464662 . etal.
• Mills RG, O'Donoghue SI, Smith R, King GF . Solution structure of endothelin-3 determined using NMR spectroscopy. . Biochemistry . 31 . 24 . 5640–5 . 1992 . 1610811 . 10.1021/bi00139a030 .
• Rao VV, Löffler C, Hansmann I . The gene for the novel vasoactive peptide endothelin 3 (EDN3) is localized to human chromosome 20q13.2-qter. . Genomics . 10 . 3 . 840–1 . 1991 . 1889823 . 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90472-Q .
• Arinami T, Ishikawa M, Inoue A . Chromosomal assignments of the human endothelin family genes: the endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) to 6p23-p24, the endothelin-2 gene (EDN2) to 1p34, and the endothelin-3 gene (EDN3) to 20q13.2-q13.3. . Am. J. Hum. Genet. . 48 . 5 . 990–6 . 1991 . 2018043 . 1683044 . etal.
• Onda H, Ohkubo S, Ogi K . One of the endothelin gene family, endothelin 3 gene, is expressed in the placenta. . FEBS Lett. . 261 . 2 . 327–30 . 1990 . 2178974 . 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80583-5 . 37516374 . etal. free .
• Lees WE, Kalinka S, Meech J . Generation of human endothelin by cathepsin E. . FEBS Lett. . 273 . 1–2 . 99–102 . 1990 . 2226872 . 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81060-2 . 43466635 . etal.
• Bloch KD, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Quertermous T . cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin 3 . J. Biol. Chem. . 264 . 30 . 18156–61 . 1989 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84690-2 . 2509452 . free .
• Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S . The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 86 . 8 . 2863–7 . 1989 . 2649896 . 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2863 . 287019 . 1989PNAS...86.2863I . etal. free .
• Yu JC, Davenport AP . Secretion of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 by human cultured vascular smooth muscle cells . Br. J. Pharmacol. . 114 . 2 . 551–7 . 1995 . 7881755 . 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb13262.x. 1510231 .
• Baynash AG, Hosoda K, Giaid A . Interaction of endothelin-3 with endothelin-B receptor is essential for development of epidermal melanocytes and enteric neurons . Cell . 79 . 7 . 1277–85 . 1995 . 8001160 . 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90018-3 . 32577813 . etal.
• Edery P, Attié T, Amiel J . Mutation of the endothelin-3 gene in the Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (Shah-Waardenburg syndrome) . Nat. Genet. . 12 . 4 . 442–4 . 1996 . 8630502 . 10.1038/ng0496-442 . 19637835 . etal.
• Hofstra RM, Osinga J, Tan-Sindhunata G . A homozygous mutation in the endothelin-3 gene associated with a combined Waardenburg type 2 and Hirschsprung phenotype (Shah-Waardenburg syndrome) . Nat. Genet. . 12 . 4 . 445–7 . 1996 . 8630503 . 10.1038/ng0496-445 . etal. 1765/54507 . 935271 . free .
• Lahav R, Ziller C, Dupin E, Le Douarin NM . Endothelin 3 promotes neural crest cell proliferation and mediates a vast increase in melanocyte number in culture . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 93 . 9 . 3892–7 . 1996 . 8632985 . 10.1073/pnas.93.9.3892 . 39455 . 1996PNAS...93.3892L . free .
• Bolk S, Angrist M, Xie J . Endothelin-3 frameshift mutation in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome . Nat. Genet. . 13 . 4 . 395–6 . 1996 . 8696331 . 10.1038/ng0896-395 . 1129547 . etal.
• Nakano A, Kishi F, Minami K . Selective conversion of big endothelins to tracheal smooth muscle-constricting 31-amino acid-length endothelins by chymase from human mast cells . J. Immunol. . 159 . 4 . 1987–92 . 1997 . 10.4049/jimmunol.159.4.1987 . 9257865 . etal. free .
• Bourgeois C, Robert B, Rebourcet R . Endothelin-1 and ETA receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from human placenta: a new ETA receptor messenger ribonucleic acid is generated by alternative splicing of exon 3 . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. . 82 . 9 . 3116–23 . 1997 . 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4209 . 9284755 . etal. free .
• Wiesmann F, Veeck J, Galm O . Frequent loss of endothelin-3 (EDN3) expression due to epigenetic inactivation in human breast cancer . Breast Cancer Res. . 11 . 3 . R34 . 2009 . 19527488 . 10.1186/bcr2319 . 2716502 . etal . free .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: EDN3 endothelin 3.