Endogenous anesthetic explained

Endogenous anesthetics are analogs of anesthetics the body makes that have the properties and similar mode of action of general anesthetics.^[1]

Types of endogenous anesthetics

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an abundant gas produced as the final product of glucose metabolism in animals. CO₂ anesthesia is most frequently used for anesthetizing flies.^[2] But it has also been considered as a fast acting anesthetic in small laboratory animals.^[3]

In the 1900s, CO₂ anesthesia, known as CO₂ therapy was used by psychiatrists for the treatment of anxiety. The patients would receive 70% CO₂ in combination with 30% oxygen causing rapid and reversible loss of continuousness.^[4]

Ammonia

Ammonia has also been shown to have anesthetic properties.^[5]

Mechanism of action

The most abundant endogenous anesthetics are small hydrophobic gaseous metabolites of catabolism and likely work through a membrane-mediated mechanism of general anesthesia.

In the 1800s anoxia was considered the mechanism of CO₂ anesthesia.^[6] However, studies in humans showed the opposite, oxygenation of the brain tissue increases with increase CO₂ in the lung.^[7] More recent studies have shown in bees that anoxia is also not the mechanism.^[8]

In humans, CO₂ raises the threshold of stimulation of the nerve cell, decreases the speed of conduction of impulses along the nerve, and increases the height and prolonged duration of the action potential.^[9]

While the endogenous anesthetics appear to have a similar mechanism of action to inhaled anesthetics, their rapid endogenous metabolism complicates their use in humans. Apart from flies, exogenous compounds have proven more useful for maintaining general anesthesia.

History

The first private demonstration of an anesthetic was carbon dioxide by Henry Hill Hickman in a dog cerca 1823.

Notes and References

1. Lerner . Richard A. . A hypothesis about the endogenous analogue of general anesthesia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 9 December 1997 . 94 . 25 . 13375–13377 . 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13375. 33784 .
2. Nilson . Theresa L. . Sinclair . Brent J. . Roberts . Stephen P. . The effects of carbon dioxide anesthesia and anoxia on rapid cold-hardening and chill coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster . Journal of Insect Physiology . October 2006 . 52 . 10 . 1027–1033 . 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.07.001. 2048540 .
3. Kohler . I. . Meier . R. . Busato . A . Neiger-Aeschbacher . G. . Schatzmann . U. . Is carbon dioxide (CO₂) a useful short acting anaesthetic for small laboratory animals? . Laboratory Animals . 1 April 1999 . 33 . 2 . 155–161 . 10.1258/002367799780578390.
4. LAVERNE . AA . Rapid coma technique of carbon dioxide inhalation therapy. . Diseases of the nervous system . May 1953 . 14 . 5 . 141–4 . 13052042.
5. Brosnan . Robert J. . Yang . Liya . Milutinovic . Pavle S. . Zhao . Jing . Laster . Michael J. . Eger . Edmond I. . Sonner . James M. . Ammonia Has Anesthetic Properties . Anesthesia & Analgesia . June 2007 . 104 . 6 . 1430–1433 . 10.1213/01.ane.0000264072.97705.0f. free .
6. Antiquack . Surgical Humbug . The Lancet . 1826 . 5 . 127 . 646.
7. Moriarty . John D. . EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INHALATION THERAPY . American Journal of Psychiatry . April 1954 . 110 . 10 . 765–769 . 10.1176/ajp.110.10.765.
8. Cressman . Anna . Amsalem . Etya . Impacts and mechanisms of CO₂ narcosis in bumble bees: narcosis depends on dose, caste and mating status and is not induced by anoxia . Journal of Experimental Biology . 1 January 2023 . 226 . 1 . 10.1242/jeb.244746. free .
9. Moriarty . John D. . EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INHALATION THERAPY . American Journal of Psychiatry . April 1954 . 110 . 10 . 765–769 . 10.1176/ajp.110.10.765.