| Empress Renxiaowen | |
| Posthumous Name: | Empress Rénxiào Cíyì Chéngmíng Zhuāngxiàn Pèitiān Qíshèng Wēn (仁孝慈懿誠明庄獻配天齊聖文皇后) |
| Succession: | Empress consort of the Ming dynasty |
| Reign: | 17 July 1402 – 6 August 1407 |
| Reign-Type: | Tenure |
| Predecessor: | Empress Xiaominrang |
| Successor: | Empress Chengxiaozhao |
| Succession1: | Princess consort of Yan |
| Reign-Type1: | Tenure |
| Issue: |
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| Birth Date: | 5 March 1362 Yuan Zhizheng 22, 9th day of the 2nd month (元至正二十二年二月初九日) |
| Birth Place: | Yingtian (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu, China) |
| Death Date: | Ming Yongle 5, 4th day of the 7th month (明永樂五年七月初四日) |
| Death Place: | Forbidden City, Nanjing |
| Spouse: | Yongle Emperor |
| House: | Xu (徐) |
| House-Type: | Clan |
| Father: | Xu Da, Prince of Zhongshan |
| Mother: | Lady Xie (謝氏) |
| Place Of Burial: | Changling Mausoleum, Ming tombs |
Empress Renxiaowen (仁孝文皇后; 5 March 1362 – 6 August 1407), of the Xu clan, was the empress consort to the Yongle Emperor and the third empress of China's Ming dynasty. She was well educated, compiling bibliographies of virtuous women, an activity connected with court politics.[1]
Lady Xu was born in 1362, as the eldest daughter of Xu Da and Lady Xie (謝氏), second daughter of Xie Zaixing (謝再興). She had four brothers—Xu Huizu (徐輝祖), Xu Tianfu (徐添福), Xu Yingxu (徐膺緒), and Xu Zengshou (徐增壽)—and two younger sisters, who were the wives of Zhu Gui, Prince Jian of Dai (thirteenth son of the Hongwu Emperor) and Zhu Ying, Prince Hui of An (twenty-second son of the Hongwu Emperor). On 17 February 1376, she married the Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, the Hongwu Emperor's fourth son. After Zhu Di ascended the throne as the Yongle Emperor on 17 July 1402, Consort Xu, as his primary wife, was created empress in December 1402.
A devout Buddhist, Xu is the first person credited with transcribing a Buddhist sutra from a dream revelation. The work is entitled Da Ming Ren xiao Huang hou meng kan Fo Shuo di yi xi yu da gong de jing (The sutra of great merit of the foremost rarity spoken by the Buddha which the Renxiao empress of the great Ming received in a dream). In her introduction to the sutra, the empress wrote that one night after meditating and burning incense, Guanyin appeared to her as if in a dream, and took her to a holy realm where the sutra was revealed to her in order to save her from disaster. After reading the sutra three times, she was able to memorize it and recall it perfectly upon awakening and writing it down. The sutra conveys conventional Mahayana philosophies, and the mantras for chanting were typical of Tibetan Buddhist practices.[2]