Empis livida explained

Empis livida is a species of fly in the Empididae family. It is included in the subgenus Kritempis of the genus Empis.^[1] Males range from 7.5mm9.3mm, females 7.5mm10.2mm. The male's abdomen is brownish and its wings appear faintly brown and clouded. The female's abdomen is gray and its wings are clear.^{[2] [3] [4] [5]} E. livida lives in hedgerows, feeding on the nectar of several species of Rosaceae, several species of Asteraceae, and Heracleum sphondylium nectar; they also feed on other insects. They live all across temperate and Northern Europe, the only species with such a wide distribution.^{[2] [5]} E. livida larvae are also carnivorous and live in damp soil and leaf litter. Adults fly in between April and July.^[2]

Notes and References

1. Book: Collin, J.E.. British Flies VI: Empididae Part 2: Hybotinae, Empidinae (except Hilara). 4. 1961. Cambridge UP. Cambridge. 329.
2. Web site: Empis Livida. Lindsey. J.K.. 2003 . 2008. 1. 2009-11-11.
3. Book: Chvála, Milan. The Empididae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark Part I . Scandinavian Science Press. Charlse University, Czech Republic. 1974. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 3. 336.
4. Book: Chvála, Milan. The Empididae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark Part II . Scandinavian Science Press. Charlse University, Czech Republic. 1983. . 12. 272.
5. Book: Chvála, Milan. The Empididae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark Part III . Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. Charlse University, Czech Republic. May 1994. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica Ser.. 29. 43–46. 4. 90-04-09663-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=jLilmTNWtTgC&dq=Empis+livida&pg=PA45.