Elon Musk Explained

Elon Musk
Birth Name:Elon Reeve Musk
Birth Date:28 June 1971
Birth Place:Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa
Citizenship:
  • South Africa
  • Canada
  • United States (from 2002)
Education:University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)
Children:12
Relatives:
Awards:Full list
Signature:Elon Musk Signature.svg

Elon Reeve Musk (; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and investor known for his key roles in the space company SpaceX and the automotive company Tesla, Inc. Other involvements include ownership of X Corp., the company that operates the social media platform X (formerly known as Twitter), and his role in the founding of The Boring Company, xAI, Neuralink, and OpenAI. He is one of the wealthiest individuals in the world; Forbes estimates his net worth to be US$241 billion.[1]

Musk was born in Pretoria to Maye (née Haldeman), a model, and Errol Musk, a businessman and engineer. Musk briefly attended the University of Pretoria before immigrating to Canada at the age of 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later he matriculated at Queen's University at Kingston in Canada. Musk later transferred to the University of Pennsylvania and received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University, but dropped out after two days and, with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. That same year Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. In October 2002 eBay acquired PayPal for $1.5 billion. Using $100 million of the money he made from the sale of PayPal, Musk founded SpaceX, a spaceflight services company, in 2002.

In 2004 Musk was an early investor who provided most of the initial financing in the electric-vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (later Tesla, Inc.), assuming the position of the company's chairman. He later became the product architect, and in 2008 the CEO. In 2006 Musk helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was acquired by Tesla in 2016 and became Tesla Energy. In 2013 he proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2015 he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year Musk co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. In 2018 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk, alleging that he had falsely announced that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. To settle the case Musk stepped down as the chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine. In 2022 he acquired Twitter for $44 billion, merged the company into the newly-created X Corp. and rebranded the service as X the following year. In March 2023 Musk founded xAI, an artificial-intelligence company.

Musk has expressed views that have made him a polarizing figure.[2] He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including COVID-19 misinformation, promoting right-wing conspiracy theories, and "endorsing an antisemitic theory"; for the latter of which he later apologized.[3] [2] [4] His ownership of Twitter has been similarly controversial, being marked by layoffs of large numbers of employees, an increase in hate speech, misinformation and disinformation posts on the website, and changes to Twitter Blue verification.

Early life and education

Childhood and family

See also: Family of Elon Musk. Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa's administrative capital.[5] He is of British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[6] [7] His mother, Maye, is a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[8] [9] [10] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, emerald dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve.[11] [12] [13] [14] Elon has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca.[15] Elon has four paternal half-siblings.[16] [17]

The family was wealthy during Elon's youth.[14] Despite both Musk and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine, in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines."[18] [19] Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of apartheid.[20]

Elon's maternal grandfather, Joshua N. Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane; Haldeman died when Elon was still a toddler.[21] [22] [23] [24]

Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school ("veldskool") that he described as a "paramilitary Lord of the Flies" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.[25]

After his parents divorced in 1980, Elon chose to live primarily with his father. Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.[26] Elon attended Bryanston High School.[27] In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow student, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely by the boy and his friends, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.[28] Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital, saying "I had to stand for an hour as he yelled at me and called me an idiot and told me that I was just worthless".[28] Errol denied berating Elon but claimed "The boy had just lost his father to suicide and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"[29] After the attack, Elon was enrolled in private school.[28] [29]

Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, later attributing his success in part to having read The Lord of the Rings, the Foundation series, and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[30] At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.[31] At age twelve, Elon sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[32] [33]

Education

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and then Pretoria Boys High School, where he graduated.[34] Musk was a good but not exceptional student, earning a 61 in Afrikaans and a B on his senior math certification.[35] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[36] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[37] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[38]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in Saskatchewan,[39] and worked odd jobs including at a farm and a lumber mill.[40] In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.[41] [42]

Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, where he earned two degrees: a Bachelor of Arts in physics, and a Bachelor of Science in economics from the university's Wharton School.[43] [44] [45] [46] Although Musk has said that he earned the degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997.[47] [48] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.[49]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[50] [51] In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in materials science at Stanford University, but did not enroll. Musk decided to join the Internet boom, applying for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[52] [53]

Business career

Zip2

See main article: Zip2.

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Global Link Information Network, later renamed to Zip2.[54] [55] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[56] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto, with Musk coding the website every night. Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[49] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[57] however, Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[58] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[59] [60] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[61]

X.com and PayPal

See main article: X.com (bank) and PayPal Mafia. In March 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company with $12 million of the money he made from the Compaq acquisition.[62] X.com was one of the first online banks that was federally insured, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.[63]

Musk's friends expressed skepticism about the naming of the online bank, fearing it might have been mistaken for a pornographic site. Musk brushed off their concerns, emphasizing that the name was meant to be straightforward, memorable, and easy to type. Additionally, he was fond of the email addresses derived from it, such as "e@x.com".[64]

Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[65]

In 2000, X.com merged with the online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[66] [67] as the latter's money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com's service.[68] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft- over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company's employees, and eventually led Confinity co-founder Peter Thiel to resign.[69] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[70] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[71]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—PayPal's largest shareholder with 11.7% of shares—received $176 million.[72] [73] In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its "sentimental value".[74] [75] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app".[76]

SpaceX

See main article: SpaceX. In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[77] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow, Russia with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[78] With $100 million of his own money,[79] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.[80]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006. Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[81]) Mike Griffin later that year.[82] [83] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[84] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS), replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[85] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[86] Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.[87] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[88] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[89] [90] Since 2019,[91] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[92] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[93] In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843 million contract to deorbit the ISS at the end of its lifespan.[94]

Starlink

See main article: Starlink.

See also: Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War. In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[95] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[96] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion.[97] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[98] [99] [100]

During the March 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication.[101] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[102] Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.[103] [104] [105] At the same time, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a free speech absolutist".[106] [107]

In September 2023, Ukraine asked for the activation of Starlink satellites over Crimea to attack Russian naval vessels located at the port Sevastopol; Musk denied the request, citing concerns that Russia would respond with a nuclear attack.[108] [109] [110]

Tesla

See main article: Tesla, Inc.. Tesla, Inc., originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.[111] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.35 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.[112] [113] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[114]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[115] [116] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[117] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[118] [119] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[120] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO.[121]

Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[122] Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[123] A crossover, the Model X was launched in 2015.[124] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[125] In 2020, the Model 3 became the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[126] [127] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020, and in December 2023, became the best-selling vehicle of any kind,[128] as well as the all-time best-selling electric car.[129] The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019,[130] and delivered in November 2023.[131] Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories.[132]

Since its initial public offering in 2010,[133] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[134] [135] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.[136] [137] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[138] In November 2021, Musk proposed on Twitter to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since "much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance". After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,[139] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.[140] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Musk and his brother Kimbal were under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for possible insider trading related to the sale.[141] In 2022, Musk unveiled Optimus, a robot being developed by Tesla.[142] In June 2023, Musk met with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New York City, stating he was interested in investing in India "as soon as humanly possible".[143]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.[144] [145] [146] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[147] Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,[148] and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[149] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[150] [151]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[152] The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,[153] including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.[154] In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high imo") violated the agreement.[155] [156] Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price".[157]

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

See main article: SolarCity and Tesla Energy. Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[158] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[159] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[160] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[161] [162]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[163] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[164] [165] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[166] [167] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[168]

Neuralink

See main article: Neuralink. In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million. Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[169] [170] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[171]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[172] In an October 2019 paper that detailed some of Neuralink's research,[173] Musk was listed as the sole author, which rankled Neuralink researchers.[174] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[175] [176] with MIT Technology Review describing them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater".[177] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[171] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[178]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis' Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[179] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[180] In September 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved Neuralink to initiate human trials, and it plans to conduct a six-year study.[181]

The Boring Company

See main article: The Boring Company. In 2017, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels, and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150mph and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[182] [183] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30feet wide, 50feet long, and 15feet deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[184] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than 2miles in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[185]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[186] [187] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[188] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[189]

Twitter / X

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[190] and had questioned the platform's commitment to freedom of speech.[191] [192] Additionally, his ex-wife Talulah Riley had urged him to buy Twitter to stop the "woke-ism".[193] In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[194] making him the largest shareholder.[195] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company's 2013 initial public offering.[196] On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[197] [198] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per share.[199] In response, Twitter's board adopted a "poison pill" shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.[200] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[201] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[202] [203]

Tesla's stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal.[204] [205] He subsequently tweeted to his 86 million followers criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde's policies, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[206] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on hold" following a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts.[207] Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[208] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter's Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[209] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[210] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[211] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO Parag Agrawal;[212] [213] Musk became the CEO instead.[214] He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a "blue check",[215] [216] [217] and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.[218] [219] Musk lessened content moderation, including reinstating accounts like The Babylon Bee.[220] [221] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists;[222] hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.[223] [224]

In December 2022, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter's moderation of Hunter Biden's laptop controversy in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[225] Comments on these internal documents by journalists Matt Taibbi, Bari Weiss, Michael Shellenberger and others were posted on Twitter as the Twitter Files. The United States House Committee on the Judiciary held hearings on the Twitter Files on March 9, 2023, at which Taibbi and Shellenberger gave testimony.[226]

In late 2022, Musk promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll posted by Musk found that a majority of users wanted him to do so.[227] [228] Five months later, Musk stepped down from CEO and placed former NBCUniversal executive Linda Yaccarino in the position and transitioned his role to executive chairman and chief technology officer.[229]

On November 20, 2023, in a U.S. District Court in Texas, X filed a lawsuit stating that Media Matters "manipulated" the X platform, in that it used accounts that followed major brands, and "resorted to endlessly scrolling and refreshing" the feed until it found ads next to extremist posts.[230]

Leadership style

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a "nano-manager".[231] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist. Musk does not make formal business plans.[232] He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's rocket, vertical integration (as of 2018) has caused many usability problems for Tesla's internal corporate software.

Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as "carrot and stick", rewarding those "who offer constructive criticism" while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[233] [234] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes 80 hours per week. He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees,[235] such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018. In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[236] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[237] He laid off more than 10 percent of the Tesla workforce in early 2024.

Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors, and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as "show[ing] a lack of human understanding."[238] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[239] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some employees resigning in consequence.[240]

Other activities

Musk Foundation

Musk is president of the Musk Foundation he founded in 2001,[241] [242] whose stated purpose is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[243]

As of 2020, the foundation has made 350 donations. Around half of them were made to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's nonprofit Big Green.[244] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to nonprofit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI,[245] which was a nonprofit at the time.[246] The Foundation also allocated $100 million of donations to be used to establish a new higher education university in Texas.[247]

In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[248] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[249]

Vox said in February of 2021, "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth. In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity, according to regulatory filings.[250] However, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160million to nonprofits that year.[251] Reporting by The New York Times found that in 2022, the Musk Foundation gave away $230 million less than the minimum required by law to maintain tax-deductible status, and that in 2021 and 2022 over half the foundation's funds went to causes connected to Musk, his family, or his businesses.[252]

Hyperloop

See main article: Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition. In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vacuum tube train and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[253] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop.[254] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[255] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[256] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[257]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company had started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne Municipal Airport as its destination.[258] In July 2017, Musk said that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a Hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in Philadelphia and Baltimore.[259] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from The Boring Company website in 2021.[260] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is planned to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[261]

Biographer Ashlee Vance noted that Musk hoped Hyperloop would "make the public and legislators rethink the high-speed train" proposal current in California at the time and consider more "creative" ideas.[262]

OpenAI and xAI

In December 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[263] A particular focus of the company was to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations. Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to OpenAI.[264] In 2023, Musk tweeted that he had ended up giving a total of $100 million to OpenAI. TechCrunch later reported that, according to its own investigation of public records, "only $15 million" of OpenAI's funding could be definitively traced to Musk. Musk subsequently stated that he had donated about $50 million.[265]

In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[266] Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as ChatGPT (producing human-like text),[267] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).[268]

On July 12, 2023, Elon Musk launched an artificial intelligence company called xAI, which aims to develop a generative AI program that competes with existing offerings like ChatGPT. The company hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.[269] Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla.[270]

Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[271] Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[272] [273] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued with the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia for the children; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[274] In March 2019, Musk was one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[275]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy".[276] He then deleted the tweets, apologized,[277] and deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[278] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child.[279] [280]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit seeking $190 million in damages.[281] [282] [283] In his defense, Musk argued that pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor".[34] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. In December 2019, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[284] [285]

2018 cannabis incident

In September 2018, Musk was interviewed on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast, during which he sampled a cigar laced with cannabis.[286] In 2022, Musk said that he and other SpaceX employees had subsequently been required to undergo random drug tests for about a year following the incident, as required by the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 for Federal contractors.[287] In a 2019 60 Minutes interview, Musk had said, "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot."[288]

Music

In March 2019, Musk, through his own label Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on SoundCloud.[289] [290] The track refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event.[291] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[292] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on SoundCloud",[293] TechCrunch said it was "not a bad representation of the genre".

Private jet

See main article: ElonJet. Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[294] [295] His heavy use of the jets—which flew over 150,000 miles in 2018 alone—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[296]

Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. After Musk said that his son had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed,[297] [298] [299] Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.[300] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[301] Police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.[302] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists' accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[303]

Company towns

See main article: article, Boca Chica Village, Texas and Snailbrook, Texas. After 2020, thousands of acres of land just outside Austin, Texas, were acquired by Musk and his companies with a total value of $2.5 billion.[304] [305] The project to build the company town named Snailbrook in Bastrop County, Texas began in 2021 according to reports by the Wall Street Journal.[306] Musk's then-girlfriend Grimes and Kanye West were involved in the planning. The name "Snailbrook" alludes to The Boring Company's stated goal of building a machine that can bore tunnels faster than a snail can move. In 2023 the town had a reported population of 12 people.[307] There are plans to establish a school and a university there.

Wealth

See main article: Wealth of Elon Musk. Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in October 2002.[308] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[309]

Personal views and Twitter usage

Since joining Twitter (now known as X) in 2009,[310] Musk has been an active user and has over 163 million followers .[311] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[312] Musk's statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns[313] [314] and comparing Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[315] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as "chaotic", and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[316] As CEO of Twitter, Musk emerged as a source of misinformation and right-wing conspiracy theories, for example by suggesting online details about mass murderer Mauricio Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could have been planted as part of a psyop.[317] Allegations of him being transphobic appeared as well in response to actions taken by Twitter under his guidance.[318] [319] Musk credits science fiction writers, particularly Robert A. Heinlein, for inspiring many of his personal views and business ventures, including SpaceX, Grok, and his libertarian inclinations.[320] [321]

Finance

Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[322] [323] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[324]

Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[325] As of February 2024, Tesla has made $9 billion from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits.[326] [327] [328] [329] [330] Tax credits offered in California, at the United States federal level, and by other governments have enabled Tesla's battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive in comparison with internal combustion engine vehicles and facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles.[331]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[332] [333] Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[334] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[335] [336]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[337] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[338]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[339] Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[340] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[341] Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[342] Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[343] [344]

Despite The Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[345] [346] [347] His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[348]

Existential threats

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[349] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[350] [351] He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[352] [353] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[354] Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[355] [356] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[357]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[358] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[359] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on climate change,[360] [361] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[362]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a "multiplanetary species".[363] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[364] [365] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[366] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[367] [368] saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[369] Speaking at The Wall Street Journals CEO Council session in 2021, Musk claimed that the supposedly declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[370] According to anonymous sources inside SpaceX speaking with The New York Times, Musk has repeatedly volunteered his sperm to help colonize Mars.[371] He later denied the claim.[372]

Politics

Musk's views are generally described as right-wing and conservative.[373] [374] [375] [376] [377] While previously considered relatively apolitical and moderate, he has since shifted to the right and become more vocal about his views, notably since acquiring Twitter in 2022.[378] He is an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy. Musk has shared far-right misinformation[379] [380] [381] and numerous conspiracy theories.[382] [383] [384] Despite this, Musk still describes himself as politically moderate, rejecting the conservative label.[385]

Musk was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. Historically, he has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[386] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest;[387] however, beginning in the late 2010s, his political contributions have shifted almost entirely to supporting Republicans.[388]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[389] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[390] He also endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential campaign.[391] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[392] In May 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division & hate",[393] [394] and wrote a tweet encouraging "independent-minded voters" to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections.[395] [396] He has supported Republican Ron DeSantis for the 2024 U.S. presidential election, and Twitter hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a Twitter Spaces event.[397] [398] [399] In August 2023, Musk hosted Vivek Ramaswamy on Twitter Spaces, and shared his support.[400]

In July 2024, Bloomberg reported that Musk donated an unknown sum to the pro-Donald Trump America PAC, a super PAC;[401] in a later interview, Musk clarified that he created America PAC.[402] After the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Musk wished Trump a speedy recovery and endorsed him for president.[403] In July 2024, Musk shared on X a deepfake video of Vice President Kamala Harris, a rival presidential candidate to Trump; the video was edited to seem like Harris was saying she was the "ultimate diversity hire" who did not know how to manage the United States; Musk wrote the video was "amazing" and did not reveal that it was edited, despite X prohibiting "synthetic, manipulated" content "that may deceive".[404]

Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax",[405] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[406] [407] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[408] and Elizabeth Warren.[409] He has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests, partially based on the fact that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was made up.[410] [411] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[412] In May 2022, Musk traveled to Brazil to discuss projects to protect the Amazon rainforest with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.[413] [414]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government, allowing access to its markets for Tesla.[415] After Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the Chinese government and Chinese people while criticizing the United States and its people.[416] In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[417] [418] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a "special administrative zone" of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[419] [420] [421]

In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine by allowing Russia to keep the Crimea Peninsula, while Ukraine would adopt a neutral status and drop the bid to join NATO.[422] [423] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[424] [425] [426] Musk has repeatedly expressed concern that a protracted war between Russia and Ukraine could lead to the use of nuclear weapons and the outbreak of World War III.[427] [428] [429] [430]

In a YouTube podcast interview on November 10, 2023, Musk criticized Israel's retaliatory actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, saying that Hamas "wanted to commit the worst atrocities that they could in order to provoke the most aggressive response possible from Israel." He added that "if you kill somebody's child in Gaza, you have made at least a few Hamas members who will die just to kill an Israeli."[431] On November 17, 2023, Musk announced a policy change on the X platform, stating that X users who use terms such as "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea," or similar expressions that "necessarily imply genocide" of the Jewish people in Israel, will be suspended.[432] Several weeks later, Musk traveled to Israel by visiting the kibbutz Kfar Aza with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, which had been part of the aftermath of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, and described it as "jarring."[433]

In August 2024, Musk criticised UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer amid the riots taking place in that country, saying "Shouldn’t you be concerned about attacks on *all* communities?".[434] Responding to a tweet with footage of the disorder that said the riots were due to the "effects of mass migration and open borders", Musk tweeted, "Civil war is inevitable". His comments were condemned by Starmer's official spokesman. Musk had previously restored Tommy Robinson's account (after Robinson had been banned under Twitter's previous owners) and interacted with him on the platform.[435] [436] [437] [438] Musk went on to refer to Starmer as "two-tier Keir" and ask, "Why aren't all communities protected in Britain?"[439] [440] Musk promoted a conspiracy theory that the UK government was planning to build detainments camps in the Falkland Islands to hold rioters.[441] [442]

Accusations of antisemitism

The Israeli government and several media outlets accused Musk of sowing antisemitism due to his promotion of George Soros conspiracy theories,[443] although some Israeli officials defended Musk and denied his criticism of Soros was antisemitic.[444]

On November 15, 2023, Twitter user Charles Weber, who identifies as a Jewish conservative, posted a video from StopJewishHate.org condemning the phrase "Hitler was right"; Weber captioned the video: "To the cowards hiding behind the anonymity of the internet and posting 'Hitler was right': You got something you want to say? Why don't you say it to our faces".[445] [446] In response, a second user posted "Okay. Jewish communities have been pushing the exact kind of dialectical hatred against whites that they claim to want people to stop using against them. I'm deeply disinterested in giving the tiniest shit now about western Jewish populations coming to the disturbing realization that those hordes of minorities that support flooding their country don't exactly like them too much. You want truth said to your face, there it is." To this second user, Musk replied "You have said the actual truth."[445] [446] Musk further clarified that he doesn't believe that "all Jewish communities" hate white people, but specifically took aim at the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).[447] He also tweeted that his criticism applies to more Jewish groups than just the ADL but was not a general statement toward all Jewish communities, "You right that this does not extend to all Jewish communities, but it is also not just limited to ADL".[448]

The first tweet was widely regarded as echoing white nationalist sentiments[449] and affirmed another antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews push "hatred against Whites."[450] [451] The following day, Musk made a tweet which critics regarded as supporting white pride.[452] [453] Advertisers distanced themselves from his tweets.[454]

At the DealBook Summit on November 29, 2023, after comments from Disney CEO Bob Iger explaining his decision to stop advertising on X after Musk's recent post, journalist Andrew Ross Sorkin questioned Musk about the withdrawal of advertisers. Musk responded, "I hope they stop. Don't advertise" and "If somebody is going to try to blackmail me with advertising, blackmail me with money, go fuck yourself. Go fuck yourself. Is that clear? I hope it is."; Musk singled out Iger, saying "Hey Bob, if you're in the audience."[455] [456] Musk acknowledged to Sorkin that one of his tweets—the one affirming an antisemitic conspiracy theory—was a mistake, saying "I handed a loaded gun to those who hate me and to those who are antisemitic and for that I am quite sorry."[457] Musk described his tweet as "one of the most foolish, if not the most foolish, thing I've done."[458] [459]

In January 2024, Musk visited the Auschwitz concentration camp with European Jewish Association Chairman Rabbi, conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro and Holocaust survivor Gidon Lev.[460] He also spoke on a conference about rising antisemitism.[461] The New York Times described the trip as a part of an image "rehabilitation tour."[462]

COVID-19

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[463] [464] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[465]

In March 2020, Musk stated, "The coronavirus panic is dumb."[466] [467] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a "specific form of the common cold" and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[463] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be "probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April". Politico labeled this statement one of "the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]".[468] Musk also falsely stated that children "are essentially immune" to COVID-19.[469] [470]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[463] [471] [472] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[473] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[474] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci.[475] [476]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[477] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk's offer,[478] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[477] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are devices that support respirations of someone able to breathe on their own, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after mechanical ventilator machines that are able to breathe for a patient entirely.[479] [480]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID".[481] [482] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 but suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, as he had been tested four times on the same device with the same nurse but had received equal numbers of positive and negative results.[483] Following this, a postdoctoral fellow at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto explained in a Tweet why this result does not undermine the value of the test, referring to Musk as "Space Karen", which then trended on Twitter.[483] [484] In December 2021, Musk said that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine, saying that the science behind the COVID vaccines was "unequivocal" but expressing his opposition to COVID vaccine mandates.[485]

Personal life

In 2002, Musk became a U.S. citizen.[486] From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[487] He then relocated to Austin, Texas, saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[488] [489] While hosting Saturday Night Live in 2021, Musk stated that he has Asperger syndrome, although he has never been medically diagnosed.[490] [491]

During a South African safari in late 2000, he contracted malaria and was then hospitalized in an intensive care unit back in California.[492]

Musk trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu while preparing for a proposed fight with Mark Zuckerberg.[493] In his leisure time, he plays video games including Quake, Diablo IV, Elden Ring, and Polytopia.[494] [495] Musk has stated he uses prescribed ketamine for occasional depression,[496] while The Wall Street Journal has repeatedly alleged he uses it and other drugs recreationally.[497] [498] [499]

Relationships and children

Musk has at least 12 children, one of whom is deceased.[500] He met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.[501] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[502] After his death, the couple used in vitro fertilization (IVF) to continue their family;[503] they had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006. The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[504] [505]

In 2022, the elder twin officially changed her name to Vivian Jenna Wilson, reflecting her gender identity as a trans woman and using her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[506] Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists", and has said that her gender transition is primarily what sparked his drive to "destroy the woke mind virus".[507] [508] In a July 2024 episode of Jordan Peterson's podcast, Musk said regarding Vivian that he had "lost [his] son, essentially" because of gender-affirming care. He commented: "You know, they call it deadnaming for a reason. The reason it's called deadnaming is because your son is dead", and went on to state that the eldest twin "is dead, killed by the woke mind virus".[509] Vivian responded publicly, criticizing Musk for lying about her and the circumstances of her transition; claiming that Musk was "cold", "quick to anger", "uncaring and narcissistic”, whose infrequent visits commonly involved him berating her for being feminine.[510]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[511] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[512] [513] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year. After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[514] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[515] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[516] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[517]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes said that they were dating.[518] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[519] [520] Musk and Grimes originally gave the baby the name "X Æ A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[521] [522] which they then changed to "“X Æ A-Xii”.[523] [524] They have received criticism for choosing such an impractical and difficult to pronounce name.[525]

In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter born via surrogacy.[526] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[527] [528] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we're very fluid."[526] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again.[529] In September 2023 it was reported that the pair had a third child, a son.[530] In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of their eldest son.[531] [532] [533]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins via IVF with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[534] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[535] Their third child together was born in early 2024 via surrogacy.[536] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[537] Musk denied the report.[538] Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress Natasha Bassett, who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend."[539]

Legal matters after 2020

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.[540] Musk responded, "If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light". He accused the article from Business Insider of being a "politically motivated hit piece".[541] [542] After the release of the article, Tesla's stock fell by more than 6%,[543] and Barrons wrote "...some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual."[544]

In April 2023, the government of the U.S. Virgin Islands sought to subpoena Musk for documents in a lawsuit alleging that JPMorgan Chase profited from Jeffrey Epstein's sex trafficking operation. The efforts to subpoena Musk for documents do not implicate him in any wrongdoing and do not seek to have Musk testify under oath.[545]

Musk's former girlfriend Grimes filed a parental relationship petition in late September 2023 as part of a custody dispute. The petition came a month after Grimes openly accused him in a social media post of blocking her access to the youngest of their three children.[546] [547] On July 27, 2024, Grimes' mother accused Musk of withholding the passports of her grandchildren.[548]

Ben Brody, a 22-year-old Los Angeles-based college graduate, initiated a defamation lawsuit in October 2023 against Musk for over $1 million. He alleged Musk had falsely identified him as a participant "in a violent street brawl on behalf of a neo-Nazi extremist group" near Portland, Oregon.[549] [550] [551] According to Brody's complaint, one of Musk's X posts promoted conspiracy theories that "Ben Brody's alleged participation in the extremist brawl meant the incident was probably a 'false flag' operation to deceive the American public". The complaint also alleged that Musk's accusations led to Brody and his family being subjected to harassment and threats.[552] In February 2024, Musk was ordered to testify in a deposition for the lawsuit.[553] In the deposition, Musk denied knowing who was suing him and admitted to doing no research on whether his claims were true. Musk attempted to keep the deposition from being made public.[554] [555]

In October 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.[556] [557] [558] Musk claimed the SEC was harassing him. In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.[559]

In January 2024, Delaware Judge Kathaleen McCormick ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.[560] McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders. In response to the ruling, Musk posted on X: "Never incorporate your company in the state of Delaware."[561] A re-ratification shareholders' vote passed in mid-June 2024, though much follow-up litigation is expected, including a lawsuit filed by a Tesla investor beforehand that alleged Musk employed "coercive tactics" to move the vote in his favor.[562]

In June 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported Musk had a "romantic relationship" with a former intern at SpaceX, confirmed with affidavits supplied by the intern's lawyers who also represent Musk, and alleged that he had sexual relations with a woman who directly reported to him there. The article further alleges he also pursued sex with other SpaceX employees and repeatedly asked a direct report to "have his babies."[563] In the same month, eight ex-employees, the same eight who were previously fired for penning an anti-Musk letter at SpaceX, filed a lawsuit against Musk alleging sexual harassment.[564] Also in June, a former Twitter executive sued Musk for "cheating" him and other ousted executives out of $200 million in severance pay.[565]

In August 2024, Musk sued advertisers for a boycott of Twitter.[566] [567] [568] Later that same month, Musk was targeted by a lawsuit for cyber harassment from Olympic boxer Imane Khelif, along with writer J.K. Rowling and Donald Trump, for comments made about her on X.[569]

Public perception

Though his ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Biographer Ashley Vance described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part troll" role on Twitter.[570]

Musk was a partial inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[571] Musk also had a cameo appearance in the film's 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[572] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[573] Why Him? (2016),[574] and (2019).[575] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[576] The Big Bang Theory ("The Platonic Permutation", 2015),[577] South Park ("Members Only", 2016),[578] [579] Young Sheldon ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),[580] Rick and Morty ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty", 2019),[581] [582] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[583] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[584] [585]

Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[586] the French: [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]|italic=no Gold Space Medal in 2010,[587] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[588] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University[589] and an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership.[590] Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[591] In February 2022, Musk was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.[592]

Time has listed Musk as one of the most influential people in the world on four occasions: in 2010,[593] 2013,[594] 2018,[595] and 2021.[596] Musk was selected as Times "Person of the Year" for 2021. Then Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too".[597] [598]

Notes and references

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Top 10 Richest People In The World (August 2024). Forbes. August 1, 2024. August 2, 2024. August 1, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240801213726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeswealthteam/article/the-top-ten-richest-people-in-the-world/. live.
  2. Web site: Ghaffary . Shirin . May 20, 2023 . Elon Musk won't stop tweeting his way into trouble . October 28, 2023 . Vox . en . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027100923/https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops . live .
  3. News: Chafkin, Zuidijk . Max, Daniel . How Elon Musk Spent Three Years Falling Down a Red-Pilled Rabbit Hole . . November 22, 2023 . June 26, 2024.
  4. Another Day, Another Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory for Elon Musk and X. November 16, 2023. Vanity Fair. November 18, 2023. November 17, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231117000336/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/11/another-day-another-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory-elon-musk-x. live.
  5. [#Vance|Vance (2017)]
  6. News: Hall . Dana . April 11, 2014 . Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk . The Mercury News . live . April 14, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk . April 14, 2014.
  7. News: Elliott . Hannah . March 26, 2012 . At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire . Forbes . live . May 30, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/ . May 27, 2012.
  8. , discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
  9. News: 11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk. Vargas. Chanel. March 6, 2018. Town & Country. March 25, 2020. March 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023138/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/. live.
  10. News: Usborne. Simon. Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?. February 21, 2018. The Guardian. March 25, 2020. 0261-3077. May 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200527001143/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family. live.
  11. [#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]
  12. News: Hull . Dana . May . Patrick . Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk. October 24, 2021. The Buffalo News. https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html. September 26, 2022. live.
  13. Friend. Tad. August 17, 2009. Plugged In. The New Yorker. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155550/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in . March 8, 2022.
  14. News: Smith. Adam. 50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla. December 20, 2021. The Independent. June 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034322/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html. November 25, 2021. live. teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: "We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe," adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. "And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.".
  15. Lieberman. Hallie. The Musk of Romance. Wired. September 2, 2020. September 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902072608/https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/. live.
  16. Web site: Kay . Grace . September 30, 2023 . Elon Musk's dad, 77, says he'd have more kids — but only if he could find a woman under 35 . February 23, 2024 . Business Insider . en-US . February 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240223104804/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9 . live .
  17. News: Crilly . Rob . March 25, 2018 . Elon Musk's father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four . . live . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426231132/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/ . April 26, 2021.
  18. Web site: Mann . Jyoti . September 11, 2023 . Elon Musk really was telling the truth by saying his father Errol never owned an emerald mine, biographer says . February 22, 2024 . Business Insider . en-US . November 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193226/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9 . live .
  19. News: Crellin . Zac . September 22, 2023 . Elon Musk's Dad Shares Deadly Secrets of Fabled Emerald Mine . March 13, 2024 . The Daily Beast . en . March 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313001144/https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-dad-errol-shares-deadly-secrets-of-the-fabled-emerald-mine-in-zambia . live .
  20. News: Eligon. John. Chutel. Lynsey. May 5, 2022. Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege. The New York Times. May 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html . November 11, 2022. live.
  21. News: Hull . Dana . May . Patrick . April 10, 2014 . 2014: Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk . The Mercury News . live . April 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160906062154/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk . September 6, 2016.
  22. News: Keating . Joseph C. Jr. . September 1995 . Joshua N Haldeman, DC: the Canadian Years, 1926–1950 . The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association . 2485067.
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  25. Web site: Does Elon Musk have PTSD? Biographer Walter Isaacson says the billionaire's turbulent childhood with an abusive father left him scarred .
  26. Strauss. Neil . Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow. November 15, 2017. Rolling Stone. November 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/. August 17, 2020.
  27. Web site: Hoërskool Bryanston se hoof hartseer oor Elon Musk geboelie is .
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  29. Web site: Bhaimiya . Sawdah . Errol Musk denies berating his son after an attack at school put Elon Musk in hospital . December 5, 2023 . Business Insider . en-US . December 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231205050228/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9 . live .
  30. Web site: Elon Musk shares the science fiction book series that inspired him to start SpaceX. February 22, 2020. CNBC. November 9, 2023. November 4, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104000623/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-science-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.html. live.
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  32. News: O'Kane. Sean. Play the PC game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen. June 9, 2015. The Verge. January 12, 2019. February 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180207202036/https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-game. live.
  33. [#Belfiore|Belfiore (2007)]
  34. News: Mak . Aaron . December 4, 2019 . Elon Musk Says 'Pedo Guy' Was a Common Insult in His Youth. We Checked With His Schoolmates. . Slate . December 7, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201006045204/https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html . October 6, 2020.
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  37. News: Junod . Tom . Tom Junod . November 15, 2012 . Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will . Esquire . May 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200818171231/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/ . August 18, 2020.
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  42. News: Locke. Taylor. December 20, 2019. Elon Musk's college pal: This is what 'differentiates Elon from the rest of humanity'. CNBC. January 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201214162910/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html. December 14, 2020. live.
  43. Web site: Encyclopedia Britannica Elon Musk. January 11, 2023. September 4, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013505/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elon-Musk. live.
  44. [#Vance|Vance (2017)]
  45. News: SpaceX, founded by Penn graduate Elon Musk, launches U.S. astronauts into space. Meisenzahl. Elizabeth. The Daily Pennsylvanian. June 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065913/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch. August 7, 2020.
  46. News: McCray. Patrick W.. June 11, 2012. A pioneer in space and on Earth . CNN. November 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128042147/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-musk. November 28, 2022. live.
  47. Web site: Does Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in Physics?. Kasprak. Alex. December 21, 2022. Snopes. December 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221223061035/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/. December 23, 2022. live.
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  49. News: Hern. Alex. February 9, 2018. Elon Musk: the real-life Iron Man. The Guardian. November 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220611112311/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man. June 11, 2022. live.
  50. News: How internships helped Elon Musk figure out his future. CNBC. July 16, 2018. December 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191228213526/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html. December 28, 2019 .
  51. News: Soni. Jimmi. February 22, 2022. The little-known story about Elon Musk's first post-grad internship. Fortune. https://web.archive.org/web/20220307163632/https://fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-max-levchin/. March 7, 2022. live.
  52. News: Maidment . Paul . March 15, 2016 . 7 college dropouts who made millions . CNBC . September 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200515143817/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millions.html . May 15, 2020.
  53. News: Clifford. Catherine. June 12, 2018. Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with $2,000'. CNBC. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html. August 2, 2020.
  54. News: Delevett . Peter . Hull . Dana . Greg Kouri, early investor in PayPal, dies in New York . The Mercury News . August 13, 2012 . October 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221006104534/https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/08/13/greg-kouri-early-investor-in-paypal-dies-in-new-york-2/. October 6, 2022. live.
  55. News: Huddleston . Tom Jr.. How Elon Musk founded Zip2 with his brother Kimbal . CNBC. June 19, 2018. October 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221109004141/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html. November 9, 2022. live.
  56. Web site: Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk . December 1, 2007 . Max . Chafkin . Inc. . February 22, 2022. December 28, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071228171523/http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html . live .
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  66. News: Huddleston . Tom Jr.. June 19, 2018. Elon Musk slept on his office couch and 'showered at the YMCA' while starting his first company. CNBC. September 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html. August 18, 2020.
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  74. News: Elon Musk bought a web domain worth millions with 'sentimental value' to him. Huang. Echo. Quartz. April 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625174509/https://qz.com/1026167/elon-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-once-owned-from-paypal/. June 25, 2020.
  75. News: Statt. Nick. July 10, 2017. Elon Musk now owns X.com, the defunct domain of his second startup. The Verge . September 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625193958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name. June 25, 2020.
  76. News: Kleinman. Zoe. October 5, 2022. Elon Musk, Twitter and the mysterious X app. BBC. October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021182811/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63141272. October 21, 2022. live.
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  78. News: Elon Musk's space dream almost killed Tesla . May 14, 2015 . June 7, 2015 . Bloomberg L.P.. Vance . Ashlee . February 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223011256/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/ . live .
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  80. News: Koren . Marina . Elon Musk Is Maybe, Actually, Strangely, Going to Do This Mars Thing . The Atlantic . May 6, 2021 . June 8, 2022 . May 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531065250/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-starship-launch/618781/ . live .
  81. News: Josh. Friedman. Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. April 22, 2003. October 29, 2022. October 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221029184256/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-22-fi-spacex22-story.html. live.
  82. Web site: Tariq. Malik. Griffin Reiterates NASA's Commitment to Commercial Cargo, Space News. November 21, 2005. October 29, 2022. June 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220619022231/https://spacenews.com/griffin-reiterates-commitment-commercial-services/. live.
  83. Dunbar . Brian . NASA Invests in Private Sector Space Flight with SpaceX, Rocketplane-Kistler . nasa.gov . December 2, 2021 . live . September 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210908075306/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/news/COTS_selection.html.
  84. News: Ledur. Júlia. May 1, 2019. Falcon Flights. Reuters. February 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212334/https://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html. February 10, 2021. live.
  85. News: Chang. Kenneth. May 22, 2012. Big Day for a Space Entrepreneur Promising More. The New York Times. January 11, 2021. July 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html. live.
  86. News: Harwood. William. SpaceX Dragon returns to Earth, ends historic trip. CBS News. August 3, 2013. May 31, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422175931/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/. April 22, 2016.
  87. News: SpaceX rocket in historic upright landing . BBC News. December 22, 2015 . June 30, 2016 . August 31, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190831131922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35157782 . live .
  88. News: Sean. O'Kane. SpaceX successfully lands a Falcon 9 rocket at sea for the third time. The Verge. May 27, 2016. June 30, 2016. June 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160627232003/http://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship. live.
  89. News: Drake. Nadia. Nadia Drake. February 25, 2018. Elon Musk's Tesla in Space Could Crash into Earth. National Geographic. February 10, 2021. February 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212336/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/.
  90. News: Chow. Denise. November 6, 2019. 'Starman' and the Tesla Roadster that SpaceX launched into orbit have now cruised beyond Mars. NBC News. February 10, 2021. February 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212335/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncna931731. live.
  91. Web site: Berger . Eric . August 28, 2019 . Starhopper aces test, sets up full-scale prototype flights this year . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210349/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/starhopper-aces-test-sets-up-full-scale-prototype-flights-this-year/ . January 21, 2021 . December 15, 2021 . Ars Technica.
  92. News: Roulette . Joey . March 28, 2022 . SpaceX ending production of flagship crew capsule . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180139/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/ . March 29, 2022 . March 31, 2022 . Reuters.
  93. News: SpaceX and NASA launch Crew Dragon in Florida: Live updates. Wattles. Jackie. May 30, 2020. CNN . May 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200829112802/https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/index.html. August 29, 2020.
  94. Web site: NASA taps Elon Musk's SpaceX to bring International Space Station out of orbit in a few more years . . June 26, 2024 .
  95. News: Johnson. Eric M.. Roulette. Joey. October 31, 2018. Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to make satellite launch window: sources. Reuters . March 28, 2021. May 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200518170500/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN1N50FC. live.
  96. News: Hall. Shannon. After SpaceX Starlink Launch, a Fear of Satellites That Outnumber All Visible Stars – Images of the Starlink constellation in orbit have rattled astronomers around the world. June 1, 2019. The New York Times. June 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200821011421/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starlink-spacex-astronomers.html. August 21, 2020.
  97. News: Shepardson. David. Roulette. Joey. July 30, 2020. Taking on SpaceX, Amazon to invest $10 billion in satellite broadband plan. Reuters. January 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210107200559/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKCN24V3F2. January 7, 2021. live.
  98. News: Griffin. Andrew. Elon Musk rejects criticism that his satellite fleet is dangerous. The Independent. December 30, 2021. December 31, 2021. December 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211230210301/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-nasa-b1984423.html. live.
  99. News: Elon Musk rejects claims that his satellites are hogging space. BBC News. December 30, 2021. December 31, 2021. December 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211231031521/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59824404. live.
  100. News: Smith. Adam. February 7, 2021. Astronomers create new global force to stop Elon Musk's internet satellites hiding killer asteroids. The Independent. June 30, 2022. May 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220527013943/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/astronomers-elon-musk-satellites-asteroids-b2009163.html. live.
  101. News: Sheetz . Michael . March 22, 2022 . Elon Musk's SpaceX sent thousands of Starlink satellite internet dishes to Ukraine, company's president says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327034400/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/22/elon-musk-spacex-thousands-of-starlink-satellite-dishes-sent-to-ukraine.html . March 27, 2022 . March 28, 2022 . CNBC.
  102. News: Marquardt. Alex. Exclusive: Musk's SpaceX says it can no longer pay for critical satellite services in Ukraine, asks Pentagon to pick up the tab. October 13, 2022. CNN. October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221024113222/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/politics/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-ukraine. October 24, 2022. live.
  103. News: Capoot. Ashley. 'The hell with it': Elon Musk tweets SpaceX will 'keep funding Ukraine govt for free' amid Starlink controversy . October 15, 2022. CNBC. October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221103145419/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/15/elon-musk-tweets-on-starlink-well-just-keep-funding-ukraine-govt-for-free.html. November 3, 2022. live.
  104. News: Hern. Alex . Musk says SpaceX will keep funding Ukraine Starlink internet . BBC News. October 15, 2022 . October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221205043912/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63266142. December 5, 2022. live.
  105. News: Elon Musk says SpaceX will keep funding Starlink internet in Ukraine . The Guardian. October 16, 2022 . October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221024192858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-with-it-elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink-internet-in-ukraine. October 24, 2022. live.
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  357. News: January 19, 2016 . 'Artificial intelligence alarmists' like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking win 'Luddite of the Year' award . The Independent . live . February 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819152756/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/elon-musk-stephen-hawking-luddite-award-of-the-year-itif-a6821921.html . August 19, 2017.
  358. Holthaus. Eric. February 9, 2018. Why Elon Musk's Ambition Is an Antidote to Climate-Pessimism. Rolling Stone. June 6, 2022. June 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220607031023/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/why-elon-musks-ambition-is-an-antidote-to-climate-pessimism-196804/. live.
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  360. News: September 29, 2020. Elon Musk says he may vote for Trump, despite climate crisis. Madeline. Roth. April 12, 2021. The Independent. April 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210412062314/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/elon-musk-vote-trump-president-us-elections-b681470.html. live.
  361. News: Elon Musk and Travis Kalanick are joining Donald Trump's strategic and policy forum. Bhuiyan. Johana. December 14, 2016. Vox. March 7, 2020. March 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325223216/https://www.vox.com/2016/12/14/13954102/elon-musk-travis-kalanick-donald-trump-strategic-policy-forum. live.
  362. News: Lee. Timothy B.. June 1, 2017. Elon Musk has cut ties with Trump over his Paris decision. May 16, 2021. Vox. May 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210516055011/https://www.vox.com/new-money/2017/6/1/15724042/paris-climate-agreement-elon-musk. live.
  363. News: Chang. Kenneth. September 27, 2016. Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond. The New York Times. June 10, 2022. December 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214081254/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.html. live.
  364. News: Chang. Kenneth. March 19, 2021. The Water on Mars Vanished. This Might Be Where It Went.. The New York Times. June 26, 2022. November 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211124184254/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/science/mars-water-missing.html. live.
  365. News: Delbert. Caroline. May 19, 2020. Elon Musk Needs 10,000+ Missiles to Nuke Mars. 'No Problem,' He Says. Popular Mechanics . June 6, 2022. May 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220511113146/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a32588385/elon-musk-terraform-mars-nuclear-missiles/. live.
  366. News: Elon Musk thinks the best government for Mars is a direct democracy. The Verge. Grush. Loren . May 11, 2020. May 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719185616/https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/2/11837590/elon-musk-mars-government-direct-democracy-law-code-conference. July 19, 2020. live.
  367. News: Spocchia. Gina. May 27, 2022. Elon Musk mocked for saying 'Italy will have no people' due to population decline. The Independent. June 26, 2022. June 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154751/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-italy-population-delcine-b2088900.html. live.
  368. News: Population decline and smaller families good news for climate, says former head of FSA . The Independent . October 18, 2021 . June 7, 2022 . live . May 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220530221524/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/fsa-population-decline-climate-change-b1934877.html.
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  370. News: Elon Musk says there aren't 'enough people,' birthrate could threaten human civilization . USA Today . December 7, 2021 . June 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220510142824/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2021/12/07/elon-musk-declining-birthrate-threatens-human-civilization/6414749001/ . May 10, 2022 . live.
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  380. News: Tharoor . Ishaan . 2024-08-09 . Column Britain's riots put spotlight on far-right misinformation . 2024-08-12 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
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  382. Web site: Duffy . Clare . 2023-11-21 . Elon Musk is now boosting the 'Pizzagate' conspiracy theory CNN Business . 2024-08-12 . CNN . en.
  383. Klee . Miles . 2024-01-05 . Elon Musk All but Endorses the Great Replacement Conspiracy Theory . 2024-08-12 . Rolling Stone . en-US.
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  396. News: November 7, 2022 . Elon Musk recommends voting for Republicans in U.S. midterm elections . Reuters . November 7, 2022 . January 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111172745/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-recommends-voting-republicans-us-midterm-elections-tweet-2022-11-07/ . live .
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  400. Web site: Elon Musk says Vivek Ramaswamy should be the GOP's VP pick for the 2024 election. August 28, 2023. www.businessinsider.com. April 21, 2024. January 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240119175935/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-for-gop-vice-president-2023-8. live.
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  403. Web site: Elon Musk says he 'fully' endorses Donald Trump after shots fired during campaign rally . .
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  407. News: Lenthang. Marlene . November 15, 2021. Elon Musk targets Sen. Bernie Sanders over tax tweet: 'I keep forgetting that you're still alive'. November 18, 2021. NBC News. November 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211117161419/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/elon-musk-targets-sen-bernie-sanders-tax-tweet-keep-forgetting-re-stil-rcna5578. live.
  408. News: Spocchia. Gino. May 1, 2022. AOC explains why she deleted tweet after Elon Musk accused her of 'hitting' on him. The Independent . June 7, 2022. June 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220602094901/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/aoc-elon-musk-tweet-deleted-b2069059.html. live.
  409. News: Isidore. Chris . December 15, 2021. Elon Musk calls Elizabeth Warren 'Senator Karen' in fight over taxes. CNN Business. June 7, 2022 . live . March 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220310195907/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/15/investing/elon-musk-elizabeth-warren-taxes/index.html.
  410. News: November 23, 2022 . Elon Musk Makes Fun of Twitter T-Shirts Linked to BLM Protests. Bloomberg.com . Elon Musk is courting more controversy at Twitter Inc., posting a video making fun of old t-shirts at the social media service that date back to the early days of the Black Lives Matter movement. . November 26, 2022 . November 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221123165434/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-23/elon-musk-makes-fun-of-twitter-t-shirts-linked-to-blm-protests . live .
  411. News: Porterfield . Carlie . Musk Wars With The Left: Suggests 'Activists' Killed Moderation Plan And Baits Black Lives Matter Supporters . November 26, 2022. Forbes. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128113909/https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2022/11/23/musk-wars-with-the-left-left-suggests-activists-killed-moderation-plan-and-baits-black-lives-matter-supporters/. November 28, 2022. CEO Elon Musk is raising eyebrows by …raising questions about the Black Lives Matter protests.. live.
  412. News: Elon Musk deleted a tweet about Paul Pelosi. Here's why that matters.. The Washington Post. November 26, 2022. December 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221201161757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/30/musk-deleted-tweet-pelosi/. live.
  413. News: Musk Visits Brazil's Bolsonaro to Discuss Amazon Rainforest Plans . VOA News . May 20, 2022 . April 21, 2024 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028111445/https://www.voanews.com/a/musk-visits-brazil-s-bolsonaro-to-discuss-amazon-rainforest-plans-/6582804.html . live .
  414. News: Elon Musk's Starlink is transforming the Amazon, especially for criminals . Fortune . March 15, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028111452/https://fortune.com/2023/03/15/elon-musk-starlink-brazil-amazon-crime-illegal-mining/ . live .
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  416. Book: Marquis . Christopher . Qiao . Kunyuan . 2022 . . 978-0-300-26883-6 . New Haven . 10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k . j.ctv3006z6k . 1348572572 . Christopher Marquis . 253067190.
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  418. News: August 15, 2022 . Now Elon Musk Is Telling China's Censors About His Vision for the Future . Bloomberg.com . August 17, 2022 . December 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207175217/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-15/musk-is-telling-china-s-censors-about-his-vision-for-the-future . live .
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  420. News: Taiwan politicians dismiss Elon Musk's 'ill-informed and belittling' China comments . The Guardian . January 11, 2023 . January 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230109203500/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/oct/10/taiwan-elon-musk-china-special-admin-region-comments-ill-informed-and-belittling . live .
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  422. News: October 3, 2022 . Zelenskiy hits back as Elon Musk sets up Twitter poll on annexed areas of Ukraine . October 12, 2022. the Guardian. https://web.archive.org/web/20221028044016/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/04/zelenskiy-hits-back-as-elon-musk-sets-up-twitter-poll-on-annexed-areas. October 28, 2022. live.
  423. News: Associated Press. October 4, 2022. Elon Musk's peace plan for Ukraine draws condemnation from Zelenskyy . NPR . October 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221029000900/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126714896/elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelenskyy. October 29, 2022. live.
  424. News: Champion . Matthew . Elon Musk Spoke to Putin Before Tweeting Ukraine Peace Plan: Report . October 16, 2022 . Vice . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015223209/https://www.vice.com/en/article/ake44z/elon-musk-vladimir-putin-ukraine . live .
  425. News: October 16, 2022 . Elon Musk denies he spoke to Putin about Ukraine war . BBC News . October 16, 2022 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015234326/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63225781 . live .
  426. Web site: Bertrand . Natasha . Yeung . Jessie . October 12, 2022. Elon Musk denies claim he spoke to Vladimir Putin about the war in Ukraine . October 16, 2022. CNN Business. https://web.archive.org/web/20221126133122/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/11/business/elon-musk-ian-bremmer-putin-ukraine-intl-hnk/index.html. November 26, 2022. live.
  427. News: Elon Musk Sends Dire Warning About Russia-Ukraine War . . October 10, 2022 . April 21, 2024 . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028181219/https://www.thestreet.com/technology/elon-musk-sends-dire-warning-about-russia-ukraine-war . live .
  428. News: Elon Musk Says Nuclear War Probability Is Rising Rapidly; 'Have Been Up All Night To Think Of Any Possible Way To Deescalate This War' . Yahoo Finance . January 30, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . November 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106184306/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-says-nuclear-war-004530017.html . live .
  429. News: Fearing a nuclear war, Elon Musk snipped Starlink services to thwart Ukrainian drone offensive on Russia . . September 8, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . November 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119164816/https://www.wionews.com/world/elon-musk-shut-down-starlink-satellite-to-thwart-ukrainian-attack-on-russian-fleet-book-claims-633593 . live .
  430. News: 'Sleepwalking our way into World War III': Elon Musk's weighs in on Israel-Hamas and Ukraine-Russia conflict . Business Today . October 24, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . February 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240226085833/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/sleepwalking-our-way-into-world-war-iii-elon-musks-weighs-in-on-israel-hamas-and-ukraine-russia-conflict-403113-2023-10-24 . live .
  431. News: Elon Musk finally speaks on Israel-Hamas war, says if you kill children in Gaza then… . . November 10, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . November 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231115183309/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/elon-musk-finally-speaks-on-israel-hamas-war-says-if-you-kill-children-in-gaza-then-2461475-2023-11-10 . live .
  432. News: No use of 'decolonisation', 'from the river to the sea' on X. Musk warns of suspension over calls of genocide . . November 18, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . November 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119141859/https://www.wionews.com/trending/no-use-of-decolonisation-from-the-river-to-the-sea-on-x-musk-warns-of-suspension-for-calls-of-genocide-659959 . live .
  433. News: Elon Musk Visits Israel Amid Backlash Against His Endorsement of Antisemitic Post . . November 27, 2023.
  434. News: Riley-Smith . Ben . Penna . Dominic . 2024-08-05 . Starmer clashes with Musk over UK riot remarks . 2024-08-05 . The Telegraph . en-GB . 0307-1235.
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  438. Web site: Musk shares faked far-right 'detainment camp' for rioters post. BBC News.
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  443. Web site: Isidore . Chris . Elon Musk claims George Soros 'hates humanity.' The ADL says Musk's attacks 'will embolden extremists' . CNN . May 16, 2023 . May 19, 2023 . May 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033532/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/16/business/elon-musk-george-soros/index.html . live .
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  445. News: Why on Earth Are Jewish Leaders Praising Elon Musk? . registration . https://web.archive.org/web/20231202062541/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/opinion/adl-elon-musk-antisemitism.html . December 2, 2023 . Opinion . The New York Times . November 20, 2023 . Goldberg . Michelle .
  446. Web site: Elon Musk says X users advocating for 'genocide of any group' face suspension after antisemitism allegations. Danielle. Wallace. November 19, 2023. FOXBusiness. April 21, 2024. February 14, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240214050723/https://www.foxbusiness.com/fox-news-tech/elon-musk-x-users-advocating-genocide-any-group-face-suspension-antisemitism-allegations. live.
  447. News: Elon Musk: Genocidal terms like 'from the river to the sea' to result in suspension . The Times of Israel . November 18, 2023 . April 21, 2024 . November 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119014454/https://www.timesofisrael.com/elon-musk-genocidal-terms-like-from-the-river-to-the-sea-to-result-in-suspension/ . live .
  448. News: Elon Musk boosts antisemitic tweet, claims ADL and other groups push 'anti-white' messaging . November 16, 2023 . CNBC . November 20, 2023 . November 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120021848/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/16/elon-musk-calls-antisemitic-tweet-the-actual-truth.html . live .
  449. Web site: Elon Musk's Disturbing 'Truth' . Rosenberg . Yair . Yair Rosenberg . November 15, 2023 . . November 15, 2023 . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116042516/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/11/elon-musks-disturbing-truth/676019/ . live .
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  451. News: Goldman . David . November 16, 2023 . Elon Musk agrees with X post that claims Jews 'push hatred' against White people . CNN Business . November 16, 2023 . en . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116035430/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/15/media/elon-musk-antisemitism-white-people/index.html . live .
  452. Web site: Kastrenakes . Jacob . November 16, 2023 . IBM pulls X ads as Elon Musk endorses white pride . . April 21, 2024 . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213641/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/16/23964160/elon-musk-antisemitic-x-post-ibm-ads . live .
  453. Web site: Swartz . Jon . November 16, 2023 . IBM pulls ads from X after Elon Musk's incendiary comments over white pride . November 16, 2023 . . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116221527/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ibm-pulls-ads-from-x-after-elon-musks-incendiary-comments-over-white-pride-e69fe7b4 . live .
  454. Web site: November 18, 2023 . Apple and Disney join advertiser exodus from Elon Musk's X . November 18, 2023 . . December 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231225214049/https://www.ft.com/content/5fa23da3-d6f8-43ec-9156-4744ec4415b4 . live .
  455. News: Kastrenakes . Jacob . Sato . Mia . Elon Musk tells advertisers: 'Go fuck yourself' . November 29, 2023 . . November 29, 2023 . November 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130004905/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/29/23981928/elon-musk-ad-boycott-go-fuck-yourself-destroy-x . live .
  456. News: Paul . Kari . Elon Musk hurls defiant, profanity-laced retort at fleeing advertisers . November 29, 2023 . . November 29, 2023 . November 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130013110/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/nov/29/elon-musk-hurls-defiant-profanity-laced-retort-at-fleeing-advertisers . live .
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  460. News: Elon Musk visits Auschwitz with Ben Shapiro. January 22, 2024. The Jerusalem Post. April 21, 2024. April 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193142/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783221. live.
  461. Web site: Elon Musk makes private visit to Auschwitz-Birkenau 22 January 2024 . Reuters. February 25, 2024.
  462. News: Higgins . Andrew . Elon Musk, on Rehabilitation Tour, Calls Himself 'Aspirationally Jewish' . The New York Times . January 22, 2024 . April 21, 2024 . March 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322114337/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/europe/elon-musk-auschwitz-jewish-antisemitism.html . live .
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  469. News: Coronavirus: Elon Musk 'child immunity' tweet will stay online. BBC News. March 20, 2020. December 13, 2020. April 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200412184446/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-51975377. live.
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  479. News: Johnson. Martin. April 17, 2020. California hospitals say Elon Musk sent them BiPAP, CPAP machines, not ventilators. November 3, 2020. The Hill. October 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201025063941/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/493386-california-hospitals-say-elon-musk-sent-them-bipap-cpap-machines-not. live.
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  491. [#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]
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  494. Web site: October 23, 2023 . Elon Musk's Intense Obsession With A Video Game Influenced His Business Strategies, Caused Fights In His Relationship And Served As A Reminder Every Move Matters . April 21, 2024 . November 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111201452/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musks-intense-obsession-video-171328115.html#:~:text=His%20latest%20biography%20explains%20his,the%20game's%20developer%20Felix%20Ekenstam. . live .
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  496. Web site: March 19, 2024 . Elon Musk defends using prescribed ketamine for 'negative frame of mind' . 2024-07-09 . Al Jazeera . en.
  497. Web site: Musk defends his ketamine use as beneficial for investors in new video | Reuters . Reuters.
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  499. News: Kirsten Grind . Kirsten Grind . Emily Glazer . Rebecca Elliott . Coulter Jones . WSJ News Exclusive The Money and Drugs That Tie Elon Musk to Some Tesla Directors . March 30, 2024 . WSJ . en-US . April 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240403182657/https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-tesla-money-drugs-board-61af9ac4 . live .
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  502. [#Vance|Vance (2017)]
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  505. News: April 27, 2015. Elon Musk's Ex-Wife on What It Takes to Be a Mogul. The New York Times. June 26, 2022. June 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220626164639/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/business/dealbook/insider-offers-a-view-from-moguls-lofty-heights.html. live.
  506. News: June 23, 2022 . Elon Musk's daughter granted legal name, gender change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220626091711/https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-entertainment-gender-identity-santa-monica-eb64ed75c5e8228ca3cae8e1d836e93d . June 26, 2022 . October 7, 2022 . Associated Press News.
  507. News: USA TODAY . Musk says estranged child's gender-affirming care sparked fight against 'woke mind virus'. July 22, 2024 .
  508. News: October 7, 2022 . Elon Musk: 'Aren't you entertained?' . Financial Times . October 7, 2022 . October 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221007122621/https://www.ft.com/content/5ef14997-982e-4f03-8548-b5d67202623a . live .
  509. News: Margaritoff . Marco . Elon Musk Says His Child Is 'Dead' To Him In Disturbing Anti-Trans Tirade . July 24, 2024 . . July 23, 2024.
  510. News: Elon Musk's transgender daughter, in first interview, says he berated her for being queer as a child . July 24, 2024 . Ingram . David . NBC.
  511. [#Vance|Vance (2017)]
  512. News: Associated Press. March 21, 2016. Actor Talulah Riley files to divorce billionaire Elon Musk, again. The Guardian. April 20, 2016. June 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231332/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-talulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage. live.
  513. News: Alan. Boyle. January 18, 2012. SpaceX's millionaire founder tweets about marital split. NBC News. September 28, 2013. July 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220701212028/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/spacexs-millionaire-founder-tweets-about-marital-split-6C10402497. live.
  514. News: Elon Musk and Talulah Riley divorce for a second time. October 22, 2016. The Daily Telegraph . June 29, 2018. June 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180630004337/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/22/elon-musk-and-talulah-riley-divorce-for-a-second-time/. live.
  515. [#Vance|Vance (2017)]
  516. News: Jensen . Erin. April 24, 2017. Amber Heard, Elon Musk make 'Cheeky' public debut together. USA Today. January 28, 2021. January 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210130231024/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/04/24/amber-heard-elon-musk-dating-public-debut-instagram-posts/100834568/. live.
  517. News: Sigel . Tatiana . December 6, 2018 . Amber Heard on Her Secret Passion, Elon Musk and a Splashy New Role . The Hollywood Reporter . live . January 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181206185106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004 . December 6, 2018.
  518. News: Jordan. Darville. Grimes talks new music, Elon Musk, plans to publicly execute her musical persona. The Fader. March 20, 2019. December 13, 2020. October 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191030070534/http://www.thefader.com/2019/03/20/grimes-interview-miss-anthropocene. live.
  519. News: Kiefer. Halle. Grimes and Elon Musk's Baby Has Arrived, Just As Legend Foretold. May 4, 2020. Vulture. May 5, 2020. limited. May 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200505021026/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/elon-musk-and-grimes-welcome-first-baby-together.html. live.
  520. News: Trepany. Charles. Elon Musk shares first photo of his and Grimes' new baby boy: 'Mom and baby all good'. May 5, 2020. USA Today. May 5, 2020. May 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200529124947/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/05/05/elon-musk-grimes-welcome-baby/3082615001/. live.
  521. News: Schwedel . Heather . What Does Elon Musk and Grimes' Baby Name Actually Mean? . May 5, 2020 . Slate. May 5, 2020 . May 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200524150019/https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/05/elon-musk-grimes-baby-name.html . live.
  522. News: Lerman. Rachel. May 8, 2020. Elon Musk's baby name isn't just weird, it may be against California regulations. The Washington Post. January 11, 2021. December 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201231225820/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/08/musk-grimes-baby-name/. live.
  523. News: Elon Musk and Grimes have changed their baby's name. A bit. Jack. Guy. CNN. May 25, 2020. May 25, 2020. May 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200525204407/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/entertainment/grimes-musk-baby-name-tweak-scli-intl/index.html. live.
  524. News: Cooper. Gael Fashingbauer. June 16, 2020. Elon Musk and Grimes saved a surprise for son X Æ A-12's birth certificate. CNET. June 17, 2020. June 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200617021513/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-and-grimes-saved-a-surprise-for-son-x-ae-a-12s-birth-certificate/. live.
  525. Web site: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-may-7-2020-1.5559171/elon-musk-and-grimes-newborn-name-x-%C3%A6-a-12-fails-at-the-basic-job-of-being-a-name-says-author-1.5559761 . CBC Radio . 12 August 2024.
  526. Devin. Gordon. "Infamy Is Kind Of Fun": Grimes on Music, Mars, and—Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon Musk. Vanity Fair. March 10, 2022. March 10, 2022. May 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220521235459/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mars. live.
  527. News: Ivie. Devon. September 24, 2021. Elon Musk and Grimes Took the Red Pill and Broke Up. Vulture. September 28, 2021. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924171854/https://www.vulture.com/2021/09/elon-musk-and-grimes-break-up-after-3-years-together.html. September 24, 2021.
  528. News: September 24, 2021. Elon Musk says he and partner Grimes are semi-separated. BBC News. September 28, 2021. September 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928064543/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58684724. live.
  529. News: D'Zurill. Christie. March 11, 2022. Never mind that new baby: Grimes and Elon Musk have broken up again, she says. Los Angeles Times. March 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220525052031/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-03-11/grimes-elon-musk-relationship-breakup-split. May 25, 2022. live.
  530. News: Szalai . Jennifer . Elon Musk Wants to Save Humanity. The Only Problem: People. . The New York Times . September 9, 2023 . September 19, 2023 . September 9, 2023 . https://archive.today/20230909163003/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/09/books/review/elon-musk-walter-isaacson.html . live .
  531. Web site: Grimes Says Elon Musk Evaded Being Served With Child Custody Papers At Least 12 Times. November 11, 2023. HuffPost. April 21, 2024. February 17, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240217191409/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grimes-says-elon-musk-evaded-being-served-with-child-custody-papers-at-least-12-times_n_654f920ce4b0c9f24660475c. live.
  532. Web site: Elon Musk Drags Grimes' Tweets Into Increasingly Nasty Custody Battle. December 7, 2023 . Futurism. April 21, 2024. December 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231216111458/https://futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-grimes-tweets-custody. live.
  533. Web site: Musk Sued By Ex-Girlfriend Grimes Over Parental Rights: Report. NDTV. April 21, 2024. March 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240311001659/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/elon-musk-sued-by-ex-girlfriend-grimes-over-parental-rights-report-4447991. live.
  534. Web site: Ankel . Sophia . August 27, 2022 . Elon Musk and Neuralink exec had twins via IVF, no romance: report . 2024-07-09 . Business Insider . en-US.
  535. News: Safronova . Valeriya . July 7, 2022. How Many Children Does Elon Musk Have?. The New York Times . July 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221023160331/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/07/style/elon-musk-children.html. October 23, 2022. live.
  536. Web site: 2024-06-24 . Who Is Shivon Zilis? Meet the Mother of 3 of Elon Musk's 12 Children . 2024-07-09 . E! Online.
  537. News: Grind. Kirtsen. Glazer. Emily. July 24, 2022. Elon Musk's Friendship With Sergey Brin Ruptured by Alleged Affair. The Wall Street Journal. July 24, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220724180459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-affair-sergey-brin-wife-divorce-11658674840?siteid=yhoof2. July 24, 2022. live.
  538. News: Musil . Steven . Van Boom . Daniel . Elon Musk Reportedly Had Affair With Google Co-Founder's Wife . July 25, 2022 . CNET . July 24, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007134334/https://www.cnet.com/tech/elon-musk-rejects-allegations-of-affair-with-sergey-brins-wife/ . October 7, 2022. live.
  539. [#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]
  540. News: McHugh . Rich . May 19, 2022 . A SpaceX flight attendant said Elon Musk exposed himself and propositioned her for sex, documents show. The company paid $250,000 for her silence. . Insider . live . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220519235500/https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-paid-250000-to-a-flight-attendant-who-accused-elon-musk-of-sexual-misconduct-2022-5 . May 19, 2022.
  541. Web site: Mangan . Dan . May 20, 2022 . Report says SpaceX paid woman over Musk sex misconduct claim – he denies 'wild accusations' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520044619/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/20/musk-denies-wild-accusations-against-him-in-apparent-reference-to-harassment-report.html . May 20, 2022 . May 20, 2022 . CNBC.
  542. News: May 20, 2022 . Musk denies he sexually harassed flight attendant; Tesla shares sink . Reuters . live . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520062551/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-denies-he-sexually-harassed-flight-attendant-private-jet-2022-05-20/ . May 20, 2022.
  543. News: Assis . Claudia . May 20, 2022 . Tesla stock's very bad week gets worse after the allegations against Musk . MarketWatch . live . May 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220523053732/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tesla-stocks-very-bad-week-gets-worse-after-the-allegations-against-musk-11653066056 . May 23, 2022.
  544. News: Root . Al . May 20, 2022 . Tesla Stock Falls After Harassment Allegations Against CEO . Barron's . live . May 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220523151934/https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-stock-sexual-harassment-elon-musk-51653086061 . May 23, 2022.
  545. News: Hals . Tom . May 16, 2023 . Elon Musk documents subpoenaed in Jeffrey Epstein lawsuit by US Virgin Islands . Reuters . May 21, 2023 . May 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021245/https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-virgin-islands-subpoenaed-elon-musk-jeffrey-epstein-litigation-2023-05-15/ . live .
  546. News: Vaziri . Aidin . October 3, 2023 . Grimes sues Elon Musk over parental rights: 'Utterly ripping my family apart' . October 4, 2023 . San Francisco Chronicle . en-US . October 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231015164730/https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/grimes-elon-musk-custody-dispute-18404323.php . live .
  547. Web site: October 3, 2023 . Grimes sues Elon Musk over parental rights . October 4, 2023 . NBC News . en . October 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022232551/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/grimes-sues-elon-musk-parental-rights-rcna118608 . live .
  548. Web site: Grimes' mother says Elon Musk is 'withholding' the couple's 3 children from family trip. July 27, 2024 . Nbc News.
  549. Web site: Belanger . Ashley . October 2, 2023 . College student sues Musk for falsely calling him a "psyop" in neo-Nazi brawl . October 3, 2023 . . en-us . October 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231010214703/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/10/musk-sued-for-falsely-accusing-jewish-man-of-joining-a-neo-nazi-brawl/ . live .
  550. Web site: Madani . Doha . October 2, 2023 . Elon Musk sued for libel by man falsely identified in neo-Nazi brawl . October 3, 2023 . . en . October 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022232557/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-sued-libel-man-falsely-identified-neo-nazi-brawl-rcna118417 . live .
  551. Skipworth . William . October 2, 2023 . Elon Musk Sued For Falsely Linking Man To Neo-Nazi Group—And Federal Agency . limited . October 3, 2023 . . en . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007143832/https://www.forbes.com/sites/willskipworth/2023/10/02/elon-musk-sued-for-falsely-linking-man-to-neo-nazi-group-and-federal-agency/ . live .
  552. Web site: O'Sullivan . Donie . Donie O'Sullivan (journalist) . Ash . Audrey . November 21, 2023 . Far-right conspiracy theorists accused a 22-year-old Jewish man of being a neo-Nazi. Then Elon Musk got involved . CNN . April 21, 2024 . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414151258/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/20/business/brody-musk-lawsuit-invs/index.html . live .
  553. Web site: Murdock . Sebastian . February 28, 2024 . Elon Musk Ordered To Testify In Lawsuit For Falsely Linking Jewish Man To Neo-Nazi Brawl . March 29, 2024 . HuffPost . en . March 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240329012950/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/elon-musk-testify-lawsuit-jewish-man-neo-nazi-brawl_n_65de0913e4b005b85831d340 . live .
  554. Web site: Belanger . Ashley . April 9, 2024 . Elon Musk denies knowing who's suing him to dodge defamation suit . April 16, 2024 . Ars Technica . en-us . April 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415013406/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/04/elon-musk-denies-knowing-whos-suing-him-to-dodge-defamation-suit/ . live .
  555. Web site: April 8, 2024 . Elon Musk Didn't Want His Latest Deposition Released. Here It Is. . April 16, 2024 . HuffPost . en . April 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240416055345/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/elon-musk-didnt-want-his-latest-deposition-released-here-it-is_n_66133d2ce4b0d81853f9a766 . live .
  556. Web site: Brodkin . Jon . October 6, 2023 . Musk refused to testify in Twitter stock probe, claimed SEC is harassing him . October 7, 2023 . Ars Technica . en-us . October 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013040318/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/10/sec-sues-musk-saying-he-refuses-to-testify-in-twitter-stock-investigation/ . live .
  557. Web site: Fung . Brian . Duffy . Clare . October 5, 2023 . US regulator seeks court order to compel Elon Musk to testify about his Twitter acquisition . October 7, 2023 . CNN . en . October 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018114814/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/05/tech/elon-musk-sec-twitter-lawsuit/index.html . live .
  558. News: October 5, 2023 . Regulator sues Musk to force testimony in X probe . en-GB . BBC News . October 7, 2023 . October 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022231748/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67024538 . live .
  559. Web site: Godoy . Jody . February 12, 2024 . US judge orders Elon Musk to testify in SEC's Twitter probe . Reuters . April 21, 2024 . February 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240219011742/https://www.reuters.com/legal/elon-musk-ordered-testify-secs-twitter-probe-2024-02-11/ . live .
  560. Web site: Mangan . Dan . Lora Kolodny . Lora Kolodny . January 30, 2024 . Elon Musk's $56 billion Tesla compensation voided by judge, shares slide . January 31, 2024 . CNBC . en . January 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240131002140/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/30/tesla-shares-slide-after-judge-voids-elon-musks-56-billion-compensation.html . live .
  561. Web site: Kharpal . Arjun . Lora Kolodny . Lora Kolodny . February 1, 2024 . Elon Musk says Tesla will hold a shareholder vote to incorporate in Texas after Delaware pay snub . February 6, 2024 . CNBC . en . February 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206032239/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/elon-musk-tesla-will-hold-a-shareholder-vote-to-incorporate-in-texas.html . live .
  562. Web site: Hals . Tom . Elon Musk convinced Tesla investors to back his pay. Now he must persuade a judge. . . June 19, 2024.
  563. News: Safdar . Joe Palazzolo and Khadeeja . Exclusive Elon Musk's Boundary-Blurring Relationships With Women at SpaceX . 2024-06-12 . WSJ . en-US.
  564. Web site: 2024-06-13 . Former Workers Accuse SpaceX And Elon Musk Of Sexual Harassment, Retaliation In Lawsuit . 2024-06-14 . HuffPost . en.
  565. Web site: Elon Musk is sued by another ex-Twitter exec, who says top bosses were 'cheated' out of $200 million in severance. Business Insider.
  566. News: X, Owned by Elon Musk, Brings Antitrust Suit Accusing Advertisers of a Boycott. New York Times . Conger . Kate . August 6, 2024 .
  567. Web site: Elon Musk slammed by British government after comments on UK riots. August 6, 2024 . CBNC.
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  571. News: Langman. Brady. August 11, 2022. You're Going to Have Feelings About Tony Stark's Biggest Real-World Inspiration. Esquire. November 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221101153058/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a40871355/tony-stark-iron-man-elon-musk/. November 1, 2022. live.
  572. Tate. Ryan. September 20, 2012. 10 Awkward Hollywood Cameos by Tech Founders . Wired. December 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034116/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/founders-awkward-hollywood-cameos/. December 1, 2017. live.
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  574. News: 'Why Him?' Director on Elon Musk's Amazing 'I Can't Come to Work Today' Excuse . Dan . Bova . December 21, 2016 . Entrepreneur. January 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200826161409/https://www.entrepreneur.com/video/286858. August 26, 2020.
  575. News: Alexander . Bryan . June 17, 2019. Which celebrities are revealed as space aliens in 'Men in Black: International'? (spoilers). USA Today. January 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205152713/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2019/06/17/men-black-international-reveals-celebrity-aliens-spoilers/1459811001/. February 5, 2021. live.
  576. News: Cain. Sian. April 26, 2022. From The Simpsons to Iron Man: Elon Musk's Twitter takeover is just his latest desperate bid for celebrity. The Guardian. June 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220615190636/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/apr/26/elon-musks-twitter-takeover-is-just-his-latest-desperate-bid-for-celebrity. June 15, 2022. live.
  577. News: Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear on Upcoming Episode of the Big Bang Theory. CBS. December 4, 2015. February 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180223001910/http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/news/1004869/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-to-appear-on-upcoming-episode-of-the-big-bang-theory/. live.
  578. News: Hansen. Louis. The Denver Post. November 25, 2016. Elon Musk uses 'South Park' to fire back at trolls. August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190702010155/https://www.denverpost.com/2016/11/25/elon-musk-south-park/. July 2, 2019. live.
  579. News: Kurp. Josh . November 18, 2016. Elon Musk Joins The Short List Of 'South Park' Guest Stars To Voice Themselves. Yahoo News. August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119144158/https://www.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-joins-short-list-165033463.html. November 19, 2016. live.
  580. News: The Young Sheldon Episode You Likely Forgot Starred Elon Musk. May 3, 2022. MSN . May 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220525052031/https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/the-young-sheldon-episode-you-likely-forgot-starred-elon-musk/ar-AAVLglE. live.
  581. News: Schedeen. Jesse . November 25, 2019. Elon Musk's Rick and Morty Cameo Finally Explains His 'Elon Tusk' Twitter Joke. IGN. November 25, 2019. January 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131050424/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/11/25/elon-musk-rick-and-morty-cameo-elon-tusk.
  582. News: Cooper. Gael Fashingbauer. November 25, 2019 . Elon Musk shows up on Rick and Morty as Elon Tusk, head of Tuskla. CNET. August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200821033512/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-shows-up-on-rick-and-morty-as-elon-tusk-head-of-tuskla/ . August 21, 2020.
  583. News: Itzkoff . Dave. David Itzkoff. May 9, 2021. Elon Musk Hosts a Mother's Day Episode of 'Saturday Night Live'. The New York Times. limited. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/arts/television/elon-musk-snl.html . December 28, 2021 . May 27, 2021.
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  585. News: Ladan. Tanja M.. August 24, 2016. Vice. Werner Herzog Hacks the Horrors of Connectivity in 'Lo and Behold'. https://web.archive.org/web/20200204205058/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nz4p58/werner-herzog-lo-and-behold-documentary. February 4, 2020. September 4, 2020.
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  587. Web site: Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with the highest FAI awards . . December 16, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204916/http://www.fai.org/envc-awards/envc-news-awards/35094-barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-with-the-highest-awards . April 19, 2015 . live.
  588. Web site: 2012 RAeS Gold Medal . https://web.archive.org/web/20121128025956/http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/video-elon-musk-interview/7553/ . November 28, 2012 .
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  592. Web site: For breakthroughs in the design, engineering, manufacturing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles and sustainable transportation and energy systems.. National Academy of Engineering. February 9, 2022. March 25, 2022. March 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220325232302/https://www.nae.edu/271501.aspx. live.
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  594. Branson. Richard. April 18, 2013. Elon Musk. Time. February 28, 2021. February 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210212203010/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/elon-musk/. live.
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  597. News: Flynn. Kerry. December 13, 2021. Time Person of the Year: Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, named most influential of 2021. CNN. December 13, 2021. December 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211213131207/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/13/media/slug-time-person-year-elon-musk/index.html. live.
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