Elizabethkingia Explained

Elizabethkingia is a genus of bacterium described in 2005, named after Elizabeth O. King, the discoverer of the type species.[1] Before this genus being formed in 2005, many of the species of Elizabethkingia were classified in the Chryseobacterium genus.[2] Elizabethkingia has been found in soil, rivers, and reservoirs worldwide.[3]

Classification

The genus includes four species:

Epidemiology

A 2014 study revealed that Elizabethkingia is an emerging bacterial pathogen for hospital environments, with its incidence in intensive care units rising since 2004. About 5-10 cases of Elizabethkingia are reported per state in the United States every year. A recent study showed that incidence rates for Elizabethkingia increased by 432.1% for 2016–2017 over the incidence for 2009–2015.[10] It possesses genes conferring antibiotic resistance and virulence. Combined with a lack of effective therapeutic regimens, this leads to high mortality rates.[11] Due to the growing incidence rates, lack of treatments, and high mortality rate, intensive prevention of contamination is necessary.

One of the more significant risk factors for Elizabethkingia is whether mechanical ventilation was used with the patient. Because it can form a biofilm in moist environments, water or water-related equipment can also aid in the transfer of Elizabethkinga in hospital environments.

In children

Neonatal meningitis is the most common presentation of Elizabethkingia for children. Recent studies suggest that approximately 31% of children that have Elizabethkingia pass away from the infection, with an average life expectancy of 27 days from onset of symptoms.[12] For the children who recover from Elizabethkingia, about 48% report typical development and full recovery. 30% indicated an onset of hydrocephalus post-recovery. Many other cases included various onsets post-recovery, including motor deficits, cognitive deficits, ongoing seizures, spasticity, and/or hearing loss.

Elizabethkingia infections in dogs and cats

A 2021 retrospective review of 86 Elizabethkingia veterinary diagnostic laboratory results from US dogs and cats found 26 E. meningoseptica, 1 E. miricola, and 59 unspeciated Elizabethkingia isolates from nine US states, demonstrating that Elizabethkingia infections in animals may increase risks to humans.[13]

Notes and References

  1. Kim KK, Kim MK, Lim JH, Park HY, Lee ST . Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov. . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 55 . Pt 3 . 1287–93 . 2005 . 15879269 . 10.1099/ijs.0.63541-0 . free .
  2. Henry. Ronnie. January 2016. Etymologia: Elizabethkingia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22. 1. 17. 10.3201/eid2201.ET2201. 1080-6040. 4698869. 27057563.
  3. Web site: About Elizabethkingia Elizabethkingia CDC. 2018-10-12. www.cdc.gov. en-us. 2019-07-26.
  4. Kämpfer P, Matthews H, Glaeser SP, Martin K, Lodders N, Faye I . Elizabethkingia anophelis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 61 . Pt 11 . 2670–5 . 2011 . 21169462 . 10.1099/ijs.0.026393-0 . free .
  5. Wisconsin Department of Health Services: "Wisconsin 2016 Elizabethkingia anophelis outbreak", March 11, 2016
  6. Perrin A, Larsonneur E, Nicholson AC, Edwards DJ, Gundlach KM, Whitney AM, Gulvik CA, Bell ME, Rendueles O, Cury J, Hugon P, Clermont D, Enouf V, Loparev V, Juieng P, Monson T, Warshauer D, Elbadawi LI, Walters MS, Crist MB, Noble-Wang J, Borlaug G, Rocha EP, Criscuolo A, Touchon M, Davis JP, Holt KE, McQuiston JR, Brisse S . Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain . Nat Commun . 2017 . 28537263 . 10.1038/ncomms15483 . 8 . 5458099 . 15483. 2017NatCo...815483P .
  7. Kämpfer P, Busse HJ, McInroy JA, Glaeser SP . Elizabethkingia endophytica sp. nov., isolated from Zea mays and emended description of Elizabethkingia anophelis Kämpfer et al. 2011 . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 65 . 7 . 2187–93 . 2015 . 25858248 . 10.1099/ijs.0.000236 . free .
  8. King EO . Studies on a group of previously unclassified bacteria associated with meningitis in infants . American Journal of Clinical Pathology . 31 . 3 . 241–7 . 1959 . 13637033 . 10.1093/ajcp/31.3.241 .
  9. Li Y, Kawamura Y, Fujiwara N, Naka T, Liu H, Huang X, Kobayashi K, Ezaki T . Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from condensation water of space station Mir . Systematic and Applied Microbiology . 26 . 4 . 523–8 . 2003 . 14666980 . 10.1078/072320203770865828 .
  10. Choi. Min Hyuk. Kim. Myungsook. Jeong. Su Jin. Choi. Jun Yong. Lee. In-Yong. Yong. Tai-Soon. Yong. Dongeun. Jeong. Seok Hoon. Lee. Kyungwon. January 2019. Risk Factors for Elizabethkingia Acquisition and Clinical Characteristics of Patients, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 25. 1. 42–51. 10.3201/eid2501.171985. 30561316. 1080-6040. 6302585.
  11. Teo J, Tan SY, Liu Y, Tay M, Ding Y, Li Y, Kjelleberg S, Givskov M, Lin RT, Yang L . Comparative Genomic Analysis of Malaria Mosquito Vector-Associated Novel Pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis . Genome Biology and Evolution . 6 . 5 . 1158–65 . 2014 . 24803570 . 4041001 . 10.1093/gbe/evu094 .
  12. Dziuban. Eric J. Franks. Jessica L. So. Marvin. Peacock. Georgina. Blaney. David D. 2018-06-18. Elizabethkingia in Children: A Comprehensive Review of Symptomatic Cases Reported From 1944 to 2017. Clinical Infectious Diseases. en. 67. 1. 144–149. 10.1093/cid/cix1052. 29211821. 1058-4838. free. 9580403.
  13. Weese, J., Sobkowich, K. E., Poljak, Z., & Bernardo, T. M. (2023). Isolation of Elizabethkingia spp. from Diagnostic Specimens from Dogs and Cats, United States, 2019–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(7), 1488-1489; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2907.230218.

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