Elizabeth Holmes Explained

Elizabeth Holmes
Birth Name:Elizabeth Anne Holmes
Birth Date:3 February 1984
Birth Place:Washington, D.C., U.S.
Education:Stanford University (dropped out)
Years Active:2003–2018
Known For:
  • Founder and CEO of Theranos
  • Criminal fraud
Conviction:
    • Wire fraud (3 counts)
    • Conspiracy to commit wire fraud (1 count)
    Criminal Penalty: years in prison
    Criminal Status:Incarcerated
    Imprisoned:Federal Prison Camp, Bryan
    Children:2
    Relatives:

    Elizabeth Anne Holmes (born February 3, 1984) is an American biotechnology entrepreneur who was convicted of fraud in connection to her blood-testing company, Theranos. The company's valuation soared after it claimed to have revolutionized blood testing by developing methods that needed only very small volumes of blood, such as from a fingerprick.[1] [2] In 2015, Forbes had named Holmes the youngest and wealthiest self-made female billionaire in the United States on the basis of a $9-billion valuation of her company.[3] In the following year, as revelations of fraud about Theranos's claims began to surface, Forbes revised its estimate of Holmes's net worth to zero,[4] and Fortune named her in its feature article on "The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders".[5]

    The decline of Theranos began in 2015, when a series of journalistic and regulatory investigations revealed doubts about the company's claims and whether Holmes had misled investors and the government. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged Theranos, Holmes, and former Theranos chief operating officer (COO) Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani with raising $700 million from investors through a fraud involving false or exaggerated claims about the accuracy of the company's blood-testing technology; Holmes settled the charges by paying a $500,000 fine, returning 18.9 million shares to the company, relinquishing her voting control of Theranos, and accepting a ten-year ban from serving as an officer or director of a public company.

    In June 2018, a federal grand jury indicted Holmes and Balwani on fraud charges. Her trial in the case of U.S. v. Holmes, et al. ended in January 2022 when Holmes was convicted of defrauding investors, and acquitted of defrauding patients. She was sentenced to serve years at Federal Prison Camp, Bryan, beginning on May 30, 2023. She and Balwani were fined $452 million to be paid to the victims of the fraud. The credibility of Theranos was attributed in part to Holmes's personal connections and ability to recruit the support of influential people, including Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Mattis, and Betsy DeVos, all of whom had served or would go on to serve as U.S. presidential cabinet officials.

    Holmes was in a clandestine romantic relationship with Balwani throughout most of Theranos's history. Their relationship was not disclosed to their Theranos investors. Following the collapse of Theranos, Holmes started dating hotel heir William "Billy" Evans with whom she later married and had two children.

    Early life

    Elizabeth Holmes was born on February 3, 1984, in Washington, D.C.[6] Her father, Christian Rasmus Holmes IV, was a vice president at Enron, an energy company that later went bankrupt after an accounting fraud scandal. Her mother, Noel Anne (née Daoust), worked as a Congressional committee staffer.[7] Christian later held executive positions in government agencies such as USAID, the EPA, and USTDA.[8] Holmes is partly of Danish ancestry. One of her paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was Charles Louis Fleischmann, a Hungarian immigrant who founded Fleischmann's Yeast Company. The Holmes family "was very proud of its yeast empire" history, according to a family friend Joseph Fuisz, "I think the parents very much yearned for the days of yore when the family was one of the richest in America. And I think Elizabeth channeled that, and at a young age."[9]

    Holmes graduated from high school at St. John's School in Houston.[10] [11] During high school, she was interested in computer programming and says she started her first business selling C++ compilers to Chinese universities.[12] Her parents had arranged Mandarin Chinese home tutoring, and partway through high school, Holmes began attending Stanford University's summer Mandarin program. In 2002, Holmes attended Stanford, where she studied chemical engineering and worked as a student researcher and laboratory assistant in the School of Engineering.[7] She was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta at Stanford.[13]

    After the end of her freshman year, Holmes worked in a laboratory at the Genome Institute of Singapore and tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) through the collection of blood samples with syringes.[12] [14] She filed her first patent application on a wearable drug-delivery patch in 2003.[15] Holmes reported that she was raped at Stanford in 2003.[16] In March 2004, she dropped out of Stanford's School of Engineering and used her tuition money as seed funding for a consumer healthcare technology company.[7] [17]

    Theranos

    See main article: Theranos.

    Founding

    In 2003, Holmes founded the company Real-Time Cures in Palo Alto, California, to "democratize healthcare".[18] [19] [20] Holmes described her fear of needles as a motivation and sought to perform blood tests using only small amounts of blood.[21] [18] When Holmes pitched the idea to reap "vast amounts of data from a few droplets of blood derived from the tip of a finger" to her medicine professor Phyllis Gardner at Stanford, Gardner responded, "I don't think your idea is going to work", explaining it was impossible to do what Holmes was claiming could be done. Several other expert medical professors told Holmes the same thing.[21] However, Holmes did not relent, and she succeeded in getting her advisor and dean at the School of Engineering, Channing Robertson, to back her idea.[21] In 2003, Holmes renamed the company Theranos (a portmanteau of "therapy" and "diagnosis").[22] The company's original name was changed after deciding that too many people were skeptical of the word "cure".[23] Robertson became the company's first board member and introduced Holmes to venture capitalists.[7]

    Funding and expansion

    By December 2004, Holmes had raised $6 million to fund the firm.[7] By the end of 2010, Theranos had more than $92 million in venture capital.[15] In July 2011, Holmes was introduced to former secretary of state George Shultz. After a two-hour meeting, he joined the Theranos board of directors.[24] Holmes was recognized for forming "the most illustrious board in U.S. corporate history" over the next three years.[25]

    Holmes operated Theranos in "stealth mode" without press releases or a company website until September 2013, when the company announced a partnership with Walgreens to launch in-store blood sample collection centers.[26] [27] She was interviewed for Medscape by its editor-in-chief, Eric Topol, who praised her for "this phenomenal rebooting of laboratory medicine".[28] Media attention increased in 2014, when Holmes appeared on the covers of Fortune, Forbes, , and Inc.[29]

    Forbes recognized Holmes as the world's youngest self-made female billionaire and ranked her #110 on the Forbes 400 in 2014.[30] Theranos was valued at $9 billion and had raised more than $400 million in venture capital.[7] By the end of 2014, her name appeared on 18 U.S. patents and 66 foreign patents.[31] During 2015, Holmes established agreements with Cleveland Clinic, Capital Blue Cross, and AmeriHealth Caritas to use Theranos technology.[15]

    Downfall

    John Carreyrou of The Wall Street Journal initiated a secret, months-long investigation of Theranos after he received a tip from a medical expert who thought that Theranos's Edison blood testing device seemed suspicious. Carreyrou spoke to ex-employee whistleblowers and obtained company documents. When Holmes learned of the investigation, she initiated a campaign through her lawyer David Boies to stop Carreyrou from publishing, which included legal and financial threats against both the Journal and the whistleblowers.[32]

    In October 2015, despite Boies's legal threats and strong-arm tactics, the Journal published Carreyrou's "bombshell article"[33] detailing how the Edison device gave inaccurate results, and revealing that the company had been using commercially available machines manufactured by other companies for most of its testing.[34] Carreyrou continued to report problems with the company and Holmes's conduct in a series of articles and, in 2018, published a book titled , detailing his investigation of Theranos.[35] [36]

    Holmes denied all the claims, calling the Journal a "tabloid" and promising the company would publish data on the accuracy of its tests.[37] [38] She appeared on CNBC's Mad Money the same evening the article was published. Jim Cramer said, "The article was pretty brutal", to which Holmes responded, "This is what happens when you work to change things, first they think you're crazy, then they fight you, and then all of a sudden you change the world."[39]

    In January 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sent a warning letter to Theranos after an inspection of its Newark, California, laboratory uncovered irregularities with staff proficiency, procedures, and equipment.[40] CMS regulators proposed a two-year ban on Holmes from owning or operating a certified clinical laboratory after the company had not fixed problems in its California lab in March 2016.[41] On The Today Show, Holmes said she was "devastated we did not catch and fix these issues faster" and said the lab would be rebuilt with help from a new scientific and medical advisory board.[42] [43]

    In July 2016, CMS banned Holmes from owning, operating, or directing a blood-testing service for a period of two years. Theranos appealed that decision to a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services appeals board.[21] [44] Shortly thereafter, Walgreens ended its relationship with Theranos and closed its in-store blood collection centers.[45] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also ordered the company to cease use of its Capillary Tube Nanotainer device, one of its core inventions.[46]

    In 2017, the State of Arizona filed suit against Theranos, alleging that the company had sold 1.5 million blood tests to Arizonans while concealing or misrepresenting important facts about those tests. In April 2017, the company settled the lawsuit by agreeing to refund the cost of the tests to consumers, and to pay $225,000 in civil fines and attorney fees, for a total of $4.65 million.[47] [48] Other reported ongoing actions include an unspecified investigation by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and two class action fraud lawsuits. Holmes denied any wrongdoing.[21]

    On May 16, 2017, approximately 99 percent of Theranos shareholders reached an agreement with the company to dismiss all litigation and potential litigation in exchange for shares of preferred stock. Holmes released a portion of her equity to offset any dilution of stock value to non-participating shareholders.[49] [50]

    In March 2018, the SEC charged Holmes and Theranos's former president, Ramesh Balwani, with fraud by taking more than $700 million from investors while advertising a false product. The charges of fraud included the company's false claim that its technology was being used by the U.S. Department of Defense in combat situations.[51] The company also lied when it claimed to have a $100-million revenue stream in 2014. That year, the company only made $100,000.[52] On March 14, 2018, Holmes settled the lawsuit.[53] The terms of Holmes's settlement included surrendering voting control of Theranos, returning 18.9 million shares to the company, a ban on holding an officer or director position in a public company for 10 years, and a $500,000 fine.[54] [55] [56]

    At its height in 2015, Theranos had more than 800 employees.[57] It dismissed 340 people in October 2016 and an additional 155 in January 2017.[58] In April 2018, Theranos filed a WARN Act notice with the State of California, announcing its plans to permanently lay off 105 employees, leaving it with fewer than two dozen employees.[57] [59] Most of the remaining employees were laid off in August 2018. On September 5, 2018, the company announced that it had begun the process of formally dissolving, with its remaining cash and assets to be distributed to its creditors.[60]

    U.S. v. Holmes, et al.

    See main article: United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al.. On June 15, 2018, following an investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of California in San Francisco that lasted more than two years, a federal grand jury indicted Holmes and former Theranos chief operating officer and president, Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani, on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.[61] [62] Both pleaded not guilty. Prosecutors allege that Holmes and Balwani engaged in two criminal schemes, one to defraud investors, the other to defraud doctors and patients.[61] [63] [64] After the indictment was issued, Holmes stepped down as CEO of Theranos but remained chair of the board.[62]

    Holmes was tried in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, with U.S. district judge Edward Davila presiding. Holmes retained defense lawyers from Williams & Connolly, a prominent American law firm that specializes in white-collar crime defense. The trial began on August 31, 2021,[65] after being delayed for over a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Holmes's pregnancy.[66] The case was prosecuted by the United States Attorney for the Northern District of California. Holmes testified in self-defense for seven days, claiming among other things that she was misled by her staff about the technology, and that her ex-romantic partner Balwani, who was also facing trial, held influence over her during the romantic relationship they had and which was still ongoing when the alleged criminal acts happened.[67] [68] [69] The case's evidence outlined Holmes's role in faked demonstrations, falsified validation reports, misleading claims about contracts, and overstated financials at Theranos.

    On January 3, 2022, Holmes was found guilty on four counts of defrauding investors three counts of wire fraud, and one of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. She was found not guilty on four counts of defrauding patients three counts of wire fraud and one of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. The jury returned a "no verdict" on three counts of wire fraud against investors the judge declared a mistrial on those counts and the government soon after agreed to dismiss them.[70] [71] [72] Holmes waited on sentencing while remaining 'at liberty' on $500,000 bail, secured with property.[73] [74] She faced a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, and a fine of $250,000, plus restitution, for each count of wire fraud and for each conspiracy count.[65] [75]

    On November 18, 2022, Davila sentenced Holmes to years in prison and ordered her to surrender by April 27, 2023. The sentence included a fine of $400, or $100 for each count of fraud, and a three-year supervised release after the prison term.[76] Davila recommended she be incarcerated at Federal Prison Camp, Bryan, in Texas, a minimum-security facility with limited or no perimeter fencing. "No one wants to get kicked out because compared to other places in the prison system, this place is heaven. If you have to go it's a good place to go," said a criminal defense lawyer.[77]

    Holmes made some unsuccessful appeals and on May 17, 2023, Davila ruled that she must surrender to custody on May 30, after accepting that she needed time to arrange childcare for her two children.[78] [79] She was ordered to pay $452 million to the victims of the fraud. Holmes and Balwani are equally responsible for the full amount.[80] Holmes surrendered to custody at FPC Bryan on May 30.[81] In July 2023, the Bureau of Prisons web site projected that Holmes would be released from prison two years early, after serving 85% of her sentence, according to guidelines for good conduct time. With these credits, in conjunction with the credits she will earn in accordance with the 2018 First Step Act, some observers estimated that Holmes will serve approximately a total of 6 or 7 years in prison.[82] [83] On 11 June 2024, Holmes' legal representatives submitted on her behalf an appeal before California’s Ninth Circuit court, arguing that judge Edward Davila "erred in several decisions" in her trial.[84]

    Promotional activities

    Holmes partnered with Carlos Slim in June 2015 to improve blood testing in Mexico.[85] In October 2015, she announced #IronSisters to help women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers.[86] In 2015, she helped to draft and pass a law in Arizona to let people obtain and pay for lab tests without requiring insurance or healthcare provider approval, while misrepresenting the accuracy and effectiveness of the Theranos device.[87]

    Connections

    Theranos's board and investors included many influential figures.[88] Holmes's first major investor was Tim Draper – Silicon Valley venture capitalist and father of Holmes's childhood friend Jesse Draper – who "cut Holmes a check" for $1 million upon hearing her initial pitch for the firm that would become Theranos.[89] [90] Theranos's pool of major investors expanded to include[88] Rupert Murdoch, the Walton family, the DeVos family including Betsy DeVos, the Cox family of Cox Enterprises and Carlos Slim Helú. Each of these investors lost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars when Theranos folded.

    One of Holmes's first board members was George Shultz. With Shultz's early involvement aiding Holmes's recruitment efforts, the 12-member Theranos board eventually included:[91] Henry Kissinger, a former secretary of state; William Perry, a former secretary of defense; James Mattis, a future secretary of defense; Gary Roughead, a retired U.S. Navy admiral; Bill Frist, a former U.S. senator (R-TN); Sam Nunn, a former U.S. senator (D-GA); and former CEOs Dick Kovacevich of Wells Fargo and Riley Bechtel of Bechtel.[92]

    Recognition and public image

    Before the collapse of Theranos, Holmes received widespread acclaim. In 2015, she was appointed a member of the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows[93] and was named one of Time magazine's "Time 100 most influential people".[94] Holmes received the Under 30 Doers Award from Forbes and was ranked number 73 in its 2015 list of "the world's most powerful women".[95] [96] She was also named Woman of the Year by Glamour and received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Pepperdine University.[97] [98] Holmes was awarded the 2015 Horatio Alger Award of the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, making her its youngest recipient in history.[99] [100] She previously had been named Fortunes Businessperson of the Year and had been listed in its 40 Under 40 feature.[101] [102] In 2015, she was a member of Bloomberg's 50 Most Influential.[103] In 2016, Fortune named Holmes in its article on "The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders".

    Holmes was an admirer of Apple founder Steve Jobs, and deliberately copied his style, frequently dressing in a black turtleneck sweater, as Jobs did.[104] Holmes said her mother dressed her in black turtlenecks when she was young[105] and that she had worn the turtlenecks beginning around the age of eight,[106] but she also claims that she started wearing black turtlenecks upon founding the company in 2003.[107] An employee said she suggested Holmes copy Jobs's famous Issey Miyake turtleneck look in 2007.[108]

    During most of her public appearances, she spoke in a deep baritone voice, although a former Theranos colleague later claimed he heard her speak in a voice stereotypical of a woman her age to welcome him when he was hired.[109] Gardner of Stanford also denies that Holmes has a naturally deep voice.[110] Her family, however, has maintained that her deep voice is authentic.[111] [112] In a 2023 New York Times interview, Holmes spoke in her natural, higher pitch voice, and confirmed that the low voice was an affectation.[113]

    Personal life

    Holmes was romantically involved with the Pakistani-born technology entrepreneur Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani, who immigrated to India and then the US.[114] [115] She met him in 2002 during a trip to Beijing as part of Stanford University's Mandarin program. Holmes was 18 at the time and had just graduated from high school; Balwani is 19 years older than Holmes and he was married to another woman at the time.[116]

    Balwani divorced his wife in 2002[117] and became romantically involved with Holmes in 2003, about the same time Holmes dropped out of university. The couple moved into an apartment together in 2005. Although Balwani did not officially join Theranos until 2009, when he was given the title of chief operating officer, he was advising Holmes behind the scenes from the company's inception. Holmes and Balwani jointly ran the company with a corporate culture of "secrecy and fear" according to employees. Their romantic relationship was kept secret for much of their time running the company.[118] Balwani left Theranos in 2016 in the wake of investigations. The circumstances of his departure are unclear; Holmes has stated that she fired him, but Balwani says that he left of his own accord.

    On November 29, 2021, Holmes testified that she had been raped while she was a student at Stanford and that she sought solace from Balwani in the aftermath of the incident. She also said Balwani was very controlling during their romantic relationship, which lasted more than a decade, and at times he berated and sexually abused her. In her testimony, she stated he also wanted to "kill the person" she was and create a "new Elizabeth". However, she also testified that Balwani had not forced her to make the false statements to investors, business partners, journalists and company directors that had been described in the case.[119] In court filings, Balwani has "categorically" denied abuse allegations, calling them "false and inflammatory."[120]

    Before the March 2018 settlement, Holmes owned half of Theranos's stock.[12] Forbes listed her as one of U.S. Richest Self-Made Women in 2015 with a net worth of $4.5 billion.[121] In June 2016, Forbes released an updated valuation of $800 million for Theranos, which made Holmes's stake essentially worthless, because other investors owned preferred shares and would have been paid before Holmes, who owned only common stock. Holmes reportedly owed a $25 million debt to Theranos in connection with exercising stock options. She did not receive any company cash from the arrangement, nor did she sell any of her shares, including those associated with the debt.[122] [123] [124]

    Holmes first met William "Billy" Evans in early 2017. In early 2019, Holmes became engaged to Evans, a 27-year-old heir to Evans Hotels, a family-owned group of hotels in the San Diego area.[125] In mid-2019, Holmes and Evans reportedly married in a private ceremony.[126] Holmes and Evans have not directly confirmed whether the two are legally married, and several sources continue to refer to him as her "partner" rather than her husband.[127] Holmes gave birth to a son in July 2021.[128] In October 2022, weeks before her sentencing hearing, it was reported she was pregnant with a second child.[129] Holmes was accused of conceiving a second child, according to a court filing from February 2023, as a strategy for delaying the start of her prison term.[130] Holmes denied this, saying she wanted to grow her family and the child was conceived before she was indicted, which she did not anticipate.[131] Prior to her incarceration, she lived in the Mortimer Fleishhacker House in Woodside, California with her partner.[132] [133]

    In January 2022, NPR obtained a copy of a partial police report from the evening of October 5, 2003, in which Holmes called the police and alleged she had been sexually assaulted at a fraternity house at Stanford between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. that morning. The police report supported claims made by Holmes during the trial, in which she said: "I was questioning how I was going to be able to process that [rape] experience and what I wanted to do with my life, and I decided that I was going to build a life by building [a company]." She had started Theranos later that year. The report written by the deputies who responded to the call was withheld from release, and the partial information obtained by NPR does not identify an alleged perpetrator or other details about the incident but identifies the street address of the Sigma Chi fraternity house as the location.[134]

    In the media

    The case of Holmes is said to have created a stigma for other female entrepreneurs, particularly in the sciences and health care industries, who are often compared to her. Writing in The New York Times, technology journalist Erin Griffith commented that "Holmes continues to loom large across the start-up world because of the audacity of her story, which has permeated popular culture", with female entrepreneurs reporting that "the frequent comparisons [to Holmes] are pernicious".[135] Holmes has also been featured in a number of media works:[136]

    References

    Works cited

    . . New York. Alfred A. Knopf . John Carreyrou . 2018a . 978-1-5247-3165-6. 1249975944.

    Further reading

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. News: Levine. Matt. The Blood Unicorn Theranos Was Just a Fairy Tale. March 14, 2018. Bloomberg View. March 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180314200115/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-03-14/theranos-misled-investors-and-consumers-who-used-its-blood-test. March 14, 2018. live.
    2. News: Theranos's Fate Rests With a Founder Who Answers Only to Herself . . April 24, 2016 . April 30, 2016 . Abelson . Reed . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613004650/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/25/business/theranoss-fate-rests-with-afounder-who-answers-only-to-herself.html?_r=1 . June 13, 2018 . live.
    3. News: Forbes Announces Inaugural List Of America's 50 Richest Self-Made Women. Forbes. May 27, 2015. September 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180909040017/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2015/05/27/forbes-announces-inaugural-list-of-americas-50-richest-self-made-women/. September 9, 2018. live.
    4. News: From $4.5 Billion To Nothing: Forbes Revises Estimated Net Worth Of Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes. Herper. Matthew. June 1, 2016. Forbes. January 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20191216095750/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/06/01/from-4-5-billion-to-nothing-forbes-revises-estimated-net-worth-of-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes/. December 16, 2019. live.
    5. News: The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders. March 30, 2016. Fortune. December 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161123145216/http://fortune.com/2016/03/30/most-disappointing-leaders/. November 23, 2016. live.
    6. Web site: The rise and fall of Elizabeth Holmes, who started Theranos when she was 19 and became the world's youngest female billionaire but will now face a trial over 'massive fraud' in July 2020. Leskin. Avery . Hartmans . Paige. Business Insider. February 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200211105506/https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-founder-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-life-story-bio-2018-4. February 11, 2020. live.
    7. One Woman's Drive to Revolutionize Medical Testing . Auletta . Ken . The New Yorker . December 15, 2014 . October 19, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191028084933/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler . October 28, 2019 . live .
    8. Web site: Christian Holmes. September 4, 2018. The Boston Consulting Group. https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141103/https://www.bcg.com/en-us/about/people/experts/christian-holmes.aspx. September 5, 2018. live.
    9. Web site: Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Comes from a Baker's Yeast Empire . Vice . Bettina Makalintal . March 25, 2019 . July 4, 2022.
    10. News: Young . Matt. What Hulu's 'The Dropout' got wrong about Elizabeth Holmes' Houston childhood. March 8, 2022. The Houston Chronicle. March 17, 2023.
    11. News: Abelson . Reed. Theranos Founder Faces a Test of Technology, and Reputation. December 19, 2015. The New York Times. November 1, 2016. Creswe. Julie. https://web.archive.org/web/20170120161553/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/20/business/theranos-founder-faces-a-test-of-technology-and-reputation.html?_r=0. January 20, 2017. live.
    12. News: This CEO is out for blood . . Roger . Parloff . June 12, 2014 . August 15, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191007102223/https://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-blood-holmes/ . October 7, 2019 . live .
    13. Web site: Khorram . Yasmin . 2021-12-02 . Elizabeth Holmes relies on her tight entourage of friends as fraud trial nears its end . 2022-05-27 . CNBC . en.
    14. Blood, Simpler. December 8, 2014. Auletta. Ken. The New Yorker. en. February 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20191028084933/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler. October 28, 2019. live.
    15. News: Weisul. Kimberly. How Playing the Long Game Made Elizabeth Holmes a Billionaire. Inc.. April 8, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004145/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201510/kimberly-weisul/the-longest-game.html. December 14, 2019. live.
    16. News: Randazzo . Sara . Holmes Says Rape Led to Decision to Leave Stanford . 13 January 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 29 November 2021.
    17. News: She's America's youngest female billionaire – and a dropout . CNNMoney . October 16, 2014 . March 22, 2015 . Rachel . Crane . https://web.archive.org/web/20150321023411/https://money.cnn.com/2014/10/16/technology/theranos-elizabeth-holmes/ . March 21, 2015 . live .
    18. This Woman Invented a Way to Run 30 Lab Tests on Only One Drop of Blood . Caitlin . Roper . February 18, 2014 . Wired . March 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151219223457/http://www.wired.com/2014/02/elizabeth-holmes-theranos/?cid=18964974 . December 19, 2015 . live .
    19. News: Five Visionary Tech Entrepreneurs Who Are Changing the World: Elizabeth Holmes. The New York Times. Arrillaga-Andreessen. Laura. October 12, 2015. August 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135703/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/12/t-magazine/elizabeth-holmes-tech-visionaries-brian-chesky.html?_r=1. November 28, 2016. live.
    20. News: Can Elizabeth Holmes Save Her Unicorn?. Bloomberg Businessweek. Kolhatkar. Sheelah. Chen. Caroline. December 10, 2015. October 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160925074429/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-10/can-theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-fend-off-her-critics-. September 25, 2016. live.
    21. Web site: Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down . . Bilton . Nick . October 2016 . January 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170410172642/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-exclusive . April 10, 2017 . live .
    22. Web site: Keep Track Of The Theranos Scandal With This Detailed Timeline. Leiva. Ludmila. www.refinery29.com. en. February 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101103240/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/01/222855/theranos-scandal-timeline-what-happened-elizabeth-holmes-documentary. January 1, 2020. live.
    23. News: Parloff. Roger. June 12, 2014. This CEO is out for blood. Fortune. live. June 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191007102223/https://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-blood-holmes/. October 7, 2019.
    24. Web site: A singular board at Theranos. Fortune. Parloff. Roger. June 12, 2014. October 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161109082106/http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-board-directors/. November 9, 2016. live.
    25. News: Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board. San Francisco Business Times. Leuty. Ron. August 2, 2013. October 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170414013237/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/02/theranos-adds-kovacevich-to-all-star.html. April 14, 2017. live.
    26. News: Holmes is where the heart is. The Economist. June 27, 2015. October 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161201221758/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21656193-theranoss-boss-says-her-mission-extends-beyond-making-fortune-holmes-where-heart. December 1, 2016. live.
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    28. Web site: Topol . Eric . Creative Disruption? She's 29 and Set to Reboot Lab Medicine . Medscape . January 3, 2021 . August 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821154614/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814233_6 . live .
    29. Web site: Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes's Five Best Cover Story Appearances, Ranked. Re/code. Kulwin. Noah. October 26, 2015. October 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018234632/http://www.recode.net/2015/10/26/11620036/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmess-five-best-cover-story-appearances. October 18, 2016. live.
    30. Web site: From Bad To Worse: Forbes 400's Biggest Drop-Off Elizabeth Holmes Announces More Grim News. Kroll. Luisa. Forbes. en. February 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204332/https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2016/10/06/from-bad-to-worse-forbes-400s-biggest-drop-off-elizabeth-holmes-announces-more-grim-news/. February 12, 2020. live.
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    32. Web site: How John Carreyrou Exposed the Theranos Scam. Knibbs. Kate. May 22, 2018. The Ringer. en. February 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913234430/https://www.theringer.com/2018/5/22/17378494/bad-blood-theranos-john-carreyrou-interview. September 13, 2019. live.
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    35. Web site: Infamous blood testing company Theranos is shutting down – look back at some of the top revelations about its demise. Huddleston. Tom Jr.. September 5, 2018. CNBC. en. February 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200313151756/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/theranos-shutting-down--look-back-at-revelations-from-bad-blood.html. March 13, 2020. live.
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    42. News: Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes: I'm 'devastated' about blood test issues. The Today Show. April 18, 2016. October 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161017101654/http://www.today.com/video/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-i-m-devastated-about-blood-test-issues-668286019825. October 17, 2016. live.
    43. Elizabeth Holmes 'Devastated' Over Theranos Problems. Time. en. February 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030924/http://time.com/4297840/elizabeth-holmes-theranos/. April 11, 2018. live.
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    49. Theranos Finalizes Shareholder Recapitalization. Theranos Inc.. Business Wire. May 16, 2017. July 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825061647/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170516006652/en/Theranos-Finalizes-Shareholder-Recapitalization. August 25, 2017. live.
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    66. Web site: Elizabeth Holmes trial delayed because she's pregnant . CNBC . Yasmin . Khorram . March 12, 2021 . March 12, 2021 . March 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210312215000/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/12/elizabeth-holmes-trial-delayed-because-shes-pregant.html . live .
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    73. Web site: Paul . Kari . 2022-01-14 . Elizabeth Holmes to be sentenced nine months after guilty verdict . 2022-04-03 . . en . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403064546/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/13/elizabeth-holmes-sentence-september-fraud . live .
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    76. Web site: Keenan . Alexis . November 18, 2022 . Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos founder, sentenced to 11.25 years in prison . November 19, 2022 . Yahoo! Finance.
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    92. Web site: Theranos' email gaffe accidentally outs investors, including Robert Kraft's company. Harris. David L.. McDermid. Riley. San Francisco Business Times. December 8, 2016. December 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224064430/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2016/12/08/theranos-email-accidentally-outs-investors.html. December 24, 2021. live.
    93. Book: Three Health Care Leaders Join HMS Board of Fellows. Fall 2015 . Harvard University . May 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804030955/https://hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Benefactor_Fall%202015.pdf . August 4, 2017 . live .
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    97. News: Fenn. Donna. Elizabeth Holmes Wants You to Have Control of Your Health Info. October 29, 2015. Glamour Magazine. May 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160613032500/http://www.glamour.com/story/elizabeth-holmes. June 13, 2016. live.
    98. Web site: Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes Will Get to Keep Her Honorary Doctorate from Pepperdine University. BioSpace. June 4, 2016 . en-US. March 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091217/https://www.biospace.com/article/theranos-ceo-b-elizabeth-holmes-b-will-get-to-keep-her-honorary-doctorate-from-pepperdine-university-/. March 27, 2019. live.
    99. News: Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes: Young entrepreneurs need "a mission". Parloff. Roger. Fortune. May 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160703024947/http://fortune.com/2014/12/03/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-young-fortune-mpw-next-gen/. July 3, 2016. live.
    100. Web site: 2015 Horatio Alger Award Winner Elizabeth Holmes. Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans. May 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160807121007/https://www.horatioalger.org/members/member-detail/?id=003j000000ibsbJAAQ. August 7, 2016. live.
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    102. Web site: 9. Elizabeth Holmes. Fortune. 2014. June 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611102109/http://fortune.com/40-under-40/2014/elizabeth-holmes-9/. June 11, 2016. live.
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    106. Richards . Harriette . Mattioli . Fabio . July 2021 . Fashioning founders: Dress and gender in the entrepreneurial ecosystem . Gender, Work & Organization . en . 28 . 4 . 1363–1378 . 10.1111/gwao.12641 . 233974952 . 0968-6673. 11343/265900 . free .
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    108. Web site: Minutaglio . Rose . Elizabeth Holmes Needed Fashion Advice. I Suggested A Black Turtleneck . Elle . March 28, 2019 . August 12, 2020 . March 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328211804/https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a26946867/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-black-turtleneck-ana-arriola/ . live .
    109. Web site: Leskin. Paige. Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes used a deep baritone voice at almost all times, but former insiders say it was faked. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200212202302/https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-deep-voice-2019-3. February 12, 2020. February 12, 2020. Business Insider.
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    114. Web site: Dunn. Taylor. Thompson. Victoria. Jarvis. Rebecca. When Theranos' remarkable blood-test claims began to unravel: 'The Dropout' episode 5. March 14, 2019. 14 October 2021. ABC News. October 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013122829/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-remarkable-blood-test-claims-began-unravel/story?id=61173853. live.
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    118. Web site: 3 lawyers defending Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes say they haven't been paid in over a year and would like to quit . . Paige . Leskin . October 4, 2019 . Holmes and Balwani, who hid that they were romantically involved for much of the time they headed Theranos . September 1, 2020 . April 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200412072031/https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-lawyers-quit-over-no-pay-claim-2019-10 . live .
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    120. Web site: Theranos' Holmes cross-examined over relationship with romantic and business partner. Jody. Godoy. December 1, 2021. Reuters. December 1, 2021. December 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211201210653/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-face-cross-examination-fraud-trial-2021-11-30/. live.
    121. News: Elizabeth Holmes. Forbes. December 9, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20141021025944/http://www.forbes.com/profile/elizabeth-holmes/. October 21, 2014. live.
    122. News: Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Owes About $25 Million to Blood-Testing Startup. Christopher. Weaver. April 5, 2017. The Wall Street Journal. January 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134826/https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-owes-about-25-million-to-blood-testing-startup-1491435009. January 25, 2018. dead.
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    124. News: Balakrishnan. Anita. Founder Elizabeth Holmes reportedly owes Theranos about $25 million. April 10, 2017. CNBC. April 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170409022349/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/05/founder-elizabeth-holmes-reportedly-owes-theranos-about-25-million.html. April 9, 2017. live.
    125. News: Warren . Katie . Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes is reportedly engaged to a 27-year-old hotel heir. Here's what we know about their relationship. . . March 29, 2019 . April 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401140626/https://www.businessinsider.com/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-founder-engaged-relationship-2019-3 . April 1, 2019 . live .
    126. Web site: Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes reportedly got married in secret to hotel heir Billy Evans. Leskin. Paige. Business Insider. September 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190924113117/https://www.businessinsider.com/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-founder-secret-marriage-billy-evans-2019-6. September 24, 2019. live.
    127. Web site: Elizabeth Holmes mum on marriage as trial gets delayed. Yasmin. Khorram. June 28, 2019. CNBC. November 28, 2021. November 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128210218/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/28/elizabeth-holmes-mum-on-marriage-as-trial-gets-delayed.html. live.
    128. News: Dunn . Taylor . Jarvis . Rebecca . Thompson . Victoria . Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes welcomes 1st child with partner Billy Evans ahead of criminal trial . August 5, 2021 . August 6, 2021 . ABC News . en . August 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210805223146/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-welcomes-1st-child-partner/story?id=79298331 . live .
    129. Web site: Star witness who visited Elizabeth Holmes after fraud trial says 'she needs to pay her debt to society' . CNBC . Yasmin . Khorram . October 17, 2022 . October 18, 2022.
    130. News: Baron . Ethan . February 24, 2023 . Elizabeth Holmes gives birth to second child while seeking to further delay imprisonment . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230225011910/https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/02/24/elizabeth-holmes-gives-birth-to-second-child-while-seeking-to-further-delay-imprisonment/ . February 25, 2023 . live.
    131. News: Who Is Billy Evans, Elizabeth Holmes's Partner? . . Sara Ashley O'Brien . May 30, 2023.
    132. Web site: Khorram . Yasmin . September 7, 2021 . Elizabeth Holmes is living on the grounds of a $135 million Silicon Valley estate during her trial . CNBC . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602034816/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/07/elizabeth-holmes-staying-at-135-million-silicon-valley-estate-during-theranos-trial.html . June 2, 2023 . live.
    133. Web site: Storey . Kate . Covington . Abigail . December 8, 2022 . Sunny Bałwani Just Received a Nearly 13-Year-Long Prison Sentence . Esquire . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609100510/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a26810723/elizabeth-holmes-now/ . June 9, 2023 . live.
    134. News: Allyn. Bobby. 2022-01-24. Police document: 19-year-old Elizabeth Holmes reported sexual assault from Stanford. en. NPR. 2022-01-25. January 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220125181759/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/24/1075364585/elizabeth-holmes-stanford-rape-sexual-assault-report. live.
    135. News: They Still Live in the Shadow of Theranos's Elizabeth Holmes . . Erin . Griffith . August 24, 2021 . August 24, 2021 . August 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210824144507/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/technology/theranos-elizabeth-holmes.html . live .
    136. News: Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes: What to Read, Watch and Listen To . . Margaret . Lyons . March 18, 2019 . March 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190319222138/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/arts/television/theranos-elizabeth-holmes.html . March 19, 2019 . live .
    137. Web site: Jennifer Lawrence Boarding Adam McKay Theranos Medical Drama Project. Ali. Jaafar. June 9, 2016. March 21, 2022. March 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220321090519/https://deadline.com/2016/06/jennifer-lawrence-adam-mckay-theranos-medical-drama-project-1201769099/. live.
    138. Web site: 'Bad Blood' Bids Mobilize for Jennifer Lawrence-Adam McKay Package: 9 Offers. Ali. Jaafar. Mike Jr.. Fleming. June 22, 2016. March 21, 2022. December 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211207164601/https://deadline.com/2016/06/adam-mckay-jennifer-lawrence-theranos-movie-bad-blood-1201775531/. live.
    139. Web site: Adam McKay and Jennifer Lawrence's 'Bad Blood' Movie Lands at Apple Studios. Pamela. McClintock. The Hollywood Reporter. December 7, 2021. December 7, 2021. December 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211207162601/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jennifer-lawrences-adam-mckay-bad-blood-apple-1235058243/. live.
    140. Web site: Jennifer Lawrence Calls Off Long-Anticipated Elizabeth Holmes Movie . . Jay Barmann . November 4, 2022 . November 4, 2022 . November 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104211236/https://sfist.com/2022/11/04/jennifer-lawrence-calls-off-long-anticipated-elizabeth-holmes-movie/ . dead .
    141. News: Lowenstein . Roger . 'Bad Blood' Review: How One Company Scammed Silicon Valley. And How It Got Caught. . March 30, 2019 . The New York Times . May 21, 2018 . August 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200823063111/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/books/review/bad-blood-john-carreyrou.html . live .
    142. Web site: McNary . Dave . Legendary Wins Bidding War for Jennifer Lawrence Movie 'Bad Blood' . Variety . 23 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160625021229/https://variety.com/2016/film/news/legendary-wins-bidding-jennifer-lawrence-movie-bad-blood-1201802332/ . 2016-06-25 . live . June 23, 2016.
    143. News: Ex-Theranos CEO says 'I don't know' 600+ times in deposition tapes. January 24, 2019. ABC News. January 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190129182430/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630. January 29, 2019. live.
    144. News: 'The Inventor' charts rise and epic fall of Theranos. Brian. Lowry. March 18, 2019. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20191228024014/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/18/entertainment/the-inventor-theranos-review/index.html. December 28, 2019. live.
    145. Web site: Elizabeth Stanley. TV Maze. 19 March 2022. April 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220417031222/https://www.tvmaze.com/people/29364/elizabeth-stanley. live.
    146. Blood Money . 60 Minutes Australia . 8 August 2021 . . 2021 . 25 . Brown . Tara . Tara Brown . August 31, 2021 . August 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210814081824/https://www.9now.com.au/60-minutes/2021/episode-25 . live .
    147. Web site: Andreeva . Nellie . Hulu Orders 'The Dropout' Limited Series Starring Kate McKinnon As Elizabeth Holmes From Fox Searchlight TV . Deadline . April 13, 2019 . en . April 10, 2019 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135719/https://deadline.com/2019/04/the-dropout-hulu-limited-series-kate-mckinnon-star-elizabeth-holmes-fox-searchlight-television-abc-news-1202593032/ . live .
    148. Web site: Otterson . Joe . Amanda Seyfried to Play Elizabeth Holmes in Hulu Series 'The Dropout,' Taking Over From Kate McKinnon . . March 29, 2021 . March 29, 2021 . March 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210329185303/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/amanda-seyfried-elizabeth-holmes-hulu-the-dropout-kate-mckinnon-1234940063/ . live .
    149. Rich . Katey . Amanda Seyfried Triumphs at the Emmys 2022 . 19 November 2022 . Vanity Fair . 13 September 2022.
    150. Web site: Amanda Seyfried Wins Best Limited Series Actress at the 2023 Golden Globes for 'The Dropout'. Wynne. Kelly. Vasquez. Ingrid. January 10, 2023. People. January 23, 2023.

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