| Elizabeth Gurley Flynn | |
| Office: | Chairperson of the National Committee of the Communist Party USA |
| Predecessor: | Eugene Dennis |
| Successor: | Henry Winston |
| Birth Date: | 7 August 1890 |
| Birth Place: | Concord, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Party: | Communist |
| Resting Place: | Waldheim Cemetery, Chicago |
| Nationality: | American |
| Occupation: | Labor leader, activist |
| Term Start: | January 31, 1961 |
| Term End: | September 5, 1964 |
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (August 7, 1890 - September 5, 1964) was an American labor leader, activist, and feminist who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Flynn was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a visible proponent of women's rights, birth control, and women's suffrage. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1936 and late in life, in 1961, became its chairwoman. She died during a visit to the Soviet Union, where she was accorded a state funeral with processions in Red Square attended by over 25,000 people.[1]
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was born on August 7, 1890, in Concord, New Hampshire, the daughter of Annie (Gurley) and Thomas Flynn.[2] The family moved to New York in 1900, where she was educated at the local public schools. Her parents introduced her to socialism. When she was only 15 she gave her first public speech, "What Socialism Will Do for Women," at the Harlem Socialist Club. After this, she felt compelled to speak out for social change. She left Morris High School before graduation, a decision she later regretted.[3] However, other sources state she was expelled from high school due to her political involvement.[4]
In 1907, Flynn became a full-time organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW; also known as the "Wobblies"), and attended her first IWW convention in September of that year.[5] Over the next few years she organized campaigns among garment workers in Pennsylvania, silk weavers in New Jersey, restaurant workers in New York, miners in Minnesota, Missoula, Montana, and Spokane, Washington; and textile workers in Massachusetts. During this period, author Theodore Dreiser described her as "an East Side Joan of Arc".
In 1909, Flynn participated in a free speech fight in Spokane, in which she chained herself to a lamp-post in order to delay her arrest.[6] She later accused the police of using the jail as a brothel,[7] an accusation that prompted them to try to confiscate all copies of the Industrial Worker reporting the charge. On March 4, 1910, Spokane relented, giving the IWW the right to hold speech meetings and letting all IWW protestors free.[8] [9] Flynn was arrested ten times during this period, but was never convicted of any criminal activity. It was a plea bargain that resulted in Flynn's expulsion from the IWW in 1916, along with fellow organizer Joe Ettor. According to historian Robert M. Eleff,[10] three Minnesota miners had been arrested on murder charges arising from an incident which arose when a group of deputised mine guards, including an alleged gunman named James C. Myron and a former bouncer named Nick Dillon, came to the residence of one of the miners, Philip Masonovitch, to investigate allegations of the presence of an illegal liquor still on the premises. A confrontation ensued in which Myron and a bystander were shot dead. According to Eleff, some witness testimony suggested that Myron was killed accidentally by one of his colleagues, who fired into the Masonovitch residence from outside, and that the bystander was killed by Dillon. Three IWW organizers were also charged, although all three were elsewhere at the time. Head of the IWW's organizing committee, Bill Haywood seemed confident that Judge Hilton, who had successfully defended George Pettibone when he and Haywood were on trial in Idaho, could win the case for the miners.
However, the main organizers on the scene accepted an arrangement by which the other organizers were allowed to go free, but the three miners, none of whom spoke English fluently, faced time in prison. There was also a mixup in the sentencing; a prior agreement for one year in prison was somehow changed in the courtroom to a sentence of five to 20 years. Haywood held Flynn and Ettor responsible for allowing the miners to plead guilty to charges that they probably did not understand.[11] Haywood wrote in his autobiography that Flynn and Ettor's "part in the affair terminated their connection with the IWW."[12] Haywood's biographer, Peter Carlson, wrote that Ettor left the IWW and that Flynn "remained in the union, but took pains to avoid Haywood and his supporters."[13]
A founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1920, Flynn played a leading role in the campaign against the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti.[14] Flynn was particularly concerned with women's rights, supporting birth control and women's suffrage. Flynn also criticized the leadership of trade unions for being male-dominated and not reflecting the needs of women.[15] [16]
Between 1926 and 1936, Flynn lived in southwest Portland, Oregon, with birth control activist and suffragette Marie Equi. Though Flynn was in poor health most of her time in Portland, she was an active and vocal supporter of the 1934 West Coast Longshore Strike.[17] In 1939, Flynn was re-elected to the ACLU board; however, when Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin signed a nonaggression pact in 1939, the ACLU expelled all Communist Party members from its ranks in 1940, including Flynn.[18]
From 1927 to 1930, Flynn chaired the International Labor Defense (ILD). During that time, she was active in trying to free jailed labor organizers Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings.
In 1936, Flynn joined Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and wrote a feminist column for its journal, the Daily Worker. Two years later, she was elected to the national committee. Aforementioned, Flynn's membership in the Party led to her ouster from the board of the ACLU in 1940.[19]
During World War II, she played an important role in the campaign for equal economic opportunity and pay for women and the establishment of day care centers for working mothers. In 1942, she ran for Congress at-large in New York and received 50,000 votes. In July 1948, a dozen leaders of the Communist Party were arrested and accused of violating the Smith Act by advocating the overthrow of the US government by force and violence. After they were convicted in the Foley Square trial they appealed to the Supreme Court, which upheld their conviction in Dennis v. United States; two justices wrote in dissent that they were convicted in violation of their Constitutional rights for engaging in activities protected by the First Amendment.[20]
Flynn launched a campaign for their release but, in June 1951, was herself arrested in the second wave of arrests and prosecuted under the Smith Act with sixteen other Communist Party members. They were accused of conspiring to "teach and advocate violent overthrow" of the government. Original lawyers included: Abraham L. Pomerantz, Carol Weiss King, Victor Rabinowitz, Michael Begun, Harold I. Cammer, Mary Kaufman, Leonard Boudin, and Abraham Unger. Later, they were relieved by O. John Rogge, gangster Frank Costello's lawyer George Wolf, William W. Kleinman, Joseph L. Delaney, Frank Serri, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Henry G. Singer, Abraham J. Gellinoff, Raphael P. Koenig, and Nicholas Atlas.[21] After a nine-month trial, she was found guilty and served two years in Federal Prison Camp, Alderson near Alderson, West Virginia. She later wrote a prison memoir, The Alderson Story: My Life as a Political Prisoner.[22]
After her release from prison, Flynn resumed her activities for leftist and Communist causes. She ran for the New York City Council as a Communist in 1957, garnering a total of 710 votes.[23]
In 1961, Flynn became the first national chairwoman of CPUSA.
In 1907, Flynn met a Minnesota local organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World, J. A. Jones. He was sixteen years older than she, but Flynn stated in her autobiography, "I fell in love with him and we were married in January 1908."[24] The union produced two sons, John Vincent who died a few days after birth, and Fred Flynn, born May 19, 1910 (he died in 1940).[25]
Flynn spent around a decade, from 1926-1936, living together with Dr. Marie Equi, who was an open lesbian.[26] For this reason, Flynn's sexuality has been a topic that has been speculated upon, with some believing she could have been a bisexual or lesbian.[27] [28] However, because of its closed nature, while it's clear they had a close trusted relationship, taking care of each other in times of sickness, their exact relationship and Flynn's sexuality can only be speculated on.
Flynn died in the Soviet Union on September 5, 1964, at age 74.
The Soviet government gave Flynn a state funeral in Red Square with over 25,000 people attending. In accordance with her wishes, Flynn's remains were flown to the United States for burial in Chicago's Waldheim Cemetery, near the graves of Eugene Dennis, Bill Haywood, Emma Goldman, and the Haymarket Riot Martyrs.[29]
Flynn left her small estate (books, clothing, and furniture) to Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker house in New York city following her death. Flynn and Day first met in the 1910s and Flynn regularly sent old clothing and blankets to the New York Catholic Worker house.[30]
Flynn's influence as an activist was far-reaching, and her exploits were commemorated in a popular ballad. A popular song, "The Rebel Girl", was written by labor activist and musician Joe Hill in honor of Flynn.[31] [32]
Flynn's statement at her trial in 1952 is listed as number 87 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).[33] [34]
New Hampshire historical marker no. 278 honored Flynn in her hometown of Concord.[35] The unveiling of the marker in May 2023 led to controversy, with Governor Chris Sununu calling for a review of the process that led to its installation.[36] Within two weeks of being unveiled, the marker was removed.[37] A subsequent statement from CPUSA criticized the removal, stating, "If [her] life is important enough to hide, then her life is important enough to know."[38]
A fictionalized version of Flynn is depicted in John Updike's novel In the Beauty of the Lilies in which she is said to have had an affair with the anarchist Carlo Tresca, supported by Flynn's letters and memoir. Tresca had also had a relationship with Flynn's sister Bina, and was the father of her nephew, Peter D. Martin.[39] [40]
Flynn is depicted in Jess Walter's novel The Cold Millions.[41]
Flynn is also portrayed in the musical "Joe Hill Revival".[42]
Flynn appears as a potential leader for the Combined Syndicates of America in the Hearts of Iron IV mod Kaiserreich, as well as a potential President of the entire US in another Hearts of Iron IV mod called "Red Flood".