Élisabeth Borne Explained

Office:
for Calvados's 6th constituency
Term Start:10 February 2024
Predecessor:Freddy Sertin
Term Start1:22 June 2022
Term End1:22 July 2022
Predecessor1:Alain Tourret
Successor1:Freddy Sertin
Office2:Prime Minister of France
President2:Emmanuel Macron
Term Start2:16 May 2022
Term End2:9 January 2024
Predecessor2:Jean Castex
Successor2:Gabriel Attal
Primeminister3:Herself
Term Start3:25 June 2022
Term End3:4 July 2022
Predecessor3:Yaël Braun-Pivet
Successor3:Jean-François Carenco -->
Office4:Minister of Labour, Employment and Integration
Primeminister4:Jean Castex
Term Start4:6 July 2020
Term End4:16 May 2022
Predecessor4:Muriel Pénicaud
Successor4:Olivier Dussopt
Office5:Minister of Ecological and Inclusive Transition
Primeminister5:Édouard Philippe
Term Start5:16 July 2019
Term End5:6 July 2020
Predecessor5:François de Rugy
Successor5:Barbara Pompili
Office6:President of RATP
Primeminister6:Édouard Philippe
Term Start6:21 May 2015
Term End6:17 May 2017
Predecessor6:Pierre Mongin
Successor6:Catherine Guillouard
Birth Date:18 April 1961
Birth Place:Paris, France
Children:1
Party:Renaissance (2017–present)
Otherparty:Territories of Progress (2020–2022)
Education:École Polytechnique
École des ponts ParisTech
Collège des Ingénieurs
Office7:Prefect of Vienne
Term Start7:1 February 2013
Term End7:23 April 2014
Predecessor7:Yves Dassonville
Successor7:Christiane Barret
Birth Name:Élisabeth Borne
Signature:Signature Élisabeth Borne.svg

Élisabeth Borne (in French elizabɛt bɔʁn/; born 18 April 1961) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from May 2022 to January 2024. She is a member of President Emmanuel Macron's party Renaissance. Borne is the second woman to hold the position of Prime Minister after Édith Cresson, who served from 1991 to 1992.[1]

A civil engineer, government official and manager of state enterprises in the transport and construction sectors, Borne previously served as minister of transport (2017–2019) and minister of ecology (2019–2020). She was then minister of labour, employment and integration in the Castex government from 2020 to 2022.[2] On 16 May 2022, President Macron appointed her as the next prime minister after Castex's resignation, as it is the tradition following the presidential elections in France.[3]

Borne led the centrist Ensemble coalition into the 2022 legislative election which resulted in a hung parliament: enjoying a 115-seat majority before the election, the ruling coalition was reduced to 251 seats (from 346), still emerging as the largest bloc in Parliament but 38 short of a majority. Unable to broker any deal with opposition parties to form a stable majority administration, Borne officially formed a minority government in July 2022.

Notably, as prime minister, she oversaw the contentious passage of a pension system reform raising the retirement age from 62 to 64, the repealing of most of the Covid-era health restrictions and the passage of a multi-year military planning law, paving way for a 40%-increase in military spending between 2024 and 2030. She also led the government's financial response to the ongoing cost-of-living crisis.

In July 2023, holding onto her position as PM amid media reports of a possible dismissal, Borne reshuffled her cabinet for the second time since the beginning of her Premiership.

On 8 January 2024, at Macron's request, Borne resigned as prime minister amid a major government crisis triggered by the passage of a hardline immigration bill. On her departure, she announced her intention to return as an MP for her Calvados's constituency, eventually winning re-election in the second round.

Early life and education

Elisabeth Borne was born in Paris.[4] Her French-born mother, Marguerite Lecèsne (1920–2015), was a pharmacist. Her father, Joseph Bornstein (1924–1972), son of Zelig Bornstein from Łuków (formerly Congress Poland), was born in Antwerp, Belgium.[5] He fled to France at the outset of the Second World War and was active in the French Resistance. Bornstein was one of four brothers. In 1943, he was arrested by the Gestapo in Grenoble, where he was part of the French resistance and deported to Auschwitz German concentration camp. His father and younger brother were sent to the German gas chambers. Joseph and his older brother were kept alive to work in a synthetic fuel factory.

In April 1945, they met Borne's mother, Marguerite Lescène, at the platform of Paris's Orsay train station where she was helping deportees. She took the brothers to her hometown in Normandy where her family helped them rebuild their lives. Joseph Bornstein later published descriptions of the horrors he had witnessed in the Holocaust.[6] He was naturalised in 1950 and changed the family name to "Borne".[7] [8] Borne's mother ran a pharmaceutical laboratory after the war.[9] Her father ran a rubber products factory but suffered from trauma and severe depression. He committed suicide when she was 11 years old. After his death, Borne was awarded "Ward of the Nation" education benefits which the state granted to minors who were orphaned as a result of the war or had a parent who had died in exceptional circumstances.[6]

Borne attended high school at Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris. Later, she entered the École Polytechnique (class of 1981). In 1986, she obtained her Diplôme d'Ingénieur in civil engineering from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (National School of Road and Bridge Engineering) and one year later a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the Collège des Ingénieurs.

Career in the public sector

Borne joined the civil service as a government official at the French planning and works ministry (ministère de l'Equipement) in 1987. In the early 1990s, she was an advisor in the ministry of education under Lionel Jospin and Jack Lang (both members of the Socialist Party). From 1993 to 1996 she worked as a technical director for the public housing company Sonacotra. In 1997, prime minister Jospin appointed her as his advisor for urban planning, housing and transport.[10]

In 2002, Borne became a strategy director and member of the executive committee at the state-owned railway company SNCF, before joining the public works construction company Eiffage as concessions manager in 2007. She worked as director of urban planning for the City of Paris under mayor Bertrand Delanoë from 2008 until 2013.[11]

In 2013 Borne was appointed Prefect of the department Vienne and the region of Poitou-Charentes, the first woman to occupy that position.[12] At that time, Socialist politician Ségolène Royal was president of the regional council of Poitou-Charentes. When Royal became Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy in 2014, she appointed Borne as her chief of staff (directrice de cabinet).[13] Borne subsequently was the President and CEO of RATP Group, a state-owned enterprise which operates public transport in Greater Paris, from 2015 to 2017.[11]

Political career

For a long time Borne was close to the Socialist Party (PS), but without formally joining the party. After Emmanuel Macron's victory in the 2017 French presidential election, she joined La République En Marche! (LREM).[14]

Junior minister for Transport, 2017–2019

Borne served as minister-delegate of transport in the first and second Philippe governments from May 2017 to July 2019.[15] [16] [17] During her time in office, she held out against weeks of strikes and demonstrations in 2017 to end a generous pension and benefits system for SNCF railway workers.[18]

Minister of Ecological and Inclusive Transition, 2019–2020

After the resignation of ecology minister François de Rugy in 2019, Borne was promoted to head the ministry of the ecological and inclusive transition. In that capacity, she led efforts to pass a long-term energy planning bill aimed at increasing security of supply and a clean mobility bill committing the country to reaching carbon neutrality in the transport sector by 2050.[19]

In 2019, Borne opposed France's ratification of the European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement.[20]

Since 2020 Borne has additionally been a member of Territories of Progress, a centre-left party allied with LREM.[21] In September 2022, both parties merged into the Renaissance party.

Minister of Labour, 2020–2022

In July 2020, Borne was appointed minister of labour, employment and economic inclusion in the government of prime minister Jean Castex, succeeding Muriel Pénicaud.[22] In that capacity, she oversaw negotiations with unions that resulted in a cut to unemployment benefits for some job seekers.[18] During her time in office, France's unemployment rate fell to its lowest level in 15 years and youth unemployment to its lowest level in 40 years.[23] [24] [25]

Prime minister, 2022–2024

On 16 May 2022, Borne was appointed Prime Minister of France, succeeding Castex three weeks after the re-election of Macron for a second term as President of the French Republic. She is the second woman to serve as prime minister after Édith Cresson. She is also the second of Macron's prime ministers to be a member of his centrist party, after Castex.[26]

Borne was a candidate for Renaissance (formerly known as La République En Marche!) in the 2022 French legislative election in Calvados's 6th constituency in the Normandy region in northwestern France.[27] While remaining a candidate, under the dual mandate (cumuls des mandats) law she was not allowed to take up the position after she won the election, and was replaced by her designated alternate. She called on voters to support Macron's coalition, Ensemble Citoyens, saying it is the only group "capable of getting [a parliamentary] majority".[28] After the first round, in relation to contests between left-wing and far-right candidates, she said: "Our position is no voice for the RN." At the same time, she expressed support only for left-wing candidates who in her view respect republican values.[29] [30] She was elected to Parliament in the second round.[31] Borne offered her resignation as prime minister after the results of the second round, but was rejected by Macron,[32] who instead tasked her to form a new cabinet.[33] Following a cabinet reshuffle prompted by the 2022 legislative elections that resulted in a hung parliament,[34] Borne officially formed a minority government and easily survived a motion of no confidence triggered by MPs of the New Ecologic and Social People's Union (NUPES), a broad alliance of left-wing opponents, in response to the Government's refusal to call for a vote of confidence.[35] [36] In March 2023, Borne survived by nine votes another motion of no confidence brought against her in response to President Macron's passage of a law that raised the retirement age from 62 to 64 without a vote of the National Assembly.[37]

On 12 April 2023, Borne condemned LDH for speaking out against police brutality, particularly during a protest in the village of Sainte-Soline in western France.[38]

In May 2023, reports began circulating that Borne's government had withdrawn support for France hosting the 2025 Rugby League World Cup with her government demanding protection from financial loses if the tournament did not run at a profit. With the French organising committee unable to meet this new demand, France officially withdrew as tournament hosts on 15 May citing lack of governmental financial support as the reason.[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]

A cabinet reshuffle was conducted in July 2023, which was described as "strange" with the fact that longtime allies of Macron were promoted and individuals with little experience were dismissed.[44]

On 12 November 2023, she participated in the March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism in Paris in response to the rise in antisemitism since the start of the Israel–Hamas war.[45]

On 8 January 2024, she announced her resignation and was succeeded by education minister Gabriel Attal the following day.[46] [47]

MP for Calvados's 6th constituency, 2024–present

News media reported that, upon her resignation, Borne turned down an invitation from President Macron to become Defense minister in the incoming Attal government.In her resignation speech, Borne announced her intention to return as an MP for her Calvados's constituency, a seat she won in the 2022 legislative election. She was set to retake up her role in February 2024. On February 13, 2024, she officially began to perform the duties of a deputy in the National Assembly.[48] In parliament, she has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.[49]

After President Macron dissolved the National Assembly on June 9, 2024 following the European elections, she declared herself a candidate for re-election in Calvados. She qualified for the second round with almost 29% of the vote, placing second behind RN candidate Nicolas Calbrix.[50] The LFI-NFP candidate, Noé Gauchard, withdrew from the second round after placing third, and Borne won re-election, defeating Calbrix with 56.37% of the vote.[51]

Personal life

Borne married Olivier Allix, a lecturer and also an engineer, on 30 June 1989 with whom she later had a son, Nathan. The couple has since divorced.[52] [53]

Borne was admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in March 2021 and was administered oxygen.[26]

In breaking with precedent by other French prime ministers who refrained from suing journalists, Borne asked a court in May 2023 to force the L'Archipel publishing house to cut about 200 lines in future editions of "La Secrète" (The Secretive One), a biography written by the French journalist Bérengère Bonte and mentioning intimate details of her private life.[54]

Borne is of Jewish descent.[55] [56] [57]

Honours

Ribbon bar Honour Date and comment
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour12 July 2013[58]
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit22 December 2022[59]
Officer of the National Order of Merit14 November 2016[60]
Chevalier of the National Order of Merit6 November 2008[61]
Commandeur of the National Order of Maritime Merit2019[62]

See also

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: 16 May 2022 . Élisabeth Borne becomes France's first female prime minister in 30 years . 17 May 2022 . The Guardian . en . 17 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220517164937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/16/elisabeth-borne-becomes-frances-first-female-prime-minister-in-30-years . live .
  2. News: Gouvernement Castex en direct : Darmanin nommé ministre de l'intérieur, Dupond-Moretti garde des sceaux et Bachelot à la culture . Le Monde.fr . 6 July 2020 . fr . 6 July 2020 . 1 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101162547/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2020/07/06/en-direct-la-composition-du-gouvernement-de-jean-castex-annoncee-a-19-heures_6045386_823448.html . live .
  3. News: 16 May 2022 . 17 May 2022 . Élisabeth Borne va être nommée Première ministre . INFO BFMTV . 16 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516180910/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/gouvernement/info-bfmtv-elisabeth-borne-va-etre-nommee-premiere-ministre_VN-202205160497.html . live .
  4. News: Sage . Adam . 17 May 2022 . Elisabeth Borne: France's first female prime minister for 30 years seeks unity . . 17 May 2022 . 16 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516233602/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/elisabeth-borne-frances-first-female-prime-minister-for-30-years-seeks-unity-30g9hbc89 . live .
  5. Web site: Wattenberg . Frida . Joseph Bornstein, dit Borne . https://archive.today/20220528222110/http://www.ajpn.org/personne-Joseph-Bornstein-2253.html . 28 May 2022 . 5 October 2010 . Date de naissance: 02/05/1924 (Anvers (Belgique)).
  6. News: The Harrowing Personal Story France's Prime Minister Rarely Tells . The New York Times . 8 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212083505/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/world/europe/france-prime-minister-elisabeth-borne.html . live . Porter . Catherine . Breeden . Aurelien .
  7. Book: Beaucarnot, Jean-Louis . Le Tout-Politique 2022 . L'archipel . 2022 . Élisabeth Borne: La Rhinaquintine et le bon beurre normand.
  8. News: What are the Jewish roots of France's newest prime minister?. Zvika. Klein. Jerusalem Post. 17 May 2022. 18 May 2022. 18 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171904/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-706911. live.
  9. News: Bloch . Ben . 17 May 2022 . France's new prime minister is the daughter of a Holocaust survivor and French Resistance hero . . 17 May 2022 . 17 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220517143438/https://www.thejc.com/news/world/france%27s-new-prime-minister-is-the-daughter-of-a-holocaust-survivor-and-french-resistance-hero-5ujMXmR2BbPn36a1N6JVj7 . live .
  10. Web site: Elisabeth Borne . Who's Who in France . 17 May 2022 . 17 May 2022 . 18 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718195233/https://www.whoswho.fr/bio/elisabeth-borne_48685 . live .
  11. Philippe Jacqué, Cédric Pietralunga and Isabelle Chaperon (24 March 2015), RATP : Elisabeth Borne devrait remplacer Pierre Mongin Le Monde, 24 April 2014.
  12. Web site: 17 July 2019. Elisabeth Borne, la nouvelle ministre de la Transition écologique, a été préfète de la région Poitou-Charente. France Bleu. fr. 11 November 2020. 11 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111161208/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/elisabeth-borne-la-nouvelle-ministre-de-la-transition-ecologique-a-ete-prefete-de-la-region-poitou-1563325812. live.
  13. https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/04/24/la-prefete-de-poitou-charentes-nommee-directrice-de-cabinet-de-segolene-royal_4406141_823448.html La préfète de Poitou-Charentes nommée directrice de cabinet de Ségolène Royal
  14. Dominique Albertini and Franck Bouaziz (8 January 2018) Transports : Elisabeth Borne, lasse du volant ? Libération.
  15. Web site: L'ancienne préfète de Poitou-Charentes Élisabeth Borne nommée ministre déléguée aux transports – 17/05/2017 – La Nouvelle République Vienne . French . Orig.lanouvellerepublique.fr . 13 May 2017 . 17 May 2017 . 19 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170519033928/http://orig.lanouvellerepublique.fr/Vienne/Actualite/Politique/n/Contenus/Articles/2017/05/17/L-ancienne-prefete-de-Poitou-Charentes-Elisabeth-Borne-nommee-ministre-deleguee-aux-transports-3102666 . live .
  16. Web site: Elisabeth Borne passe de la RATP au ministère des Transports . Bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com . 9 December 2016 . 17 May 2017 . 21 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170521034449/http://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/france/elisabeth-borne-passe-de-la-ratp-au-ministere-des-transports-1165825.html . live .
  17. News: Élisabeth Borne, ministre des transports, 56 ans . . 17 May 2017 . 17 May 2017 . 22 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170522043252/http://www.la-croix.com/France/Politique/Elisabeth-Borne-ministre-transports-56-ans-2017-05-17-1200847904 . live .
  18. Elizabeth Pineau and Dominique Vidalon (16 May 2022), France's Macron picks Elisabeth Borne as new prime minister Reuters.
  19. Louise Guillot (23 May 2022), Macron's new (not so) green team Politico Europe.
  20. Benoit Van Overstraeten (8 October 2019), France will not sign Mercosur deal under current conditions: minister Borne Reuters.
  21. News: Jean-Rémi Baudot . Avec le mouvement "Territoires de progrès", Emmanuel Macron travaille son aile gauche . Europe 1 . 20 September 2020 . 17 May 2022 . 26 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220426212940/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/grace-au-mouvement-territoires-de-progres-emmanuel-macron-travaille-son-aile-gauche-3993000 . live .
  22. Web site: 20 March 2018. Élisabeth Borne. Gouvernement.fr. fr. 11 November 2020. 12 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030005/https://www.gouvernement.fr/ministre/elisabeth-borne. live.
  23. Web site: Government hails 'great French victory' as unemployment falls to 13-year low. Radio France Internationale. 18 February 2022. 15 June 2022. 15 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220615135224/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20220218-government-hails-great-french-victory-as-unemployment-falls-to-13-year-low-jobs. live.
  24. Web site: Who is France's new Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne?. France 24. Agence France-Presse. 16 May 2022. 15 June 2022.
  25. Web site: French unemployment slips to 14-year low in first quarter of 2022. Radio France Internationale. 17 May 2022. 15 June 2022. 15 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220615095641/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20220517-french-unemployment-slips-to-14-year-low-in-first-quarter-of-2022. live.
  26. Angelique Chrisafis (16 May 2022), Élisabeth Borne: a long-serving technocrat and 'woman of the left' The Guardian.
  27. Web site: Législatives 2022. Candidate dans le Calvados, Élisabeth Borne est nommée Première ministre . 16 May 2022 . 17 May 2022 . 17 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220517111213/https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/vire-normandie-14500/legislatives-2022-candidate-dans-le-calvados-elisabeth-borne-est-nommee-premiere-ministre-7a7dce7a-d52d-11ec-bd06-4e730397c904 . live .
  28. Web site: Caulcutt. Clea. 12 June 2022. French far-left firebrand puts Macron's majority on the line in parliamentary vote. Politico Europe. 15 June 2022. 14 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220614210006/https://www.politico.eu/article/gains-for-france-hard-left-in-parliamentary-election-first-round/. live.
  29. News: 14 June 2022. Législatives 2022 en direct – Le Pen vise 100 députés RN, Mélenchon agite le spectre de la TVA sociale, Macron appelle 'au sursaut républicain' : la journée du 14 juin. fr. Le Monde. 15 June 2022. La majorité sortante a eu des difficultés à préciser sa position en cas de duel au deuxième tour entre la Nupes et le RN. La première ministre, Elisabeth Borne, a fini par déclarer lundi : 'Notre position, c'est aucune voix pour le RN.' 'Et pour la Nupes, si on a affaire à un candidat qui ne respecte pas les valeurs républicaines, qui insulte nos policiers, qui demande de ne plus soutenir l'Ukraine, qui veut sortir de l'Europe, alors nous n'allons pas voter pour lui', a poursuivi Mme Borne, qui est arrivée en tête dans sa circonscription dans le Calvados.. 14 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220614232314/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2022/06/14/legislatives-2022-en-direct-allocution-de-macron-un-sketch-a-la-trump-pour-melenchon-ca-sent-la-panique-a-bord-selon-roussel_6130218_823448.html. live.
  30. News: Elections législatives : la majorité appelle à ' ne jamais donner une voix à l'extrême droite' et soutiendra les candidats Nupes 'républicains'. Le Monde. fr. 13 June 2022. 15 June 2022. 15 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220615131313/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2022/06/13/ensemble-peine-a-definir-une-consigne-de-vote-en-cas-de-duel-entre-la-nupes-et-le-rn-au-second-tour-des-legislatives_6130052_823448.html. live.
  31. News: 19 June 2022 . French legislative elections: PM Elisabeth Borne wins first-ever election in Normandy . en . Le Monde.fr . 19 June 2022 . 19 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194909/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2022/06/19/french-legislative-elections-pm-elisabeth-borne-wins-first-ever-election-in-normandy_5987360_5.html . live .
  32. Web site: Macron rejects PM resignation after losing parliamentary majority . 4 July 2022 . www.aljazeera.com . en . 5 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705163116/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/21/macron-rejects-pm-resignation-after-losing-parliamentary-majority . live .
  33. Web site: 25 June 2022 . France's Macron asks Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne to propose new government . 4 July 2022 . France 24 . en . 5 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705071144/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220625-france-s-macron-asks-prime-minister-to-propose-new-government-to-be-named-in-july . live .
  34. News: Pineau . Elizabeth . Hummel . Tassilo . Hummel . Tassilo . 21 June 2022 . France risks gridlock after Macron handed hung parliament . en . Reuters . 11 July 2023 . 9 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609170428/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/frances-macron-hunts-way-salvage-ruling-majority-2022-06-20/ . live .
  35. Benoit Van Overstraeten and Richard Lough (12 July 2022), France's Prime Minister survives no-confidence vote in parliament Reuters.
  36. Web site: French prime minister survives no-confidence vote in parliament. 11 July 2022. Anelise Borges. EuroNews. 9 August 2022. 9 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220809072218/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/07/11/french-prime-minister-survives-no-confidence-vote-in-parliament. live.
  37. Web site: French government narrowly survives no-confidence vote, but looks more isolated than ever. 21 March 2023. Mariama Darame and Jérémie Lamothe. Le Monde. 25 March 2023. 25 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325161901/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2023/03/21/french-government-narrowly-survives-no-confidence-vote-but-looks-more-isolated-than-ever_6020153_5.html. live.
  38. News: 17 April 2023 . 'Civil liberties in France are in danger,' says Human Rights League head . Le Monde.fr . 21 April 2023 . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421092323/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/04/17/civil-liberties-in-france-are-in-danger-says-human-rights-league-head_6023195_7.html . live .
  39. News: France pulls out of hosting Rugby League World Cup . 15 May 2023 . BBC Sport . 15 May 2023 . 15 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515162140/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/65601619 . live .
  40. News: France no longer able to host 2025 Rugby League World Cup.. 15 May 2023. seriousaboutrl.com. 15 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230515145758/https://www.seriousaboutrl.com/revealed-what-next-for-the-world-cup-as-france-no-longer-able-to-host-74758/amp/. live.
  41. News: Bower . Aaron . 2025 Rugby League World Cup in doubt after France pull out of staging event . 15 May 2023 . . 15 May 2023 . 15 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515163836/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/may/15/2025-rugby-league-world-cup-in-doubt-after-france-pull-out-of-staging-event . live .
  42. Web site: France withdraw from hosting 2025 Rugby League World Cup over financial concerns . 16 May 2023 . 15 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515174211/https://www.skysports.com/amp/rugby-league/news/12196/12881613/france-withdraw-from-hosting-2025-rugby-league-world-cup-over-financial-concerns . live .
  43. Web site: Confirmed: France will not host 2025 Rugby League World Cup . 15 May 2023 . 16 May 2023 . 15 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515210402/https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/confirmed-france-will-not-host-2025-rugby-league-world-cup . live .
  44. News: 21 July 2023 . The French government's strange reshuffle . en . Le Monde.fr . 24 July 2023 . 24 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724215203/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/07/21/the-french-government-s-strange-reshuffle_6061771_7.html . live .
  45. Web site: Bajos . Par Sandrine . Balle . Catherine . Bérard . Christophe . Berrod . Nicolas . Bureau . Éric . Choulet . Frédéric . Collet . Emeline . Souza . Pascale De . Doukhan . David . 2023-11-11 . Marche contre l'antisémitisme : François Hollande, Marylise Léon, Agnès Jaoui... pourquoi ils s'engagent . leparisien.fr . fr-FR.
  46. Web site: French Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne resigns . . 8 January 2024 . 8 January 2024 . 8 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180652/https://www.euronews.com/2024/01/08/french-prime-minister-elisabeth-borne-resigns . live .
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  48. Web site: 2024-02-13 . Élisabeth Borne retourne à l'Assemblée comme simple députée . 2024-03-15 . France 24 . fr. 17 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240217150017/https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20240213-elisabeth-borne-retourne-%C3%A0-l-assembl%C3%A9e-comme-simple-d%C3%A9put%C3%A9e. live.
  49. Web site: Élisabeth Borne. National Assembly of France. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415052627/https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/deputes/PA717161. live.
  50. News: 2024-06-30 . Elisabeth Borne en difficulté dans le Calvados après le premier tour des élections législatives . 2024-07-07 . Le Monde.fr . fr.
  51. News: 2024-07-07 . French election: Former prime minister Elisabeth Borne re-elected . 2024-07-09 . Le Monde.fr . en.
  52. Web site: Elisabeth Borne : qui est son ex-mari et père de son fils, Olivier Allix ? . 1 July 2022 . Femme Actuelle . 16 May 2022 . fr . 19 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619060015/https://www.femmeactuelle.fr/actu/news-actu/elisabeth-borne-qui-est-son-ex-mari-et-pere-de-son-fils-olivier-allix-2134556 . live .
  53. Web site: 28 April 2022 . Qui est le mari d'Elisabeth Borne, pressentie pour devenir Première ministre ? . 1 July 2022 . Ohmymag . fr . 29 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220429162453/https://www.ohmymag.com/people/elisabeth-borne-premiere-ministre-qui-est-son-mari_art150083.html . live .
  54. Michel Rose (24 May 2023), French PM sues biography publisher for violating her privacy Reuters.
  55. Web site: New French Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne, daughter of a stateless Auschwitz survivor . 19 May 2022 . 9 January 2024 . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524003808/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220519-france-s-new-prime-minister-is-the-daughter-of-a-stateless-auschwitz-survivor . live .
  56. Web site: What are the Jewish roots of France's newest prime minister? . 17 May 2022 . 18 May 2022 . 18 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171904/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-706911 . live .
  57. Web site: Élisabeth Borne: France's prime minister, Jewish political heavyweight . 25 September 2022 . 9 January 2024 . 8 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240108202837/https://www.jpost.com/50-most-influential-jews/article-717711 . live .
  58. Web site: Décret du 12 juillet 2013 portant promotion et nomination . Légifrance . fr . 11 November 2020 . 12 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112071358/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000027697953 . live .
  59. Web site: Lors d'une remise de décoration, Macron salue Borne, "une femme de confiance plus que de confidence". 22 December 2022. 23 December 2022. 23 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221223191249/https://fr.news.yahoo.com/lors-dune-remise-d%C3%A9coration-macron-131124856.html. live.
  60. Web site: Décret du 14 novembre 2016 portant promotion et nomination . Légifrance . fr . 11 November 2020 . 11 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171558/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000033385452 . live .
  61. Web site: Décret du 30 janvier 2008 portant promotion et nomination. 23 December 2022. 2 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201102193642/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000018038516. live.
  62. Web site: Ordre du Mérite Maritime. 23 December 2022. 17 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220517055610/https://www.meritemaritime-fnmm.com/_files/ugd/80c489_053d59345663494894aa292477e651ec.pdf. live.

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