Electric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy.[1] About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes. Quickly increasing this share by further electrification is extremely important to limit climate change,[2] because most other energy is consumed by burning fossil fuels thus emitting greenhouse gases which trap heat.[3]
The global electricity consumption in 2022 was 24,398 terawatt-hour (TWh), almost exactly three times the amount of consumption in 1981 (8,132 TWh).[4] China, the United States, India and Japan accounted for more than half of the global share of electricity consumption.
Electric energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watt hours (W·h).[5]
1 W·s = 1 J
1 W·h = 3,600 W·s = 3,600 J
1 kWh = 3,600 kWs = 1,000 Wh = 3.6 million W·s = 3.6 million J
Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some part of the energy is lost depending on the electrical efficiency.[6]
Electricity has been generated in power stations since 1882.[7] The invention of the steam turbine in 1884 to drive the electric generator led to an increase in worldwide electricity consumption.[8]
In 2022, the total worldwide electricity production was nearly 29,000 TWh. Total primary energy is converted into numerous forms, including, but not limited to, electricity, heat and motion.[9] Some primary energy is lost during the conversion to electricity, as seen in the United States, where a little more than 60% was lost in 2022.
Electricity accounted for more than 20% of worldwide final energy consumption in 2022, with oil being less than 40%, coal being less than 9%, natural gas being less than 15%, biofuels and waste less than 10%, and other sources (such as heat, solar electricity, wind electricity and geothermal) being more than 5%.[10] The total final electricity consumption in 2022 was split unevenly between the following sectors: industry (42.2%), residential (26.8%), commercial and public services (21.1%), transport (1.8%), and other (8.1%; i.e., agriculture and fishing). In 1981, the final electricity consumption continued to decrease in the industrial sector and increase in the residential, commercial and public services sectors.
A sensitivity analysis on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for electric demand estimation shows that employment is the most critical factor influencing electrical consumption.[11] The study used six parameters as input data, employment, GDP, dwelling, population, heating degree day and cooling degree day, with electricity demand as output variable.
See also: List of countries by electricity consumption.
The table lists 45 electricity-consuming countries, which used about 22,000 TWh. These countries comprise about 90% of the final consumption of 190+ countries. The final consumption to generate this electricity is provided for every country. The data is from 2022.[12] [13]
In 2022, OECD's final electricity consumption was over 10,000 TWh. In that year, the industrial sector consumed about 42.2% of the electricity, with the residential sector consuming nearly 26.8%, the commercial and public services sectors consuming about 21.1%, the transport sector consuming nearly 1.8%, and the other sectors (such as agriculture and fishing) consuming nearly 8.1%. In recent decades, the consumption in the residential and commercial and public services sectors has grown, while the industry consumption has declined. More recently, the transport sector has witnessed an increase in consumption with the growth in the electric vehicle market.
| data-sort-type="number" | Rank Data 2022 | Country | data-sort-type="number" | Final consumption (TWh) | data-sort-type="number" | Population (millions) | data-sort-type="number" | Per capita consumption (MWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | WORLD | 24,398 | 7,960 | 3.07 | ||||
| 1 | 7,214 | 1,443 | 5 | |||||
| 2 | 4,272 | 336 | 12.71 | |||||
| 3 | 1,403 | 1,401 | 1 | |||||
| 4 | 1,132 | 126 | 8.98 | |||||
| 5 | 934 | 146 | 6.4 | |||||
| 6 | 595 | 38.1 | 15.62 | |||||
| 7 | 553 | 51.2 | 10.8 | |||||
| 8 | 550 | 215 | 2.56 | |||||
| 9 | 539 | 82.2 | 6.55 | |||||
| 10 | 463 | 67.7 | 6.84 | |||||
| 11 | 317 | 36 | 8.81 | |||||
| 12 | 312 | 68.4 | 4.56 | |||||
| 13 | 308 | 276 | 1.17 | |||||
| 14 | 300 | 60 | 5 | |||||
| 15 | 296 | 127 | 2.33 | |||||
| 16 | 280 | 83.3 | 3.36 | |||||
| 17 | 264 | 84 | 3.14 | |||||
| 18 | 257 | 23.8[14] | 10.8 | |||||
| 19 | 246 | 46.8 | 5.26 | |||||
| 20 | 233 | 60 | 3.88 | |||||
| 21 | 225 | 26 | 8.65 | |||||
| 22 | 220 | 100 | 2.2 | |||||
| 23 | 203 | 70 | 2.9 | |||||
| 24 | 170 | 33.2 | 5.12 | |||||
| 25 | 168 | 105 | 1.6 | |||||
| 26 | 156 | 37.5 | 4.17 | |||||
| 27 | 154 | 43.2 | 3.56 | |||||
| 28 | 147 | 10.2 | 14.4 | |||||
| 29 | 138 | 46 | 3 | |||||
| 30 | 136 | 10.2 | 13.33 | |||||
| 31 | 128 | 5.5 | 23.27 | |||||
| 32 | 124 | 226 | 0.55 | |||||
| 33 | 120 | 17.5 | 6.86 | |||||
| 34 | 98 | 11.8 | 8.33 | |||||
| 35 | 90 | 5.6 | 16.03 | |||||
| 36 | 84 | 19.2 | 4.38 | |||||
| 37 | 75 | 18.7 | 4 | |||||
| 38 | 73 | 9.1 | 8.02 | |||||
| 39 | 72 | 28.1 | 2.56 | |||||
| 40 | 66 | 44 | 1.5 | |||||
| 41 | 62 | 9.3 | 6.67 | |||||
| 42 | 59 | 9.4 | 6.27 | |||||
| 43 | 43 | 5 | 8.6 | |||||
| 44 | 35 | 5.8 | 6.02 | |||||
| 45 | 28 | 5.5 | 5.1 |
The final consumption divided by the number of inhabitants provides a country's consumption per capita. In Western Europe, this is between 4 and 8 MWh/year. (1 MWh = 1,000 kWh) In Scandinavia, the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom, the per capita consumption is higher; however, in developing countries, it is much lower. The world's average was about 3 MWh/year in 2022. Very low consumption levels, such as those in Philippines, not included in the table, indicate that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and that is the reason why some of the world's most populous countries, incl. Nigeria and Bangladesh, do not appear in the table.
The table lists 30 countries, which represent about 76% of the world population, 84% of the world GDP, and 85% of the world electricity generation. Productivity per electricity generation (concept similar to energy intensity) can be measured by dividing GDP over the electricity generated. The data is from 2019.[15] [16]
| + Electricity Generation (2019) and GDP (PPP) (2019) | Country | Population, millions | rank* | GDP (PPP), billions (USD) | rank* | GDP (PPP) per capita | rank* | Electricity generation (GWh/yr) | rank* | GDP (PPP) /kWh* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| align=left |  China | 1,407 | 1 | $14,280 | 2 | $10,149 | 15 | 7,503,428 | 1 | $1.9 |
| align=left |  India | 1,366 | 2 | $2,871 | 6 | $2,102 | 26 | 1,603,675 | 3 | $1.8 |
| align=left |  United States | 328 | 3 | $21,433 | 1 | $65,345 | 1 | 4,411,159 | 2 | $4.9 |
| align=left |  Indonesia | 270.6 | 4 | $1,119 | 16 | $4,135 | 20 | 278,942 | 17 | $4.0 |
| align=left |  Brazil | 211 | 6 | $1,878 | 9 | $8,900 | 18 | 626,328 | 7 | $3.0 |
| align=left |  Pakistan | 216.6 | 5 | $279 | 26 | $1,288 | 28 | 138,626 | 24 | $2.0 |
| align=left |  Bangladesh | 163 | 8 | $302 | 25 | $1,853 | 27 | 89,672 | 27 | $3.4 |
| align=left |  Nigeria | 201 | 7 | $448 | 22 | $2,229 | 25 | 33,552[17] | 28 | $13.4 |
| align=left | 144 | 9 | $1,687 | 11 | $11,715 | 14 | 1,118,143 | 4 | $1.5 | |
| align=left |  Japan | 126 | 11 | $5,149 | 3 | $40,865 | 7 | 1,030,286 | 5 | $5.0 |
| align=left |  Mexico | 127.6 | 10 | $1,269 | 15 | $9,945 | 16 | 322,584 | 13 | $3.9 |
| align=left |  Philippines | 108 | 13 | $377 | 23 | $3,491 | 21 | 106,041 | 26 | $3.6 |
| align=left | 96.5 | 15 | $262 | 27 | $2,715 | 24 | 227,461 | 21 | $1.2 | |
| align=left |  Ethiopia | 112 | 12 | $96 | 29 | $857 | 29 | 14,553[18] | 29 | $6.6 |
| align=left |  Egypt | 100.4 | 14 | $303 | 24 | $3,018 | 23 | 200,563 | 22 | $1.5 |
| align=left |  Germany | 83 | 18 | $3,888 | 4 | $46,843 | 4 | 609,406 | 8 | $6.4 |
| align=left |  Turkey | 83.5 | 17 | $761 | 19 | $9,114 | 17 | 303,898 | 15 | $2.5 |
| align=left | 86.8 | 16 | $50 | 30 | $576 | 30 | 9,990[19] | 30 | $5.0 | |
| align=left | 83 | 19 | $258 | 28 | $3,108 | 22 | 318,696 | 14 | $0.8 | |
| align=left |  Thailand | 69.6 | 20 | $544 | 21 | $7,816 | 19 | 186,503 | 23 | $2.9 |
| align=left |  France | 67.3 | 21 | $2,729 | 7 | $40,550 | 8 | 562,842 | 10 | $4.8 |
| align=left | 66.8 | 22 | $2,879 | 5 | $43,099 | 6 | 324,761 | 12 | $8.9 | |
| align=left |  Italy | 59.7 | 23 | $2,009 | 8 | $33,652 | 9 | 293,853 | 16 | $6.8 |
| align=left | 51.7 | 24 | $1,651 | 12 | $31,934 | 10 | 585,301 | 9 | $2.8 | |
| align=left |  Spain | 47.1 | 25 | $1,393 | 13 | $29,575 | 11 | 267,501 | 19 | $5.2 |
| align=left |  Canada | 37.6 | 26 | $1,742 | 10 | $46,330 | 5 | 648,676 | 6 | $2.7 |
| align=left |  Saudi Arabia | 34.3 | 27 | $793 | 18 | $23,120 | 13 | 343,661 | 11 | $2.3 |
| align=left | 23.6 | 28 | $605[20] | 20 | $25,636 | 12 | 274,059 | 18 | $2.2 | |
| align=left |  Australia | 25.4 | 29 | $1,392 | 14 | $54,803 | 2 | 265,901 | 20 | $5.2 |
| align=left |  Netherlands | 17.3 | 30 | $910 | 17 | $52,601 | 3 | 121,062 | 25 | $7.5 |
| World | 7,683 | - | $87,555 | - | $11,395 | - | 27,044,191 | - | $3.5 | |
| ||||||||||
The table below lists the 15 countries with the highest final electricity consumption, which comprised more than 70% of the global consumption in 2022.
| Country/ Geographical Region | Total (TWh) | Industry | Transport | Commercial /Public Services | Residential | Agriculture/Forestry | other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 7,214 | 59.9% | 2.4% | 7.3% | 16.4% | 2.2% | 11.8% | |
| United States | 4,272 | 19.9% | 0.6% | 35.2% | 37.4% | 2.1% | 4.8% | |
| India | 1,403 | 37.7% | 11.2% | 7.8% | 21.7% | 15.9% | 5.7% | |
| Japan | 1,132 | 37% | 1.8% | 33.7% | 27.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% | |
| 934 | 44.8% | 11.1% | 20.4% | 21.1% | 2.5% | 0.1% | ||
| Canada | 595 | 35.9% | 1.5% | 28.1% | 32.5% | 2.0% | 0% | |
| 553 | 52.3% | 0.6% | 31.4% | 12.7% | 2.5% | 0.5% | ||
| Brazil | 550 | 38.3% | 0.7% | 27.3% | 27.7% | 6% | 0% | |
| Germany | 539 | 44.8% | 2.3% | 26.4% | 25.4% | 1.1% | 0% | |
| France | 463 | 26.9% | 2.4% | 31.5% | 37% | 1.9% | 0.3% | |
| Saudi Arabia | 317 | 33.7% | 3.9% | 28.3% | 25% | 4.1% | 5% | |
 United Kingdom | 312 | 18.3% | 2.2% | 38.2% | 39.1% | 2% | 0.2% | |
| Italy | 300 | 30% | 5% | 32% | 30% | 1% | 2% | |
| Mexico | 296 | 29% | 4% | 33% | 30% | 3% | 1% | |
| 280 | 24% | 6% | 37% | 25% | 5% | 3% | ||
| World | 24,398 | 42.2% | 1.8% | 21.1% | 26.8% | 3.1% | 5% |
Looking forward, increasing energy efficiency will result in less electricity needed for a given demand in power, but demand will increase strongly on the account of:[21]
As transport and heating become more climate-friendly, the environmental effect of energy consumption will be more determined by electricity.
The International Energy Agency expects revisions of subsidies for fossil fuels which amounted to $550 billion in 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario,[22] almost half of the increase in 2040 of electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be constructed, mainly to replace old ones. The nuclear part of electricity generation will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up much more, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that in order to restrict global warming to 2 °C, carbon dioxide emissions[23] must not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached in 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero ever.
The World Energy Council[24] sees world electricity consumption increasing to more than 40,000 TWh/a in 2040. The fossil part of generation depends on energy policy. It can stay around 70% in the so-called Jazz scenario where countries rather independently "improvise" but it can also decrease to around 40% in the Symphony scenario if countries work "orchestrated" for more climate friendly policy. Carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in Symphony. Accordingly, until 2040 the renewable part of generation will stay at about 20% in Jazz but increase to about 45% in Symphony.
An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US.[25] [26] 24% of Americans surveyed believing that people and businesses should do more to cut their own usage (compared to 20% in the UK, 19% in the EU, and 17% in China).[27] [28]
Nearly half of those polled in the European Union (47%) and the United Kingdom (45%) want their government to focus on the development of renewable energies. This is compared to 37% in both the United States and China when asked to list their priorities on energy.[29] [30]