Elections by country explained

For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

A

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Abkhazia	Direct election^[1]		Direct election
	Afghanistan	Autocrat elected by legislature^[2] ^[3] ^[4]	Appointment by autocrat	Appointment by autocrat^[5]
	Åland	President of Finland	Election by legislature	Can't find a good reference for this -->	Direct election
	Albania	Election by legislature^[6]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Algeria	Direct election^[7]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President
	American Samoa	President of the United States^[8]	Direct election	Direct election	Election by regional governing councils
	Andorra	The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state^[9]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Angola	Election by legislature^[10]		Direct election
	Anguilla	Monarchy^[11]	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
	Antigua and Barbuda	Monarchy^[12]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Argentina	Direct election^[13]		Direct election
	Armenia	Election by Legislature	Election by Legislature	Direct election ^[14]
	Aruba	Monarch of the Netherlands^[15]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Australia	Monarchy^[16]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Austria	Direct election^[17]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
	Azerbaijan	Direct election^[18]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election

B

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Bahamas	Monarchy^[19]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Bahrain	Monarchy^[20]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Appointments
	Bangladesh	Election by legislature^[21]	Election by legislature	Direct and indirect election
	Barbados	Election by legislature^[22]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Belarus	Direct election^[23]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Belgium	Monarchy^[24]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
	Belize	Monarchy^[25]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Benin	Direct election^[26]		Direct election
	Bermuda	Monarchy^[27]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Bhutan	Monarchy^[28]	Elected by legislature	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
	Bolivia	Direct election^[29]		Direct election
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates^[30]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
	Botswana	Election by legislature^[31]		Direct election	Hereditary and appointments
	Brazil	Direct election^[32]		Direct election	Direct election
	British Virgin Islands	Monarchy^[33]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Brunei	Monarchy^[34]		Appointments by head of state
	Bulgaria	Direct election^[35]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Burkina Faso	Direct election^[36]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Burma see Myanmar
	Burundi	Direct election^[37]		Direct election and co-option	Indirect election

C

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
	Cambodia	Monarch elected by Royal Council^[38]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Cameroon	Direct election^[39]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Canada	Monarchy^[40]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Cape Verde	Direct election^[41]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Cayman Islands	Monarchy^[42]	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
	Central African Republic	Direct election^[43]	Appointment by head of state^[44]	Direct election
	Chad	Direct election^[45]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Chile	Direct election^[46]		Direct election
	China	Election by legislature^[47]	Appointment by head of state	Indirect election
	Colombia	Direct election^[48]		Direct election	Direct election
	Comoros	Direct election^[49]		Direct and indirect election
	Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
	Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
	Cook Islands	Monarchy^[50]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Costa Rica	Direct election^[51]		Direct election
	Côte d'Ivoire	Direct election^[52]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Croatia	Direct election^[53]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Cuba	Election by legislature^[54]		Direct election
	Curaçao	Monarch of the Netherlands^[55]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Cyprus	Direct election^[56]		Direct election
	Czech Republic	Direct election^[57]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election

D

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Direct election^[58]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
	Denmark	Monarchy^[59]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Djibouti	Direct election^[60]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Dominica	Election by legislature^[61]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
	Dominican Republic	Direct election^[62]		Direct election

E

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	East Timor	Direct election^[63]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Ecuador	Direct election^[64]		Direct election
	Egypt	Direct election^[65]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
	El Salvador	Direct election^[66]		Direct election
	Equatorial Guinea	Direct election^[67]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
	Eritrea	Election by legislature^[68]		Direct and indirect election
	Estonia	Election by legislature and/or electoral college^[69]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Eswatini	Monarchy^[70]	Appointment by head of state	Election by traditional local councils and appointments	Election by lower house and appointments
	Ethiopia	Election by legislature^[71]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election

F

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Falkland Islands	Monarchy^[72]	Indirect appointment by monarch	Direct election and appointments
	Faroe Islands	Monarch of Denmark^[73]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
	Fiji	Election by legislature^[74]	Appointment by president	Direct election
	Finland	Direct election^[75]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	France	Direct election^[76]	Appointment by president	Direct election	Indirect election
	French Polynesia	President of France^[77]	Election by legislature	Direct election

G

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Gabon	Direct election^[78]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election
	Gambia	Direct election^[79]		Direct election and appointments
	Georgia	Direct election^[80]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Germany	Election by electoral college^[81]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Representation of state governments
	Ghana	Direct election^[82]		Direct election
	Gibraltar	Monarchy^[83]	Election by legislature	Direct and indirect election
	Greece	Election by legislature^[84]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Greenland	Monarch of Denmark^[85]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Grenada	Monarchy^[86]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointment
	Guam	President of the United States^[87]	Direct election	Direct election
	Guatemala	Direct election^[88]		Direct election
	Guernsey	Monarchy^[89]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Guinea	Direct election^[90]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Guinea-Bissau	Direct election^[91]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Guyana	Election by legislature^[92]		Direct election

H

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Haiti	Direct election^[93]	Appointment by head of state^[94]	Direct election
	Honduras	Direct election^[95]		Direct election
	Hong Kong	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council^[96]	Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council	Direct election and indirect election
	Holy See see Vatican City
	Hungary	Election by legislature^[97]	Election by legislature	Direct election

I

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Iceland	Direct election^[98]	Election by legislature	Direct election^[99]
	India	Election by electoral college^[100]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
	Indonesia	Direct election^[101]		Direct election
	Iran	Election by Assembly of Experts^[102]	Direct election	Direct election and appointment
	Iraq	Election by legislature^[103]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Ireland	Direct election^[104]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Election by functional constituencies and appointment
	Isle of Man	Monarchy^[105]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election/ex officio
	Israel	Election by legislature^[106]	Appointment by president^[107]	Direct election
	Italy	Election by legislature^[108]	Appointment by president	Direct election

J

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Jamaica	Monarchy^[109]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointment
	Japan	Monarchy^[110]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election
	Jersey	Monarchy^[111]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Jordan	Monarchy^[112]	Appointment by monarch	Direct election	Appointment by monarch

K

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Kazakhstan	Direct election^[113]	Appointment by head of state	Direct and indirect election	Indirect election and appointments
	Kenya	Direct election^[114]		Direct election and appointments	Direct election
	Kiribati	Direct election^[115]		Direct election and appointments
	Korea, North see North Korea
	Korea, South see South Korea
	Kosovo	Election by legislature^[116]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Kuwait	Monarchy^[117]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
	Kyrgyzstan	Direct election^[118]	Election by legislature	Direct election

L

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Laos	Election by legislature^[119]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Latvia	Election by legislature^[120]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Lebanon	Election by legislature^[121]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Lesotho	Monarchy^[122]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Appointments
	Liberia	Direct election^[123]		Direct election	Direct election
	Libya	Head of Presidential Council^[124]		Direct election^[125]
	Liechtenstein	Monarchy^[126]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Lithuania	Direct election^[127]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Luxembourg	Monarchy^[128]	Election by legislature	Direct election

M

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Macau	Election by election committee^[129]	Election by election committee	Direct election, indirect election, and appointments
	Madagascar	Direct election^[130]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Malawi	Direct election^[131]		Direct election
	Malaysia	Election by the rulers of the Malay states^[132]	Election by lower house of legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Maldives	Direct election^[133]		Direct election
	Mali	Direct election^[134]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Malta	Election by legislature	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Marshall Islands	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Mauritania	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
	Mauritius	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Mexico	Direct election		Direct election	Direct election
	Micronesia	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Moldova	Direct election		Direct election
	Monaco	Monarchy		Direct election
	Mongolia	Direct election		Direct election
	Montenegro	Direct election		Direct election
	Montserrat	Monarchy^[135]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Morocco	Monarchy	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Indirect election and election by functional groups
	Mozambique	Direct election		Direct election
	Myanmar	Election by legislature		Direct election and appointments

N

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Nagorno Karabakh	Direct election		Direct election
	Namibia	Direct election^[136]		Direct election	Indirect election
	Nauru	Election by legislature^[137]		Direct election
	Nepal	Indirect election^[138]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Netherlands	Monarchy^[139]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Indirect election
	New Caledonia	President of France^[140]	Election by legislature	Indirect election
	New Zealand	Monarchy^[141]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Nicaragua	Direct election^[142]		Direct election and ex officio
	Niger	Direct election^[143]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Nigeria	Direct election		Direct election
	Niue	Monarchy^[144]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Norfolk Island	Monarchy^[145]	Indirect appointment by head of state	Direct election
	North Korea	Elected by legislature^[146]		Direct election
	North Macedonia	Direct election^[147]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Northern Cyprus	Direct election		Direct election
	Northern Mariana Islands	President of the United States^[148]	Direct election	Direct election
	Norway	Monarchy		Direct election

O

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Oman	Monarchy^[149]		Indirect election	Appointments

P

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Pakistan	Election by legislature		Direct election	Indirect election
	Palau	Direct election		Direct election
	Palestine	Direct election		Direct election
	Panama	Direct election		Direct election
	Papua New Guinea	Monarchy^[150]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Paraguay	Direct election		Direct election
	People's Republic of China see China
	Peru	Direct election		Direct election
	Philippines	Direct election		Direct election
	Pitcairn Islands	Monarchy^[151]	Direct election	Direct election and appointment
	Poland	Direct election	Appointment by head of state	Direct election
	Portugal	Direct election	Appointment by head of state^[152]	Direct election
	Puerto Rico	President of the United States^[153]	Direct election	Direct election

Q

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Qatar	Monarchy^[154]	Appointed by monarch	Appointed by monarch

R

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Republic of China see Taiwan
	Republic of the Congo	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election
	Romania	Direct election^[155]	Appointed by head of state	Direct election
	Russia	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Rwanda	Direct election^[156]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments	Indirect election and appointments

S

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Election by legislature^[157]	Appointment by head of state^[158]	Direct election^[159]
	Saint Helena	Monarchy^[160]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election and appointments
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Monarchy^[161]	Election by legislature	Direct election and appointments
	Saint Lucia	Monarchy		Direct election	Appointments
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	President of France^[162]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Monarchy		Direct election and appointments
	Samoa	Election by legislature		Direct election
	San Marino	Election by legislature		Direct election
	São Tomé and Príncipe	Direct election		Direct election
	Saudi Arabia	Monarchy^[163]		Appointment by monarch
	Senegal	Direct election		Direct election
	Serbia	Direct election		Direct election
	Seychelles	Direct election		Direct election
	Sierra Leone	Direct election		Direct election
	Singapore	Direct election		Direct election
	Sint Maarten	Monarch of the Netherlands^[164]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Slovakia	Direct election		Direct election
	Slovenia	Direct election		Direct election	Representation of interest groups
	Solomon Islands	Monarchy^[165]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Somalia	Direct election		Transition
	Somaliland	Direct election		Direct election	Traditional leaders
	South Africa	Election by lower house of legislature^[166]		Direct election	Indirect election
	South Korea	Direct election		Direct election
	South Ossetia	Direct election		Direct election
	South Sudan	Direct election		Direct election
	Spain	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct and indirect election
	Sri Lanka	Direct election		Direct election
	Sudan	Direct election		Appointments due to transition	Indirect election
	Suriname	Election by electoral college		Direct election
	Sweden	Monarchy^[167]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Switzerland	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Syria	Approval by referendum		Direct election

T

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Taiwan	Direct election		Direct election
	Tajikistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments
	Tanzania	Direct election		Direct election
	Thailand	Monarchy	Election by legislature	Direct election	Direct election and appointments
	Timor-Leste see East Timor
	Togo	Direct election		Direct election
	Tokelau	Monarchy^[168]	Rotation of village leaders	Direct election
	Tonga	Monarchy		Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
	Transnistria	Direct election		Direct election
	Trinidad and Tobago	Election by legislature		Direct election	Appointments
	Tunisia	Direct election	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Turkey	Direct election		Direct election
	Turkmenistan	Direct election		Direct election
	Turks and Caicos Islands	Monarchy^[169]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Tuvalu	Monarchy^[170]	Election by legislature	Direct election

U

width=35 rowspan=2		Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house		width=175	Upper house
	Uganda	Direct election^[171]		Direct election and appointments
	Ukraine	Direct election^[172]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	United Arab Emirates	Indirect election by heads of constituent states^[173]	Indirect election by heads of constituent states	Appointments and indirect election
	United Kingdom	Monarchy^[174]	Election by legislature	Direct election	Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election
	United States	Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college^[175]		Direct election
	Uruguay	Direct election		Direct election
	Uzbekistan	Direct election		Direct election	Indirect election and appointments

V

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Vanuatu	Election by electoral college^[176]	Election by legislature	Direct election
	Vatican City	Monarch elected by college of cardinals^[177]	Appointment by monarch	Appointment by monarch
	Venezuela	Direct election		Direct election
	Vietnam	Election by legislature		Direct election
	Virgin Islands	President of the United States^[178]	Direct election	Direct election

W

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Wallis and Futuna	President of France^[179]	Appointment by president	Direct election

Y

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Yemen	Direct election^[180]	Appointment by head of state	Direct election	Appointment by head of state

Z

width=35 rowspan=2		width=210 rowspan=2	Country	width=150 rowspan=2	Head of state	Head of government	Legislature
width=175	Lower house	width=175	Upper house
	Zambia	Direct election^[181]		Mostly direct election, some appointments
	Zimbabwe	Direct election^[182]		Direct election	Mix of direct and indirect election

See also

• List of close election results
• List of democracy and elections-related topics
• List of legislatures by country

External links

• http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp PARLINE database on national parliaments - contains information on the structure and working methods of 265 parliamentary chambers in all of the 189 countries where a national legislature exists.
• ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above
• Election Resources
• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• International Foundation for Electoral Systems' Electionguide
• African Elections Database

Notes and References

1. Web site: Useful Information . 2017 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia . 25 August 2017.
2. News: Ramachandran . Sudha . What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government? . 5 July 2022 . . 10 September 2021.
3. Jones . Seth G. . Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan . CTC Sentinel . December 2020 . 13 . 11 . 7 July 2022 . . an autocratic political system that eschews democracy . 11 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220211092128/https://ctc.usma.edu/afghanistans-future-emirate-the-taliban-and-the-struggle-for-afghanistan/ . dead .
4. News: Taliban sources – Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader . 7 July 2022 . . 30 July 2015 . . The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban.
5. News: Sayed . Abdul . Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized? . 5 July 2022 . . 8 September 2021.
6. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/ Albania
7. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ Algeria
8. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/american-samoa/ American Samoa
9. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/andorra/ Andorra
10. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ Angola
11. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/anguilla/ Anguilla
12. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antigua-and-barbuda/ Antigua and Barbuda
13. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/ Argentina
14. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ Armenia
15. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/aruba/ Aruba
16. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/australia/ Australia
17. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/ Austria
18. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ Azerbaijan
19. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahamas-the/ Bahamas, The
20. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/ Bahrain
21. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ Bangladesh
22. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ Barbados
23. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/ Belarus
24. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/ Belgium
25. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belize/ Belize
26. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/ Benin
27. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/ Bermuda
28. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ Bhutan
29. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/ Bolivia
30. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
31. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ Botswana
32. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil
33. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-virgin-islands/ British Virgin Islands
34. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/ Brunei
35. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bulgaria/ Bulgaria
36. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso
37. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ Burundi
38. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia
39. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon
40. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/ Canada
41. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cabo-verde/ Cabo Verde
42. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cayman-islands/ Cayman Islands
43. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/ Central African Republic
44. Web site: Central African president names PM in decree: radio. Reuters. 3 September 2017. 2 April 2016.
45. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/ Chad
46. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/ Chile
47. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ China
48. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/ Colombia
49. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/ Comoros
50. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cook-islands/ Cook Islands
51. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/costa-rica/ Costa Rica
52. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/ Cote d'Ivoire
53. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/ Croatia
54. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ Cuba
55. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ Curacao
56. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ Cyprus
57. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/ Czechia
58. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ Congo, Democratic Republic of the
59. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ Denmark
60. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ Djibouti
61. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominica/ Dominica
62. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/ Dominican Republic
63. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/ Timor-Leste
64. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ Ecuador
65. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ Egypt
66. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ El Salvador
67. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea
68. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/ Eritrea
69. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/estonia/ Estonia
70. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini/ Swaziland
71. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia
72. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ Falkland Islands
73. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/faroe-islands/ Faroe Islands
74. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/ Fiji
75. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/finland/ Finland
76. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ France
77. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/french-polynesia/ French Polynesia
78. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/ Gabon
79. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ Gambia, The
80. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ Georgia
81. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany
82. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ Ghana
83. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gibraltar/ Gibraltar
84. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/ Greece
85. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/ Greenland
86. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/ Grenada
87. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/ Guam
88. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/ Guatemala
89. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guernsey/ Guernsey
90. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea
91. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ Guinea-Bissau
92. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/ Guyana
93. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/ Haiti
94. News: Charles . Jacqueline . 22 February 2017 . A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister . The Miami Herald . 8 September 2017.
95. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/ Honduras
96. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ Hong Kong
97. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/ Hungary
98. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iceland/ Iceland
99. Icelands Athingi is unicameral.
100. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India
101. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ Indonesia
102. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ Iran
103. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/ Iraq
104. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ Ireland
105. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/isle-of-man/ Isle of Man
106. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ Israel
107. Web site: Basic Law: The Government (2001). Basic Law: The Government (2001) . Official Website of the Knesset . 20 November 2018.
108. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/ Italy
109. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ Jamaica
110. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/japan/ Japan
111. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ Jersey
112. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/ Jordan
113. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/ Kazakhstan
114. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ Kenya
115. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kiribati/ Kiribati
116. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kosovo/ Kosovo
117. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/ Kuwait
118. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/ Kyrgyzstan
119. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ Laos
120. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/latvia/ Latvia
121. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/ Lebanon
122. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ Lesotho
123. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ Liberia
124. News: Patrick . Kingsley . 17 December 2015 . Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20151217161008/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments . 17 December 2015. live.
125. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ Libya
126. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liechtenstein/ Liechtenstein
127. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lithuania/ Lithuania
128. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg/ Luxembourg
129. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ Macau
130. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/ Madagascar
131. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ Malawi
132. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/ Malaysia
133. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/ Maldives
134. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali
135. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/montserrat/ Montserrat
136. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ Namibia
137. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/ Nauru
138. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ Nepal
139. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/netherlands/ Netherlands
140. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/ New Caledonia
141. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-zealand/ New Zealand
142. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ Nicaragua
143. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger
144. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niue/ Niue
145. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norfolk-island/ Norfolk Island
146. [North Korea]
147. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/north-macedonia/ Macedonia
148. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/northern-mariana-islands/ Northern Mariana Islands
149. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/ Oman
150. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/ Papua New Guinea
151. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pitcairn-islands/ Pitcairn Islands
152. Web site: Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic . . 16 November 2022.
153. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ Puerto Rico
154. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ Qatar
155. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ Romania
156. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ Rwanda
157. Web site: The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145307/https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.pdf . February 27, 2021 . PDF . en . PDF . Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage..
158. Web site: The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145307/https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.pdf . February 27, 2021 . PDF . en . PDF . Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions..
159. Web site: The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145307/https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.pdf . February 27, 2021 . PDF . en . PDF . Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses..
160. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha/ Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
161. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-kitts-and-nevis/ Saint Kitts and Nevis
162. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ Saint Pierre and Miquelon
163. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ Saudi Arabia
164. https://web.archive.org/web/20101206051207/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sk.html Sint Maarten
165. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/solomon-islands/ Solomon Islands
166. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ South Africa
167. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/ Sweden
168. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau/ Tokelau
169. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turks-and-caicos-islands/ Turks and Caicos Islands
170. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/ Tuvalu
171. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ Uganda
172. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ Ukraine
173. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/ United Arab Emirates
174. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ United Kingdom
175. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States
176. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu/ Vanuatu
177. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612205117/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html Holy See
178. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/virgin-islands/ Virgin Islands
179. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna/ Wallis and Futuna
180. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/ Yemen
181. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/ Zambia
182. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ Zimbabwe