El Sistema Explained

National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela
Type:non-profit
Formation:1975
Location:Caracas, Venezuela
Purpose:Music education
Homepage:FESNOJIV official site

El Sistema (which translates to The System) is a publicly financed, voluntary sector, music-education program, founded in Venezuela in 1975 by Venezuelan educator, musician, and activist José Antonio Abreu.[1] It later adopted the motto "Music for Social Change." El Sistema-inspired programs provide what the International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies describes as "free classical music education that promotes human opportunity and development for impoverished children."[2] El Sistema has inspired similar programmes in more than 60 other countries. By 2015, according to official figures, El Sistema included more than 400 music centers and 700,000 young musicians. The original program in Venezuela involves four after-school hours of musical training and rehearsal each week, plus additional work on the weekends.

The institution's closeness to the government has caused the perception that the institution and conductor Gustavo Dudamel serve as propaganda instruments of Maduro's government. Several musicians of El Sistema participated in the antigovernment 2017 protests. According to an OAS report, an 18-year-old violinist was shot and killed by the National Guard.

Origin and history

El Sistema began under the leadership of José Antonio Abreu (7 May 1939 – 24 March 2018) with 11 students in an underground parking garage.[1] For many years, its official name was Fundación del Estado para el Sistema Nacional de las Orquestas Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela, (FESNOJIV), which is sometimes translated into English as "National Network of Youth and Children's Orchestras of Venezuela." The organizations has recently changed its name to Fundación Musical Simón Bolívar (FMSB), but is still widely known by the FESNOJIV acronym.[3]

Abreu's vision

Abreu has said that "music has to be recognized as an agent of social development in the highest sense because it transmits the highest values – solidarity, harmony, mutual compassion," crediting it with the ability to "unite an entire community and express sublime feelings."[4]

Abreu led the program for nearly four decades with the backing and material support of seven consecutive Venezuelan governments, ranging across the political spectrum from center-right to the current leftist presidency of Nicolás Maduro. Abreu has been "careful to keep El Sistema separate from partisan politics".[5]

Play and fight

"Play and Fight" was the title of the El Nacional news story about the National System of Youth and Children's Orchestras of Venezuela that appeared on 2 February 1976. The organization soon adopted that phrase as its motto, expressing its members' determination and commitment to El Sistema as a vital and critical project, both orchestrally and socially.

Venezuelan government involvement

The program has a reputation for rescuing young people in impoverished circumstances, directing them away from lives of drug abuse and crime, into which they would likely otherwise be drawn.

The Venezuelan government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez began fully financing Abreu's orchestra after its success, in 1976, at the "International Festival of Youth Orchestras" in Aberdeen, Scotland. From the beginning, El Sistema came not under the ministry of culture, but under the umbrella of social-services ministries, which has strategically helped it survive. The current Maduro administration has been El Sistema's most generous patron so far, covering almost its entire annual operating budget, as well as additional capital projects.[6] Abreu received the National Music Prize for his work in 1979 and became Minister of Culture in 1983.[7] In 1995, Abreu was appointed Special Ambassador for the Development of a Global Network of Youth and Children Orchestras and Choirs by UNESCO. He also became a special representative for the development of orchestras within the framework of UNESCO's "World Movement of Youth and Children Orchestras and Choirs."

At the time, its network of 102 youth and 55 children's orchestras (including approximately 100,000 youngsters) came under the supervision of the Ministry of Family, Health and Sports. A goal of El Sistema is to use music for the protection of children through training, rehabilitation, and prevention of criminal behavior.[8] [9]

In September 2007, with Abreu present on the television talk-show, Aló Presidente, Hugo Chávez announced a new government program, Misión Música, designed to provide tuition and music instruments to Venezuelan children.[10] It has been noted that "various ministries oversaw El Sistema until two years ago, when the president's office took direct control. El Sistema's mission runs parallel to Mr. Chávez's program to provide subsidies and services to the poor."[11]

The National Center for Social Action for Music

Since 2011, El Sistema has operated in the National Center for Social Action for Music in Caracas, a modern structure that has various spaces distributed in musical instruction areas, instrumental rehearsal and choral practice rooms; in addition to a library, recording booths, dressing rooms, cafeterias, administrative and health services. Among the areas open to the public, the large Simón Bolívar Room stands out, with a capacity of 1,100 people and equipped with a large tubular organ donated by the Polar Foundation; in addition to a theater, chamber music rooms and an outdoor acoustic shell, located in the southern area of the building, which is part of Los Caobos Park; as well as musical instrument manufacturing workshops and a space for the “Inocente Carreño” National Audiovisual Music Center (CNAMIC)

Spread of regional centres in Venezuela

On 6 June 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank announced the granting of a US$150 million loan for the construction of seven regional centers of El Sistema throughout Venezuela. Many bankers within the IDB originally objected to the loan on the grounds that classical music is for the elite. But then the bank has conducted studies on the more than 2,000,000 young people, educated in El Sistema, linking participation in the program to improvements in school attendance and reduction in juvenile delinquency and crime rates. Weighing such benefits, the bank calculated that every dollar invested in El Sistema was reaping about $1.68 in social dividends.[6] Supported by the government, El Sistema started introducing its music program into the public-school curriculum, aiming to be in every school and to support 500,000 children by 2015.[12]

The project has also been extended to the penal system. On 25 May 2008, Leidys Asuaje wrote for Venezuelan daily El Nacional: "The plan to humanize jails through music began 11 months ago under the tutelage of the Ministry of the Interior and Justice and FESNOJIV...."[13]

A 2022 investigation by Connectas, with the help of the International Center for Journalists, concluded that the regional centers funded by the IDB were never built and therefore the bank's long-term project to decentralize El Sistema had failed.[14]

Controversy

The institution's closeness to the government has caused the perception that the institution and the orchestra serve as a propaganda instrument of Nicolás Maduro's government.

In November 2014, British music scholar Geoffrey Baker published a newspaper article[15] and a book[16] that disputed many of the claims made by and about El Sistema and suggested that much of the publicly circulating information about the program was hyperbolic or simply false. The book's allegations included a culture of authoritarianism, hyper-discipline, exploitation, competition, and gender discrimination. It argued that the program was deeply conservative beneath its progressive exterior and that its claims of social transformation were unproven and exaggerated. For example, Baker's work alleges that the IADB's claim that El Sistema was reaping about $1.68 in social dividends for each $1 invested was based on dubious calculations and had been withdrawn by the bank itself. Considerable controversy ensued, with furious denunciations by Sistema advocates and enthusiastic responses from music education experts. In his review of Baker's book, Damian Thompson, arts editor of The Spectator, highlighted Baker's contention that the rampant sexual abuse of young musicians in El Sistema is part of "classical music's dirty little secret."[17]

Baker's research was validated in a 2016 article by Lawrence Scripp and the former El Sistema violinist Luigi Mazzocchi,[18] and it was further supported by the appearance of previously unpublished external evaluations of El Sistema dating from the late 1990s,[19] which confirmed many of the issues observed by Baker. Political controversy mounted from 2014 as Abreu and Dudamel's close relationship to the Venezuelan government came under increasing scrutiny, with the pianist Gabriela Montero becoming their most prominent critic.[20] In 2017, the claims in many official El Sistema sources that Abreu held a PhD from the United States were proven to be false.[21] The year 2021 saw further claims of widespread sexual harassment and abuse within El Sistema,[22] this time directly from alleged victims. El Sistema was finally obliged to acknowledge the issue,[23] and several overseas affiliates (including Sistema England and Sistema Scotland) issued critical public responses. In 2022, El Sistema's failure to build any of the seven regional centers funded by the IDB - an issue raised repeatedly by Baker over the previous eight years - was documented and published by a team of Venezuelan journalists.

Simon Bolivar Orchestra

See main article: Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar. An important product of El Sistema is the Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra. In the mid-1990s, Abreu formed the National Children's Youth Orchestra, and many young musicians graduated from it to the Simón Bolívar which grew considerably in size. This became an opportunity to re-create the ensemble as two separate performing entities. The first generation of members was designated the Simón Bolívar A; the younger, newer members, who had recently been brought in from the new National Children's Orchestra, now constituted the Simón Bolívar B"[24] The Simón Bolívar B is now the touring orchestra and, in 2007, made its debut at the BBC Proms in London's Royal Albert Hall and later at Carnegie Hall under the baton of Gustavo Dudamel, receiving enthusiastic reviews.[25] [26] 2009 saw the orchestra touring in the US, but also in Europe as well.

In the spring of 2010, however, a tour to the Lucerne Easter Festival drew comments from reviewers, such as Tom Service of London's The Guardian, that the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra was "youthful no longer."[27] This struck home, and Abreu decided, as he put it, "the time is once again ripe for new, younger national orchestras."[24] And so, he set about creating new ensembles. The Teresa Carreño Symphony Youth Orchestra, named for the famous Venezuelan pianist, started international touring in the autumn of 2010 with appearances at the Beethoven Fest in Bonn, followed by Vienna, Berlin, Salzburg Festival, Milan, Amsterdam, Madrid, and London.[28] Other new youth orchestras include the Caracas Symphony Youth Orchestra and a newly constituted National Children's Orchestra consisting of 358 musicians.[29]

2017 protests

On 3 May 2017, 18-years-old El Sistema violist Armando Cañizales was killed when he was shot by a spherical metallic projectile by security forces while participating in a demonstration in Caracas.[30] Conductor Gustavo Dudamel condemned Nicolás Maduro's response to the protests for the first time the day after the killing, writing in social media: "I raise my voice against violence and repression. Nothing can justify bloodshed. Enough of ignoring the just clamor of a people suffocated by an intolerable crisis."[31]

Violinist also participated and played his instrument during the protests that year. On 24 May, a National Guardsman officer ripped and broke his violin. His images crying over the violin went viral, and several people offered to give him a violin to replace the broken one, including singers Oscarcito, Chyno Miranda and Marc Anthony, flutist Huáscar Barradas and former baseball player Melvin Mora. Wuilly was imprisoned in July for 19 days on charges of public instigation and possession of incendiary substance. During his detention he was transferred four times and subjected to torture. When he was arrested, they burned his hair with a lighter for having very long hair, he was beaten with sticks and helmets when he was transferred to Fort Tiuna, and before arriving at the last prison he was hit in the back of the head with a metal tube, causing him internal bleeding and leaving him deaf in his right ear. During his detention he denounced that he witnessed how they raped a young woman detained on top of him inside an armoured vehicle.[32] Not having a violin in prison, Wuilly decided to sing, reaching the point where other prisoners asked him for songs, especially vallenatos. The place where he spent most of his time was in the bohío, where he ended his imprisonment, an octagonal cell in the General Command of the National Guard in Caracas, where there were about 14 prisoners. While he was imprisoned he had nowhere to write, it was forbidden to receive or send letters, there were no visitors, they were isolated and without ventilation. Even so, he composed the song "Cárcel de libertad" (Freedom Prison) along with his best friend Aarón, also detained.[33]

Clarinetist Karen Palacios signed in favor of the referendum organized by the opposition led National Assembly. She was later notified that her contract with the Philharmonic Orchestra was canceled because her political position was not convenient for the orchestra. Palacios denounced the incident on her Twitter account and it went viral. The clarinetist started to receive attacks and threats on social networks and during that year's protests her tweets began to be cited, where she expressed anger at the situation and at the abuse of the security forces.[34] [35] Later, on 1 June 2019, Karen would be detained by officials from the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM) and charged with the crime of instigation to hatred. She was detained in the National Institute for Female Orientation (INOF), in Los Teques, Miranda state, and confined to a highly dangerous cell, despite having a release order dated from 18 June. In court, her mother was asked not to make her daughter's case public because "it was going to be resolved soon."[34] Palacios was released on 16 July 2019.[36]

In other countries

United States

El Sistema USA is a membership organization, which supports and encourages more than 80 El Sistema-inspired programs throughout the United States, a number which are growing rapidly. Its philosophy and aspirations are expressed on its website:

A visionary global movement that transforms the lives of children through music. A new model for social change.[37]

Abreu appeared in a public symposium on El Sistema on 7 November 2007 in Boston, Massachusetts, where he gave the keynote speech of the public symposium on El Sistema on the WGBH Forum Network. A significant panel of speakers was present.[38]

At the November 2007 symposium, Abreu expressed delight at the prospect of joining with the Conservatory Lab Charter School in Boston and other musical institutions in the United States to create a Pan-American movement. "The New World," he said, "is nothing less than all three Americas. And so what we are in the process of creating is really an expression of a new, transcontinental social and musical culture."[39] The Conservatory Lab school is associated with the New England Conservatory of Music,[40] and was the first El Sistema-infused charter school in Massachusetts.

It has been estimated that there were five or six El Sistema-based programs in the US in early 2009, but "by mid-2011, there were at least 50 such programs – and list is increasing by the week..."[41] [42] In addition, many of the original Abreu Fellows who came together at the New England Conservatory as a result of Abreu's TED Prize, have gone into their local communities to start new programs or to expand upon or within existing ones. These cover a wide geographical area ranging from Kidznotes in North Carolina, JAMM (Juneau Alaska Music Matters) in that state, and ICAN (Incredible Children's Art Network) in Santa Barbara, California. In 2011, Longy School of Music of Bard College, Bard College, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic formed Take a Stand to promote and support the El Sistema-inspired music education movement in the United States.[43] Based in Los Angeles, it also offers a graduate-level degree program based on the tenets of El Sistema, including Master of Arts in Teaching in Music degree.

First Notes in Vail Valley, Colorado; CityMusic in Cleveland, Ohio; Club O in Fort Wayne, Indiana; Kid Ovation program in Des Moines, Iowa; and Orchestrating Diversity in Saint Louis, Missouri are also inspired by El Sistema.[44]

Other El Sistema-inspired programs in the US include:

Canada

El Sistema-based programs exist in almost every province of Canada, with over 20 programs in existence and more being started each year.[74]

El Sistema Aeolian (London, Ontario) was established in November 2011 and grew out of The Aeolian Performing Arts Centre, in London, Ontario.[75] It serves approximately 75 students attracted from the greater London area. Currently, the program runs 4 days per week and includes youth string orchestra, choir, an adult orchestra, a full meal/snack, Indonesian gamelan, free donated pianos/lessons and gives between 15 and 20 performances per year.

El Sistema South London (ESSL)[76] (London, Ontario and St. Thomas, Ontario) was established in 2012 serving students at two South London schools. In 2018, the program expanded to serve schools in St. Thomas, Ontario. Also in 2018, a new program entitled Ability Through Drumming was established to provide drumming lessons to children in London with physical and developmental disabilities.

OrKidstra[77] (Ottawa, Ontario) was established in October 2007. It serves 400 students from Centretown inner-city schools through in-school programming (150 students) and after school programming (250 students). The program is made possible through its many partnerships with local community supporters like: OCDSB,[78] and the National Arts Centre.

Quintissimo[79] (Belleville, Ontario) was established in January 2023. Its mission is to create positive social change by providing free music education to underserved children in the Bay of Quinte area. Lessons are currently offered out of Prince Edward Collegiate Institute.[80]

Saint James Music Academy[81] (Vancouver, British Columbia) Canada's first El-sistema program, was established in September 2007.[82] It serves 480 students from Downtown Eastside inner-city schools through its outreach (280 students) and after school program (200 students). The program is an official community partner of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra.

Sistema Kingston is a program based at Molly Brant Elementary School in Kingston, Ontario. The program's partnership includes The Dan School of Drama & Music at Queen's University and the Joe Chithalen Memorial Music Instrument Lending Library (Joe's MILL).

Sistema New Brunswick (Moncton, New Brunswick) A program of the New Brunswick Youth Orchestra, Sistema NB was started in 2009[83] in Moncton and has since grown to include centres all across the province. It is an intensive music education program engaging more than 1,200 children and youth, 2–3 hours after school, 5 days per week during the school year. It comprises a network of 1) local children's orchestras in 9 communities throughout the province of New Brunswick, 2) regional youth orchestras, and 3) a renowned provincial youth orchestra. Sistema NB serves urban and rural communities, operates in both English and French, and engages children and youth from under-resourced, indigenous and newcomer communities. In 2021, Sistema NB launched ’10,000 Children’,[84] with a goal and plan to more than double in size and to engage 10,000 children and youth in New Brunswick over the life of the plan. Sistema NB is generously supported by the Province of New Brunswick and many individuals, businesses, charitable foundations and others.

Sistema Toronto[85] was founded in 2011 by businessman and community activist Robert Eisenberg. Sistema Toronto's first centre opened at Parkdale Junior and Senior Public School; the second opened in 2013 at Jane/Finch's Yorkwoods Public School. Sistema Toronto has since opened two centres at Military Trail Public School and St. Martin de Porres Catholic School in Scarborough's Kingston-Galloway-Orton Park neighbourhood. As of 2017, enrollment is 240 children aged 6–13.

Sistema Winnipeg was started in 2011 as a partnership between the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Winnipeg School Division, and Sevenoaks School Division.[86] [87] [88] The programme runs every day after school for approximately 130 students, and includes a meal, choir, orchestra, and social programming. Sistema Winnipeg performs regularly with the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra[89] and is led by Music Director Naomi Woo, also assistant conductor of the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra.[90]

YONA-Sistema (Youth Orchestra of Northern Alberta – Sistema) (Edmonton, Alberta) was established in September 2013.[91] It serves students at Delton School and Mother Teresa Elementary School in Edmonton, Alberta and is offered through a partnership between the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, the Edmonton Catholic School District, the Edmonton Public School Board, and the Inner City Children's Program.

United Kingdom

In Harmony is a British government-led music education and community development project which is based on El Sistema[92] [93] It was begun in 2009 with Julian Lloyd Webber appointed chairman of its steering group. The project receives funding from the Department for Education and Arts Council England. On 22 November 2007, Julian Lloyd Webber noted the following in regard to the UK government's announcement of an infusion of £332 million dedicated to music education:

We also have an impoverished South American nation to thank.[94] Last August, in the midst of school holidays, when an uncomfortable number of British children seemed even more disaffected than usual, the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra arrived from Venezuela to deliver performances at the Edinburgh Festival and the London Proms that were, quite simply, miraculous"[95]

Lloyd Webber visited Venezuela in late 2009 and reported on what he saw there.[96] The project has centers in Lambeth (led by Lambeth Council's Children and Young People's Service), Leeds, (led by Opera North), Liverpool (led by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra), Newcastle Gateshead, (led by The Sage Gateshead), Nottingham, (led by Nottingham City Council), Norwich, (led by NORCA and Sistema in Norwich), and Telford and Stoke-on-Trent (led by Telford and Wrekin Music)[97] [98]

In 2013, El Sistema announced a partnership In Harmony, which will result in children from both England and Venezuela to work together in a series of music-making projects.[99]

The Nucleo Project was founded by Lucy Maguire in February 2013, in a basement in Notting Hill. It is a social action programme in North Kensington that uses the pursuit of musical excellence as a way to enrich the lives of children, young people and their families. Beginning with five children, the project grew rapidly, with over 200 children of ages 2–18 in six different orchestras.

Sistema Scotland was established with a grant from the Scottish Arts Council in 2008, as a result of an initiative by its chairman Richard Holloway in the economically deprived area of Raploch, in Stirling. They run 'Big Noise' programmes across Scotland, which are high-quality music education and social change programmes that work intensively with children, young people and families within targeted communities. The charity now run six Big Noise programmes, in Raploch (Stirling), Govanhill (Glasgow), Torry (Aberdeen), Douglas (Dundee), Fallin (Stirling), and Wester Hailes (Edinburgh).[100] [101]

Portugal

Orquestra Geração (Generation Orchestra)

This name used to describe the 16 centres currently using it to reference activities throughout the country. It was started in 2005 in a small way in Amadora on the northern outskirts of Lisbon. It is now a solid project ready to expand and to influence Portuguese social inclusion methodology and government policy. Some 850 young people are now involved, in 16 schools in 11 towns: Loures, Oeiras, Sintra, Amadora, Sesimbra, Vila Franca de Xira, Lisboa, Coimbra, Amarante and Gondomar.

Philippines

Inspired by El Sistema, the Orchestra of the Filipino Youth, is the main arm of Ang Misyon Inc., an institution that supports and provide free music education to the less privileged and talented children in the Philippines.

Sistemang Pilipino in Cebu City began in spirit in October 2009, when the documentary film, Tocar Y Luchar was shown to a group of violin teachers. The organization was registered in January 2013 as a Non-Stock, Non-Profit organization, providing music instruction and values formation to children and youth from underserved communities in the Philippines, starting with Cebu in the Central Visayas Region. It has served five communities since summer of 2013, with an estimate of 500 students who have passed through its choir and string training programs. Website: www.sistemangpilipino.org

Colombia

The Fundación Nacional Batuta was founded in 1991, modelled on Venezuela's El Sistema. By 2020 over 500,000 children and young people had taken part in Batuta's musical programmes since its launch in 1991.[102] After Venezuela, it is the largest such programme in the world.[103]

Peru

Inspirated by El Sistema in 2011, the laureated tenor Juan Diego Flores started Symphony for Peru offering music classes and activities for children in low-income families, giving them a chance to develop their talent, teach them values through the arts and pull them away from at-risk situations.

Germany

Musaik – Grenzenlos musizieren started in 2017 in Dresden-Prohlis on the initiative of the music educators Luise Börner and Deborah Oehler. The success and sustainability of the program (built on the philosophy of El Sistema) are based on the intensity of the lessons (three times a week), group lessons, community music making and ensemble work.

Uruguay

El Sistema supports the "One Child, One Instrument" program of Sodre National Youth Orchestra of Teatro Solis with teachers and directors.

International recognition of El Sistema

The Glenn Gould Prize was awarded to El Sistema founder José Antonio Abreu on 14 February 2008.[104] [105] Brian Levine, managing director of the Glenn Gould Foundation, in an account of his 2008 visit to Caracas wrote: "El Sistema has demonstrated conclusively that music education is the gateway to lifelong learning and a better future."

The Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts was awarded to El Sistema on 28 May 2008.[106]

The National Performing Arts Convention 2008, held in Denver, Colorado, featured Abreu as a guest speaker on 13 June 2008.[107]

The TED Prize was awarded to José Antonio Abreu on 5 February 2009 for his work on El Sistema. A pre-recorded speech was played at the ceremony in which he explained his philosophy.[108] The prize allowed for the creation of the Abreu Fellows.

The Polar Music Prize from Sweden was awarded to El Sistema and Maestro Abreu in 2009.

The Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame awarded Abreu the Notre Dame Prize for Distinguished Public Service in Latin America on 22 September 2014.[109]

The Institute of Education, University of London awarded Abreu an honorary degree in 2013

In the media

the character of Rodrigo de Souza (played by Gael García Bernal) is loosely based on Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.[115] Dudamel coached García Bernal before the latter conducted, in the character of Rodrigo, for a real performance of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, scenes of which were used for the second season opener.[116] Dudamel has a cameo in that episode, acting as a stagehand trying to convince Rodrigo to move to Los Angeles.

Notable alumni

See also

References

NotesCited sources

External links

Others

Notes and References

  1. Lesniak
  2. Slevin
  3. Tunstall (2012), p. 35
  4. Abreau, as quoted in Tunstall, p. 273
  5. Tunstall (2012), p. 84
  6. Arthur Lubow, "Conductor of the People", The New York Times, 28 October 2007
  7. Web site: Abreu . Yoa.org . 1939-05-07 . 2014-08-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220443/http://yoa.org/About/BoardofDirectors/Jos%C3%A9AntonioAbreu.aspx . 20 May 2014 .
  8. News: Land of hope and glory . The Guardian. Charlotte Higgins . 24 November 2006 . 1 September 2007 . London.
  9. News: Orchestral manoeuvres . The Guardian. Ed Vulliamy . 29 July 2007 . 1 September 2007 . London.
  10. News: Rory Carroll . Chávez pours millions more into pioneering music scheme . The Guardian . 4 September 2007 . 8 September 2007 . London.
  11. News: Music Meets Chávez Politics, and Critics Frown. Daniel J.. Wakin. The New York Times. 18 February 2012.
  12. Web site: IDB approves US$150 million to support youth orchestras in Venezuela – Inter-American Development Bank . Iadb.org . 2014-08-11.
  13. Web site: tipom.wordpress.com . tipom.wordpress.com . 2014-08-11.
  14. Web site: Las notas desafinadas de el sistema . The out-of-tune notes of the system . 2023-09-03 . alianza.shorthandstories.com . Connectas . en.
  15. Web site: El Sistema: a model of tyranny?. Geoff. Baker. 11 November 2014. The Guardian.
  16. El Sistema: Orchestrating Venezuela's Youth (Oxford University Press)
  17. Thompson, Damian (6 December 2014). "Sex, lies and El Sistema". The Spectator
  18. Web site: Gilbert . Lawrence Scripp, Josh . 2016-01-18 . "All That Matters Is How Good It Sounds" . 2023-09-08 . VAN Magazine . en-US.
  19. Baker . Geoffrey . Frega . Ana Lucía . 2018-08-08 . ‘Producing musicians like sausages’: new perspectives on the history and historiography of Venezuela's El Sistema . Music Education Research . en . 20 . 4 . 502–516 . 10.1080/14613808.2018.1433151 . 1461-3808.
  20. Web site: lebrecht . norman . 2014-02-13 . An open letter to Gustavo Dudamel on the Venezuela situation . 2023-09-08 . Slippedisc . en.
  21. Web site: lebrecht . norman . 2017-12-10 . Exclusive: El Sistema founder had a phantom PhD . 2023-09-08 . Slippedisc . en.
  22. News: Baker . Geoff . Cheng . William . 27 May 2021 . The ‘open secret’ of sexual abuse in Venezuela's famous youth orchestra program is finally exposed . . 8 September 2023.
  23. Web site: Baker . Geoff . 2021-06-24 . The Disturbing Noise Coming Out of El Sistema . 2023-09-08 . Caracas Chronicles.
  24. Tunstall (2012), pp. 118–125
  25. Web site: Davidson . Justin . Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela at Carnegie Hall – New York Magazine Classical Music Review . Nymag.com . 2007-11-18 . 2014-08-11.
  26. News: Berlin and Caracas Show New York a Thing or Two About Music Outreach. Anthony. Tommasini. The New York Times. 22 November 2007.
  27. Quoted in Tunstall (2012), p. 125
  28. Tunstall (2012), p. 126
  29. Tunstall (2012), p. 127
  30. Book: INFORME DE LA SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS Y DEL PANEL DE EXPERTOS INTERNACIONALES INDEPENDIENTES SOBRE LA POSIBLE COMISIÓN DE CRÍMENES DE LESA HUMANIDAD EN VENEZUELA . 2018 . . . TORTURA COMO CRIMEN DE LESA HUMANIDAD . 24 June 2018.
  31. News: 2017-05-04 . Gustavo Dudamel condena la represión en Venezuela: ‘Ya basta de desatender el justo clamor de un pueblo sofocado’ (Published 2017) . es . . 2023-08-18 . A pesar de la gran labor social de El Sistema, su cercanía con el gobierno ha hecho que muchos se pregunten si esa institución, la orquesta nacional y el mismo Dudamel funcionan como una especie de órgano propagandístico de un gobierno que ha sumido a ese país en una de las crisis más grave de su historia..
  32. News: 4 April 2018. 17 August 2017. El Impulso. Wuilly Arteaga desmintió video publicado por Diosdado Cabello en VTV.
  33. News: 4 April 2018. El Nacional. Wuilly Arteaga se fue de Venezuela.
  34. News: Noriega . Nadeska . 13 July 2019 . Clarinetista cumple 43 días detenida en la Dgcim por su postura política . es . . 14 July 2019.
  35. Web site: 30 May 2019 . Expulsan a clarinetista de la Orquesta Filarmónica de Venezuela por oponerse al régimen de Maduro . 10 July 2021 . CiberCuba . es.
  36. Web site: Phillip . Ricqcolia . 18 July 2019 . Venezuela frees musician jailed after blasting Maduro online . 11 July 2021 . Loop News.
  37. Web site: SunStar Media . El Sistema USA's website . Elsistemausa.org . 2014-08-11.
  38. http://forum-network.org/lectures/el-sistema-venezuelan-music-education-miracle/ "El Sistema: Venezuelan Music Education Miracle"
  39. Abreau quoted in Tunstall (2012), p. 143
  40. Web site: Conservatory Lab Charter School | El Sistema Infused Curriculum. Conservatory Lab Charter School.
  41. Tunstall, p. 239
  42. Web site: SunStar Media . About | El Sistema in the U.S. . El Sistema USA . 2014-08-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227004605/http://elsistemausa.org/el-sistema/u-s-a/ . 27 February 2012 . dead .
  43. News: Los Angeles Orchestra to Lead Youth Effort. Daniel J.. Wakin. The New York Times. 4 October 2011.
  44. Tunstall, pp. 238–245
  45. Web site: Atlanta Music Project website . Atlantamusicproject.org . 2014-08-11.
  46. Web site: Austin Soundwaves . austinsoundwaves.org . 2020-01-18.
  47. Web site: chimop.org . chimop.org . 2014-08-11.
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