| Native Name: |
| ||
| Director: | Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Narrator: | Pablo Adán | ||
| Music: | Javier Navarrete | ||
| Cinematography: | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Editing: | Bernat Vilaplana | ||
| Distributor: | Warner Bros. Pictures | ||
| Runtime: | 120 minutes[1] | ||
| Language: | Spanish | ||
| Budget: | €14 million[2] | ||
| Gross: | €83 million |
Pan's Labyrinth (Spanish; Castilian: '''El laberinto del fauno'''|lit=The Labyrinth of the Faun|links=no) is a 2006 dark fantasy film[3] written, directed and co-produced by Guillermo del Toro. The film stars Ivana Baquero, Sergi López, Maribel Verdú, Doug Jones, and Ariadna Gil.
The story takes place in Spain in the summer of 1944, during the early Francoist period. The narrative intertwines this real world with a mythical world centered on an overgrown, abandoned labyrinth and a mysterious faun with whom the protagonist, Ofelia, interacts. Ofelia's stepfather, Captain Vidal, hunts down the Spanish Maquis who resist the Francoist regime, while Ofelia's pregnant mother grows increasingly ill. Ofelia meets several strange and magical creatures who become central to her story, leading her through the trials of the old labyrinth garden. The film employs make-up, animatronics, and CGI effects to bring life to its creatures.
Del Toro stated that he considers the story to be a parable,[4] influenced by fairy tales. It addresses and continues themes related to his 2001 film The Devil's Backbone,[5] to which Pan's Labyrinth is a spiritual successor, according to del Toro in his director's DVD commentary. The film is an international co-production film between Spain and Mexico.
Pan's Labyrinth premiered on 27 May 2006 at the Cannes Film Festival, where it received a 22 minute–long standing ovation. The film was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in Spain on 11 October and in Mexico on 20 October. It garnered widespread critical acclaim, with praise towards its visual and makeup effects, direction, screenplay, cinematography, musical score, set design, and cast performances. It grossed $83 million at the worldwide box office and won numerous awards, including three Academy Awards, three BAFTA Awards including Best Film Not in the English Language, the Ariel Award for Best Picture, and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form. Pan's Labyrinth has since been considered to be Del Toro's magnum opus, one of the best fantasy films ever made, one of the greatest Spanish-language movies ever made, as well as one of the greatest films of the 2000s, the 21st century and of all-time.[6] [7] [8] [9]
A sequel, titled 3993, was conceived by del Toro but ultimately cancelled. A novelization by del Toro and Cornelia Funke was published in 2019.
In a fairy tale, Princess Moanna, whose father is the king of the underworld, visits the human world, where the sunlight blinds her and erases her memory. She becomes mortal and eventually dies. The king believes that eventually, her spirit will return to the underworld, so he builds labyrinths around the world which act as portals, in preparation for her return.
In 1944 Francoist Spain, ten-year-old Ofelia travels with her pregnant mother Carmen to meet Captain Vidal, her new stepfather. Vidal, a Civil Guard officer and devotee of Falangism, has been assigned to hunt down the Spanish Maquis. A large stick insect, which Ofelia believes to be a fairy, leads Ofelia into an ancient stone labyrinth, but she is stopped by Vidal's housekeeper Mercedes, who is secretly supporting her brother Pedro and other members of the Maquis. That night, the insect appears in Ofelia's bedroom, where it transforms into a fairy and leads her through the labyrinth. There, she meets a faun, who believes she is the reincarnation of Princess Moanna. He gives her a book and tells her she will find in it three tasks to complete in order for her to acquire immortality and return to her kingdom.
Ofelia completes the first task — retrieving a key from the belly of a giant toad — but becomes worried about her mother, whose condition is worsening. The faun gives Ofelia a mandrake root, instructing her to keep it under Carmen's bed and regularly supply it with blood, which seems to ease Carmen's illness. Accompanied by three fairy guides and equipped with a piece of magic chalk, Ofelia then completes the second task — retrieving a dagger from the lair of the Pale Man, a child-eating monster. Warned not to consume anything there, she eats two grapes, awakening the Pale Man. He devours two of the fairies and chases Ofelia, but she manages to escape. Infuriated at her disobedience, the faun refuses to give Ofelia the third task.
During this time, Ofelia becomes aware of Vidal's ruthlessness in the course of hunting down the Maquis. After killing two local farmers, Vidal interrogates and tortures a captive member of the Maquis. He asks Doctor Ferreiro to tend to the captive, whom Ferreiro then euthanises at his own urging. Realising that Ferreiro is collaborating with the Maquis, Vidal kills him. He later catches Ofelia tending to the mandrake root, which Vidal considers delusional. Carmen agrees and throws the root into the fire. She immediately develops painful contractions and dies giving birth to Vidal's son.
A discovered spy, Mercedes tries to escape with Ofelia, but they are caught. Ofelia is locked in her bedroom, while Mercedes is taken to be interrogated. Mercedes frees herself, and stabs Vidal non-lethally in her escape to re-join the Maquis. The faun, having changed his mind about giving Ofelia a chance to perform the third task, returns and tells her to bring her newborn brother into the labyrinth to complete it. Ofelia retrieves the baby and flees into the labyrinth. Vidal pursues her as the Maquis launch an attack on a Civil Guard outpost.
Ofelia meets the faun at the centre of the labyrinth. The faun suggests drawing a small amount of the baby's blood, as completing the third task and opening the portal to the underworld requires the blood of an innocent, but Ofelia refuses to harm her brother. Vidal finds her talking to the faun, whom he cannot see. The faun leaves, and Vidal takes the baby from Ofelia's arms before shooting her. Vidal returns to the labyrinth's entrance, where he is surrounded by the Maquis, including Mercedes and Pedro. Knowing that he will be killed, he hands the baby to Mercedes, asking that his son be told the time of his father's death. Mercedes replies that his son will not even know his name, before Pedro shoots Vidal dead.
Mercedes enters the labyrinth and comforts a dying Ofelia. Drops of Ofelia's blood fall down the centre of the spiral stone staircase onto an altar. Ofelia, well dressed and uninjured, then appears in a golden throne room. The King of the underworld tells her that, by choosing to spill her own blood rather than that of another, she passed the final test. The faun praises Ofelia for her choice, addressing her as "Your Highness". The Queen of the underworld, her mother, invites Ofelia to sit next to her father and rule at his side. Back in the stone labyrinth, Ofelia smiles as she dies.
The epilogue completes the tale of Princess Moanna, stating that she returned to the Underworld, ruled with kindness and justice for many centuries, and left little traces of her time in the human realm, "visible only to those who know where to look."
The original Spanish title El laberinto del fauno refers to the fauns of Roman mythology, while the English, German and French titles refer specifically to the faun-like Greek deity Pan. However, del Toro has stated that the faun in the film is not Pan.[5] The idea for Pan's Labyrinth came from Guillermo del Toro's notebooks, which he says are filled with "doodles, ideas, drawings and plot bits". He had been keeping these notebooks for twenty years. At one point during production, he left the notebook in a taxi in London and was distraught, but the cabbie returned it to him two days later. Though he originally wrote a story about a pregnant woman who falls in love with a faun,[16] Sergi López said that del Toro described the final version of the plot a year and a half before filming. López said that "for two hours and a half he explained to me all the movie, but with all the details, it was incredible, and when he finished I said, 'You have a script?' He said, 'No, nothing is written'". López agreed to act in the movie and received the script one year later; he said that "it was exactly the same, it was incredible. In his little head he had all the history with a lot of little detail, a lot of characters, like now when you look at the movie, it was exactly what he had in his head".[17]
Del Toro got the idea of the faun from childhood experiences with "lucid dreaming". He stated on Charlie Rose that every midnight, he would wake up, and a faun would gradually step out from behind the grandfather's clock.[18] Originally, the faun was supposed to be a classic half-man, half-goat faun fraught with beauty. But in the end, the faun was altered into a goat-faced creature almost completely made out of earth, moss, vines, and tree bark. He became a mysterious, semi-suspicious relic who gave both the impression of trustworthiness and many signs that warn someone to never confide in him at all.
Del Toro has said the film has strong connections in theme to The Devil's Backbone and should be seen as an informal sequel dealing with some of the issues raised there. Fernando Tielve and Íñigo Garcés, who played the protagonists of The Devil's Backbone, make cameo appearances as unnamed guerrilla soldiers in Pan's Labyrinth. Some of the other works he drew on for inspiration include Lewis Carroll's Alice books, Jorge Luis Borges' Ficciones, Arthur Machen's The Great God Pan and The White People, Lord Dunsany's The Blessing of Pan, Algernon Blackwood's Pan's Garden and Francisco Goya's works. In 2004, del Toro said: "Pan is an original story. Some of my favourite writers (Borges, Blackwood, Machen, Dunsany) have explored the figure of the god Pan and the symbol of the labyrinth. These are things that I find very compelling and I am trying to mix them and play with them."[19] It was also influenced by the illustrations of Arthur Rackham.[20]
Del Toro wanted to include a fairy tale about a dragon for Ofelia to narrate to her unborn brother. The tale involved the dragon, named Varanium Silex, who guarded a mountain surrounded by thorns, but at its peak is a blue rose that can grant immortality. The dragon and the thorns ward off many men though, who decide it is better to avoid pain than to be given immortality. Although the scene was thematically important, it was cut short for budget reasons.[21]
There are differing ideas about the film's religious influences. Del Toro himself has said that he considers Pan's Labyrinth "a truly profane film, a layman's riff on Catholic dogma", but that his friend Alejandro González Iñárritu described it as "a truly Catholic film". Del Toro's explanation is "once a Catholic, always a Catholic," however he also admits that the Pale Man's preference for children rather than the feast in front of him is intended as a criticism of the Catholic Church.[22] Additionally, the priest's words during the torture scene were taken as a direct quote from a priest who offered communion to political prisoners during the Spanish Civil War: "Remember my sons, you should confess what you know because God doesn't care what happens to your bodies; He already saved your souls."[23] [24]
In regard to whether or not the fantasy underworld was real or a product of Ofelia's imagination, del Toro stated in an interview that, while he believes it is real, the movie "should tell something different to everyone. It should be a matter of personal discussion". He then mentioned there were several clues in the movie indicating the underworld was indeed real.[15]
The film was shot in a scots pine forest situated in the Guadarrama mountain range, Central Spain. Guillermo Navarro, the director of photography, said that "after doing work in Hollywood on other movies and with other directors, working in our original language in different scenery brings me back to the original reasons I wanted to make movies, which is basically to tell stories with complete freedom and to let the visuals really contribute to the telling of the story".[25]
The pale man's eyes on his hands are a feature shared by the Japanese mythological monster the Tenome (a name which means "hand eyes").
Pan's Labyrinth employs some computer-generated imagery in its effects, but it mostly uses complex make-up and animatronics. The giant toad was inspired by The Maze. Del Toro himself performed the noises. The mandrake root is a combination of animatronics and CGI. Del Toro wanted the fairies "to look like little monkeys, like dirty fairies", but the animation company had the idea to give them wings made of leaves.[26]
Jones spent an average of five hours sitting in the makeup chair as his team of David Martí, Montse Ribé and Xavi Bastida applied the makeup for the Faun, which was mostly latex foam. The last piece to be applied was the pair of horns, which weighed ten pounds and were extremely tiring to wear. The legs were a unique design, with Jones standing on 20-cm-high lifts (8 in), and the legs of the Faun attached to his own. His lower leg was eventually digitally erased in post-production. The Faun's flapping ears and blinking eyes were remotely operated by David Martí and Xavi Bastida from DDT Especiales while on set. Del Toro told Jones to "go rock star ... like a glam rocker. But less David Bowie, more Mick Jagger".[26]
The Captain's room, as shown in the scene where Captain Vidal is shaving, is supposed to resemble his father's watch, which del Toro says represents his troubled mind.
A bout of weight loss on del Toro's part inspired the physical appearance of the saggy-skinned Pale Man.[27] In order to see while performing the part, Doug Jones had to look out of the character's nostrils, and its legs were attached to Jones over the green leotard which he wore.[28]
The film uses subtitles for its translation into other languages, including English. Del Toro wrote them himself, because he was disappointed with the subtitles of his previous Spanish-language film, The Devil's Backbone. In an interview, he said that the subtitles of The Devil's Backbone were "for the thinking impaired" and "incredibly bad". He spent a month working with two other people, and said that he did not want it to "feel like... watching a subtitled film".[29]
Pan's Labyrinth was premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on 27 May 2006. Its first premiere in an English-speaking country was at the London FrightFest Film Festival on 25 August 2006. Its first general release was in Spain on 11 October 2006, followed by a release in Mexico nine days later. On 24 November 2006 it had its first general English release in the United Kingdom; that month it was also released in France, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Russia, Singapore and South Korea. It had a limited release in Canada and the United States on 29 December 2006, before going wide in Canada and the United States on 19 January 2007, in Australia on 18 January 2007, in Taiwan on 27 April 2007, in Slovenia on 17 May 2007 and in Japan on 29 September 2007. Its widest release in the United States was in 1,143 cinemas.[30]
The film was released on DVD on 12 March 2007 in the UK by Optimum Releasing in a two-disc special edition. The film was released in the United States on 15 May 2007 from New Line Home Entertainment in both single-disc and double-disc special edition versions, featuring an additional DTS-ES audio track not present on the UK version. Additionally, the film received a special limited-edition release in South Korea and Germany. Only 20,000 copies of this edition were manufactured. It is presented in a digipak designed to look like the Book of Crossroads. The Korean first edition contains two DVDs along with an art book and replica of Ofelia's key. The German special limited edition contains three DVDs and a book containing the movie's storyboard. Pan's Labyrinth was released for download on 22 June 2007 from Channel 4's on-demand service, 4oD.
High-definition versions of Pan's Labyrinth were released in December 2007 on both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD formats. New Line stated that due to their announcement of supporting Blu-ray exclusively, thus dropping HD DVD support with immediate effect, Pan's Labyrinth would be the only HD DVD release for the studio, and would be discontinued after current stock was depleted.[31] Both versions had a PiP commentary while web extras were exclusive to the HD DVD version.[32] [33] In October 2016, The Criterion Collection re-released the film on Blu-ray in the US, based on a newly graded 2K digital master supervised by del Toro. An Ultra HD Blu-ray edition of the film was released on October 1, 2019, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment remastered for 4K.[34]
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 95% based on 243 reviews and an average rating of 8.6/10. The site's consensus reads "Pan's Labyrinth is Alice in Wonderland for grown-ups, with the horrors of both reality and fantasy blended together into an extraordinary, spellbinding fable."[35] Based on reviews from 37 critics, it received a 98/100 score at Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim",[36] making it Metacritic's best-reviewed film of the 2000s decade.[37] At its Cannes Film Festival release, it received a 22–minute standing ovation, the longest in the festival's history.[38] [39] It also received a standing ovation at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival,[40] its first release in the Americas.
Mark Kermode, in The Observer, labeled Pan's Labyrinth the best film of 2006, describing it as "an epic, poetic vision in which the grim realities of war are matched and mirrored by a descent into an underworld populated by fearsomely beautiful monsters".[41] Stephanie Zacharek wrote that the film "works on so many levels that it seems to change shape even as you watch it",[42] and Jim Emerson of Chicago Sun-Times called it "a fairy tale of such potency and awesome beauty that it reconnects the adult imagination to the primal thrill and horror of the stories that held us spellbound as children".[43] In his review, Roger Ebert deemed it "one of the greatest of all fantasy films, even though it is anchored so firmly in the reality of war".[44] The New Yorker
Writing for The San Diego Union-Tribune, David Elliott was more mixed on the film, opining that "the excitement is tangible" but "what it lacks is successful unity ... Del Toro has the art of many parts, but only makes them cohere as a sort of fevered extravaganza".[46]
During its limited first three weeks at the United States box office, the film made $5.4 million. As of 2021, it has grossed $37.6 million in North America and $46.2 million in other territories, for a total of $83.9 million worldwide. In Spain, it grossed almost $12 million, and it is the fifth highest grossing foreign film in the United States.
In the United States, it has generated $55 million from its DVD sales and rentals.[47]
In the United Kingdom, it was 2011's eighth best-selling foreign-language film on physical home video formats.[48] It was later the UK's tenth best-selling foreign-language film on physical home video formats in 2012.[49] On UK television, it was 2013's second most-watched foreign-language film, with 200,700 viewers on Channel 4.[50]
| Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79th Academy Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Guillermo del Toro | |
| Best Foreign Language Film | |||
| Best Art Direction | Art Direction: Eugenio Caballero; Set Decoration: Pilar Revuelta | ||
| Best Cinematography | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Best Makeup | David Martí and Montse Ribé | ||
| Best Original Score | Javier Navarrete | ||
| 16th Actors and Actresses Union Awards[51] [52] | Best Film Actress in a Leading Role | Maribel Verdú | |
| Best Film Actor in a Leading Role | Sergi López | ||
| Best New Actress | Ivana Baquero | ||
| British Academy Film Awards[53] | Best Film Not in the English Language | Guillermo del Toro | |
| Best Original Screenplay | |||
| Best Cinematography | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Best Production Design | Eugenio Caballero and Pilar Revuelta | ||
| Best Costume Design | Lala Huete | ||
| Best Sound | Martin Hernández, Jaime Baksht, and Miguel Ángel Polo | ||
| Best Makeup and Hair | David Martí and Montse Ribé | ||
| Best Special Visual Effects | Edward Irastorza, Everett Burrell, David Martí, and Montse Ribé | ||
| Golden Globe Awards[54] | Best Foreign Language Film | Guillermo del Toro | |
| 21st Goya Awards | Best Film | ||
| Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Best Actor | Sergi López | ||
| Best Actress | Maribel Verdú | ||
| Best New Actress | Ivana Baquero | ||
| Best Original Screenplay | Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Best Cinematography | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Best Production Design | Eugenio Caballero | ||
| Best Makeup and Hairstyles | José Quetglas and Blanca Sánchez | ||
| Best Editing | Bernat Villaplana | ||
| Best Sound | Miguel Polo | ||
| Best Music | Javier Navarrete | ||
| Best Special Effects | David Martí, Montse Ribé, Reyes Abades, Everett Burrell, Edward Irastorza and Emilio Ruiz | ||
| Ariel Awards | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | |
| Best Actress | Maribel Verdú | ||
| Best Supporting Actor | Álex Angulo | ||
| Best Cinematography | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Best Production Design | Eugenio Caballero | ||
| Best Costume Design | Lala Huete | ||
| Best Makeup | José Quetglas and Blanca Sánchez | ||
| Best Editing | Bernat Villaplana | ||
| Best Sound | Miguel Polo | ||
| Best Original Score | Javier Navarrete | ||
| Best Special Effects | David Martí, Montse Ribé, Reyes Abades, Everett Burrell, Edward Irastorza and Emilio Ruiz | ||
| Fantasporto | Best Film | ||
| 12th Forqué Awards[55] | Best Film | ||
| Spacey Awards[56] | Space Choice Awards for Best Movie | ||
| Constellation Awards[57] | Best Science Fiction Film, TV Movie, or Mini-Series of 2006 | ||
| Belgian Film Critics Association | |||
| Hugo Award[58] | Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form | ||
| BBC Four World Cinema Awards | BBC Four World Cinema Award | ||
| Nebula Award | Best Script | Guillermo del Toro | |
| National Society of Film Critics | Best Film | ||
| Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Best Cinematography | Guillermo Navarro | ||
| Saturn Awards[59] | Best International Film | ||
| Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Best Writing | |||
| Best Supporting Actor | Sergi López | ||
| Best Performance by a Younger Actor | Ivana Baquero | ||
| Best Make-up | David Martí and Montse Ribé | ||
Metacritic named it the best reviewed film of the decade" in 2010.[60] It is #17 on the BBC list of best 100 films of the 21st century.[61]
The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2006.[62]
Unranked Top 10
Ranked in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[63]
Del Toro himself has indicated similarities with The Spirit of the Beehive, filmed in Francoist Spain, which juxtaposes issues related to the Civil War with horror film.[64] At least one critic has made a connection to a second Spanish film, Cría Cuervos (1975, Carlos Saura), again made while Franco was still in power. Doug Cummings (Film Journey 2007) identifies the connection between Cria Cuervos, Spirit of the Beehive and Pan's Labyrinth: "Critics have been summarily referencing Spirit of the Beehive (1973) in reviews of Pan's Labyrinth, but Saura's film–at once a sister work to Erice's classic in theme, tone, even shared actress (Ana Torrent)–is no less rich a reference point."[65]
In a 2007 interview, del Toro noted the striking similarities between his film and Walt Disney Pictures' The Chronicles of Narnia: both films are set around the same time, have similar child-age principal characters, mythic creatures (particularly the fauns), and themes of "disobedience and choice". Says del Toro: "This is my version of that universe, not only 'Narnia', but that universe of children's literature."[66] In fact, del Toro was asked to direct but turned it down for Pan's Labyrinth.[66] In addition to Narnia, Pan's Labyrinth has also been compared to films such as Labyrinth, MirrorMask, Spirited Away and Bridge to Terabithia.[67] [68]
| Pan's Labyrinth | |
| Type: | soundtrack |
| Artist: | Javier Navarrete |
| Cover: | Pan'slabyrinthsndtrk.jpg |
| Released: | 19 December 2006 |
| Genre: | Contemporary classical |
| Label: | Milan Entertainment |
| Producer: | Emmanuel Chamboredon, Ian P. Hierons |
The score for Pan's Labyrinth by Spanish composer Javier Navarrete was nominated for an Academy Award.[69] It was entirely structured around a lullaby, and del Toro had the entire score included on the soundtrack album, even though much of it had been cut during production. The album was released on 19 December 2006.[70] Its cover art was an unused Drew Struzan promotional poster for the film.
In November 2007, del Toro confirmed that a sequel, titled 3993, was in production.[71] Del Toro scrapped the project after deciding to direct .[72]