Eighth generation of video game consoles explained

The eighth generation of video game consoles began in 2012, and consists of four home video game consoles: the Wii U released in 2012, the PlayStation 4 family in 2013, the Xbox One family in 2013, and the Nintendo Switch family in 2017.

The generation offered few signature hardware innovations. Sony and Microsoft continued to produce new systems with similar designs and capabilities as their predecessors, but with improved performance (processing speed, higher-resolution graphics, and increased storage capacity) that further moved consoles into confluence with personal computers, and furthering support for digital distribution and games as a service. Motion-controlled games of the seventh generation had waned in popularity, but consoles were preparing for advancement of virtual reality (VR), with Sony introducing the PlayStation VR in 2016.^{[1] [2]} Sony focused heavily on its first-party developers and console exclusives as key selling points, while Microsoft expanded its gaming services, creating the Xbox Game Pass subscription service for Xbox and Windows computers, and its xCloud game streaming service. Microsoft and Sony consoles saw mid-generation refreshes, with high-end revisions PlayStation 4 Pro and the Xbox One X, and lower-cost PlayStation 4 Slim and Xbox One S models that lacked some features. As of September 2023, the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One families had sold an estimated 117 and 58 million units, respectively.

Nintendo remained on a separate path from Sony or Microsoft in its blue ocean strategy. The Wii U was designed to be a more robust Wii to appeal to dedicated gamers, but its means and purpose were lost in how it was marketed. The Wii U substantially undersold Nintendo's projections, selling only 13.5 million units by its discontinuation in 2017, which drove Nintendo to release the Nintendo Switch by 2017, its design and marketing accounting for several of the faults of the Wii U while meeting a broad range of global demographics and possible gaming situations. Later, Nintendo released the Nintendo Switch Lite, a version that lacked the Switch's docking capabilities but had other component optimization and was otherwise compatible with all games. By March 2023, all Switch models have shipped over 125 million units, outselling the Wii.

Handheld consoles fought against increasing pressure of mobile gaming. The Nintendo 3DS and 2DS succeeded the Nintendo DS line, while the PlayStation Vita was the successor to the PlayStation Portable. Combined shipped units of the Nintendo 3DS/2DS family had reached 75 million by September 2019, but the Vita was estimated to have only sold about 10 million by the end of 2015. Sony discontinued the unit in 2019 and stated it had no present plans for handheld systems. Nintendo discontinued the Nintendo 3DS in 2020, ending the Nintendo DS families of systems. The Switch Lite acts as its de facto handheld successor.

The eighth-generation console market was also influenced by the lifting of China's ban on video consoles in 2015, as well as the growth of the mobile gaming sector. A number of retro microconsoles were also released during this period.

In November 2020, Sony and Microsoft released the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S respectively. Considered to be their highly anticipated next-generation systems, they continue the trend from the eighth generation with overall general improved computational performance, graphical output, and strong backward compatibility support to minimize the disruption of upgrading to the new platform.

Background

This generation was predicted to face competition from smartphones, tablets, and smart TVs.^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} In 2013, gaming revenue on Android overtook portable game console revenue, while remaining a distant second to iOS gaming revenue.^[9] In fiscal year (FY) 2013 (ending early 2013), Nintendo sold 23.7 million consoles,^[10] while Apple sold 58.2 million iPads in FY 2012 (ending late 2012).^[11] One particular threat to the traditional console game sales model has been the free-to-play model, wherein most users play free, and either a small number of dedicated players spend enough to cover the rest, or the game is supported by advertising.^[12]

The PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Wii U all use AMD GPUs, and two of them (PS4 and XBO) also use AMD CPUs on an x86-64 architecture, similar to common personal computers (as opposed to the IBM PowerPC Architecture used in the previous generation). Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony were not aware that they were all using AMD hardware until their consoles were announced.^[13] This shift was considered to be beneficial for multi-platform development, due to the increased similarities between PC hardware and console hardware. It also provided a boost in market share for AMD (which had faced increased competition from Intel in the PC market).^[14]

Various microconsoles (which are smaller and mostly Android-based) have been released since 2012, although they are seldom referred to as being part of the eighth (or any) generation of video game consoles. These microconsoles have included the Ouya, Nvidia Shield Console, Amazon Fire TV, PlayStation TV, MOJO, Razer Switchblade, GamePop, GameStick, and PC-based Steam Machine consoles.^{[15] [16] [17]} A number of microconsoles that were modeled as scaled-down versions of consoles from previous generations, running a selection of games from that console, were also released. These included the NES Classic Edition, the SNES Classic Edition, the PlayStation Classic, and the Sega Genesis Mini.

Cloud gaming options for the consoles also were developed in the eighth generation. PlayStation Now enables cloud gaming of PlayStation 2, 3, and 4 games to current PlayStation consoles and personal computers. Microsoft began developing a comparable service xCloud for Xbox and Windows games. Google released Stadia, a dedicated cloud gaming platform designed around reduced latency and advanced features not typical of these other cloud gaming options.

Transition

While earlier console generations generally lasted five to six years, the shift from seventh to eighth generation lasted about eight. Unusually, the prior generation's best-selling unit, the Wii, was the first to be replaced in the eighth generation. In 2011, Microsoft and Sony officials said they considered themselves only halfway through a ten-year lifecycle for their seventh-generation offerings.^{[18] [19] [20] [21]} The companies also said the addition of cameras and motion-based controllers like Xbox's Kinect and PlayStation Move extended these systems' lifetimes.^[22] Nintendo president Satoru Iwata said that his company would release the Wii U due to declining sales of seventh-generation home consoles and that "the market is now waiting for a new proposal for home consoles".^[23] Sony considered making its next console a digital download-only machine, but decided against it due to concerns about the inconsistency of internet speeds available globally, especially in developing countries.^[24]

The introduction of the high-end PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X in 2016 and 2017, respectively, led to some journalists to call these machines part of a "half generation" step within the 8th generation, new consoles that would continue to drive sales without introducing a significantly different line of hardware that would segment their consumer base.^{[25] [26]}

In 2020, Microsoft and Sony released their 9th-generation consoles: Xbox Series X and PlayStation 5. Both said they wanted a soft transition, meaning that the new hardware plays most or all of the platform's previous games.^{[27] [28] [29]} Microsoft said Xbox Series X can play all Xbox One games, including games from the Xbox 360 and original Xbox console that are playable on the Xbox One, and introduced its Smart Delivery program to update some Xbox One games to enable play on the Xbox Series X. Sony has said the "overwhelming majority" of PlayStation 4 games play on the PlayStation 5, and that many run at higher frame rates and resolutions.^[30]

Chinese market

The eighth generation of consoles also saw manufacturers re-enter the Chinese market. Since 2000, the Chinese government had banned the sale and distribution of video game consoles, citing concerns on their effect on youth. The ban led console gaming to a niche sector, including a black market for the purchase of these consoles, while also causing personal computing gaming to take off within China, including the spread of Internet cafes and PC bangs.^[31] This ban lasted through January 2014, where the Chinese government first opened up to allow the sale of consoles in the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone (FTZ).^[32] By July 2015, the ban on video game consoles was wholly lifted.^[33] Access to the Chinese video game market is lucrative, having an estimated 500 million potential players and representing over in revenues as of 2016.^[34]

Microsoft and Sony quickly took advantage of the lifting of the ban, announcing sales of the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 platforms within the FTZ shortly after the 2014 announcement. Microsoft established a partnership with BesTV New Media Co, a subsidiary of the Shanghai Media Group, to sell Xbox One units in China,^[35] with units first shipping by September 2014.^[36] Sony worked with Shanghai Oriental Pearl Media in May 2014 to establish manufacturing in the FTZ,^[37] with the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita shipping into China by March 2015.^[38] CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Andrew House explained in September 2013 that the company intended to use the PlayStation Vita TV as a low-cost alternative for consumers in an attempt to penetrate the Chinese gaming market.^[39]

Nintendo did not initially seek to bring the Wii U into China; Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé stated that China was of interest to the company after the ban was lifted, but considered that there were similar difficulties with establishing sales there as they had recently had with Brazil.^[40] Later, Nintendo had teamed up with Tencent by April 2019 to help sell and distribute the Nintendo Switch as well as aid its games through the Chinese government approval process led by National Radio and Television Administration.^{[41] [42]}

Home consoles

Wii U

See main article: Wii U.

In November 2010, Nintendo of America CEO Reggie Fils-Aimé stated that the release of the next generation of Nintendo would be determined by the continued success of the Wii.^[43] Nintendo announced its successor to the Wii, the Wii U, at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011.^[44] After the announcement, several journalists classified the system as the first eighth generation home console.^{[45] [46] [47]} However, prominent sources have disputed this because of its comparative lack of power and older disc media type with respect to the announced specifications for PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One.^{[48] [49]}

The Wii U's main controller, the Wii U GamePad, features an embedded touchscreen that can work as an auxiliary interactive screen in a fashion similar to the Nintendo DS/3DS, or if compatible with "Off TV Play", can even act as the main screen itself, enabling games to be played without the need of a television. The Wii U is compatible with its predecessor's peripherals, such as the Wii Remote Plus, the Nunchuk, and the Wii Balance Board.^[50]

The Wii U was released in North America on November 18, 2012, in Europe on November 30, 2012, and in Japan on December 8, 2012. It came in two versions, the Basic Model and the Deluxe/Premium Model, at the price of $300 and $349 US Dollars, respectively. On August 28, 2013, Nintendo announced the production of the Basic model has ended and expected supplies to be exhausted by September 20, 2013. On October 4, 2013, the Deluxe/Premium model was price cut from US$349 to US$300.^[51]

The Wii U was initially expected to have lifetime sales of about over 100 million, comparable to the Wii.^[52] However, it had lifetime sales of about only 13 million, in sharp contrast with the Wii. This financially hurt Nintendo, with several financial quarters running at a loss through 2014. Nintendo had anticipated the Wii U would sell similarly to the Wii, but it ended up selling worse than the GameCube and became Nintendo's least successful home console to date.^[53] Nintendo officially discontinued the Wii U on January 31, 2017, due to its commercial failure, to make way for its second competitor, the Nintendo Switch, released one month later.^[54]

PlayStation 4

See main article: PlayStation 4.

On February 20, 2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 4 during a press conference in New York City. The console places an emphasis on features surrounding social interaction. Gameplay videos can be shared via the PlayStation Network and other services. Users can stream games being played by themselves or others (either through the console, or directly to Twitch). The DualShock 4 is similar to the previous DualShock 3 controller with the addition of a touchpad and a "Share" button along with a Light-emitting diode bar on the front to allow motion tracking. The PlayStation Camera camera accessory is offered for the system, with stereo camera lenses up to 1280×800px resolution with support for depth sensing similar to Microsoft's Kinect. It also remains compatible with the PlayStation Move peripherals. Second screen capabilities are available through mobile apps and the PlayStation Vita, as well as cloud gaming streaming through the Gaikai service.^{[55] [56]}

The PlayStation 4 was released on November 15, 2013, in North America and November 29, 2013, in Australia and Europe at US$399.99, A$549 and €399 respectively.

Xbox One

See main article: Xbox One.

On May 21, 2013, Microsoft announced the Xbox One at an event in Redmond, Washington. The console focuses on entertainment, including the ability to pass television programming from a set-top box over HDMI and use a built-in electronic program guide, and the ability for computer multitasking by snapping applications (such as Skype and Internet Explorer) to the side of the screen, similarly to Windows 8. The controller has "Impulse Triggers" that provide Haptic technology feedback, and the ability to automatically record and save highlights from gameplay. An updated version of Kinect was developed with a 1080p camera and expanded voice controls. Originally bundled with the console it has since been excluded.^{[57] [58]}

The Xbox One was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on November 22, 2013, at a launch price of US$499.99, €499 and A$599 respectively with Japan, and was later released in 26 other markets in 2014. It had two mid-generation upgrades, one cheaper option released in 2016 called the Xbox One S, and the other called the Xbox One X which added 4K gaming. Microsoft claimed that the Xbox One X was the "World's most powerful console" and 40% more powerful than any other console at the time of its release.

Production of the Xbox One family of consoles were discontinued shortly after the launch of their successor, the Xbox Series X and S, at the end of 2020.

Nintendo Switch

See main article: Nintendo Switch.

Due to the commercial failure of the Wii U, along with competition from mobile gaming, then-president Satoru Iwata sought to revitalize the company by creating a new strategy for Nintendo that included embracing mobile gaming, and developing new hardware that would be attractive to a wider range of audiences.^[59] The hardware product was announced under the codename NX in a press conference held with DeNA on March 17, 2015,^[60] and fully revealed as the Nintendo Switch on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on March 3, 2017, competing with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4.

The Switch is considered by Nintendo a home console that has multiple ways to play. The main unit, the Console, is a tablet-sized device with a touch-sensitive screen. It can be inserted into a Docking Station which allows games to be played on a connected television. Alternatively, two Joy-Con, motion-sensitive controllers comparable to the Wii Remotes, can be slotted onto the sides of the Console so the unit can be played as a handheld. Further, the Console can be set on a kickstand, allowing multiple players to see the screen and play games with separate Joy-Con. Additionally, Nintendo built the Switch on standard industry components, allowing for ease of porting games onto the system using standard software libraries and game engines rather than Nintendo's usual proprietary approaches. This enabled them to bring several third-party and independent game developers on board prior to launch to assure some third-party games in their software library.

Despite the Switch being significantly weaker in terms of processing power than its competitors, it was met with critical praise and commercial success. Nintendo had anticipated selling about 10 million Switches in the first year of release but ended up exceeding this projection with total first-year sales of over 17 million units, exceeding the Wii U's lifetime sales. In late 2017, the Nintendo Switch was the fastest selling console in US history, and in November 2018 it was the fastest selling of all the 8th generation consoles in the US.^[61]

A hardware revision, the Switch Lite, was announced on July 10, 2019, and was released on September 20, 2019. The unit integrates the Joy-Con onto the main console with a smaller form-factor, making the unit strictly handheld rather than a hybrid system. Further details are described below under Handhelds. An enhanced model was announced on July 7, 2021, and was released on October 8, 2021, featuring a 4K-ready dock, a 7-inch OLED screen, a wider and adjustable stand, enhanced audio, a wired LAN port built into the dock, and 64 GB of internal storage.^[62]

Comparison

Comparison of eighth-generation video game home consoles

Product		Wii U	Nintendo Switch	Nintendo Switch (OLED)	PlayStation 4	PlayStation 4 Slim	PlayStation 4 Pro	Xbox One	Xbox One S	Xbox One X
Manufacturer		Nintendo			Sony Interactive			Microsoft
Image
Release dates										^[63]
Launch prices	US$				^[64]
	€					^[65]			^[66]	^[67]
	GBP
	A$
	JP¥
Current prices					colspan="3" scope="row"
Discontinued		^[68]				^[69]	^[70]	(All-Digital version discontinued July 16, 2020)^[71]	^[72]
Sales	Shipped	^[73]	^[74]		^[75]			^[76]
	Sold		^[77]
	Best-selling game	Mario Kart 8, ^[78]	Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, ^[79]		God of War (2018), ^[80]			PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, ^[81]
		List of best-selling Wii U video games	List of best-selling Nintendo Switch video games		List of best-selling PlayStation 4 video games			List of best-selling Xbox One video games <			-- Media -->
Media	Game media		Nintendo Switch game card ^[82]		Blu-ray ^[83]			Blu-ray
	Other		Blu-ray, DVD	Blu-ray, DVD, CD	Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD, CD^[84]
	Regional lockout	^[85]	colspan="3" ^[86] ^[87]
	Backward compatibility		colspan="3" <	-- CPU -->
CPU	Type	Tri-Core IBM PowerPC Espresso^[88]	Quad-core ARM Cortex-A57, quad-core ARM Cortex-A53^[89]		Octa-core AMD Jaguar-based^[90]		Octa-core AMD Jaguar-based	Octa-core AMD Jaguar-based^[91]		Octa-core AMD Jaguar-based^[92]
	ISA	PowerPC	ARMv8-A		x86-64<						-- CPU – Clock speed -->	-	Clock speed
	L1 cache	192kB	576kB		512kB			512kB <			-- CPU – L2 Cache -->
	L2 cache	3 MB eDRAM @ 1.24GHz (CPU)(159.1 GB/s)	2.5MB		4MB^[93]			4MB^[94] <			-- CPU – L3 Cache -->
	L3 cache	32MB eDRAM @ 550MHz ^[95]	32MB eSRAM @ 853MHz ^[96]	32MB eSRAM @ 914MHz	rowspan="2" ^[97]
		3MB eSRAM
	Process	45nm	20nm	16nm	28nm	16nm^[98] ^[99]		28nm	16nm <		-- CPU – Secondary CPU -->
	Secondary	ARM9 processor	ARM processor ^[100]		colspan="3"
	GPU	Type	AMD Radeon-based "Latte"^[101] ^[102]	Nvidia GM20B Maxwell-based^[103] ^[104]		AMD Radeon-based "Liverpool"		AMD Radeon-based "Neo"^[105]	AMD Radeon-based "Durango"		AMD Radeon-based "Scorpio Engine"
Clock speed			^[106]							^[107]
Stream processors		320	256		1152		2304	768^[108] ^[109]		2560^[110]
TFLOP/s		0.352	0.157-0.393		1.843		4.198	1.310	1.404	6.001
TMUs		16	16		72		144	48		160
Texture rate		8.8GTexel/s	4.9-12.3GTexel/s		57.6GTexel/s		131.2GTexel/s	40.9GTexel/s	43.8GTexel/s	187.5GTexel/s
ROPs		8	16		32		64	16		32
Pixel rate		4.4GPixel/s^[111]	4.9-12.3GPixel/s		25.6GPixel/s^[112]		29.15GPixel/s	13.6GPixel/s^[113]	14.6GPixel/s	37.5GPixel/s
Compute units		5	2		18		36	12		40
Process		40nm	20nm		28nm	16nm		28nm	16nm <		-- RAM -->
Memory	Main	2GB DDR3 SDRAM^[114]	4GB LPDDR4 SDRAM^[115]		8GB GDDR5 SDRAM		8GB GDDR5 SDRAM	8GB DDR3 SDRAM		12GB GDDR5 SDRAM
	Clock speed	800MHz	1600MHz	1700MHz	1375MHz		1700MHz	1066.5MHz		1700MHz
	Bandwidth	12.8GB/s	25.6GB/s		176.0GB/s		217.6GB/s	68.3GB/s		326.4GB/s
		1GB^[116]	1GB		3.5GB^[117]			3GB^[118]
	Secondary		256MB DDR3 RAM	1GB DDR3 RAM	colspan="3"
Storage	Internal	8GB/32GB eMMC flash memory 1GB flash memory			500GB HDD, 1TB HDD ^[119] ^[120]		1TB HDD (user replaceable)	500GB HDD, 1TB HDD ^[121] 8GB flash memory	500GB HDD, 1TB HDD, 2TB HDD 8GB flash memory	1TB HDD, 8GB flash memory
	External	Supports up to 32GB SDHC cards Supports up to 2TB USB HDD ^[122]	Supports microSD/microSDHC/microSDXC up to 2 TB^[123]		Supports USB HDD over 240 GB up to 8TB ^[124]			Supports USB 3.0 HDD larger than 256GB up to 16 TB^[125] ^[126]
	Game Installation	Only downloaded games can be installed to storage	Downloaded games can be installed to internal memory or SD card		All games must be installed to a connected HDD^[127]			All games must be installed to a connected HDD <			-- Network – Wi-Fi -->
Network	Wireless	802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi @ 2.4GHz 802.11n Wi-Fi @ 5.0GHz	802.11 a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi @ 2.4and 5.0GHz		802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi @ 2.4GHz^[128]	802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi		802.11a/b/g/n dual-band Wi-Fi @ 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz^[129]	802.11a/b/g/n/ac dual-band Wi-Fi @ 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz^[130] <		-- Network – Ethernet -->
	Wired	Fast Ethernet	Fast Ethernet	Gigabit Ethernet	Gigabit Ethernet			Gigabit Ethernet
Dimensions		When lying down on its side: Width: 172mm (6.7in) Height: 46mm (1.8in) Length: 268.5mm (10.5in)	Console laying flat: Width: 102mm Height: 13.9mm Length: 203.1mm 239mm	Console laying flat: Width: 102mm Height: 13.9mm Length: 203.1mm 239mm	When lying down on its side: Width: 275mm (10.8in) Height: 53mm (2.0in) Length: 305mm (12.0in)	When lying down on its side: Width: 265mm (10.4in) Height: 39mm (1.5in) Length: 288mm (11.3in)	When lying down on its side: Width: 295mm (11.6in) Height: 55mm (2.2in) Length: 327mm (12.9in)	When lying down on its side: Width: 309mm (12.1in) Height: 83mm (3.2in) Length: 258mm (10.1in) ^[131]	When lying down on its side: Width: 295mm (11.6in) Height: 64mm (2.5in) Length: 227mm (8.9in)	When lying down on its side: Width: 300mm Height: 60mm Length: 240mm ^[132]
Weight		1.5kg (03.3lb)	0.297kg (00.655lb) 0.398kg (00.877lb)	0.319kg (00.703lb) 0.42kg (00.93lb)	2.8kg (06.2lb)	2.1kg (04.6lb)	3.3kg (07.3lb)^[133]	3.2kg (07.1lb)	2.9kg (06.4lb)	3.8kg (08.4lb)
Power		75W (external power supply)^[134]	4,310mAh, 3.7V lithium-ion batteryMax. 39W (external power supply)		Max. 223W (internal power supply)	Max. 163W (internal power supply)	Max. 289W (internal power supply) Max. 310W (internal power supply)	Max. 220W (external power supply)	Max. 125W (internal power supply)	Max. 245W (internal power supply)
Included accessories		All Models Wii U GamePad Stylus Wii Sensor Bar HDMI cable Deluxe/Premium Model only Wii U GamePad stand Wii U GamePad charging cradle Wii U console stand	Two Joy-Con controllers (L and R) Two Joy-Con straps Joy-Con Grip Switch Dock HDMI cable		DualShock 4 controller Micro-USB cable Wired mono headset HDMI cable			Xbox Wireless Controller Kinect sensor Wired mono headset HDMI cable	Xbox Wireless Controller Wired mono headset HDMI cable
Video	Output	1080p, 1080i, 720p, 480p HDMI out 1.4b Component video (D-Terminal out Japan only) 576i, 480i (standard 4:3 and 16:9 anamorphic widescreen) Composite video S-Video (NTSC consoles only) RGB SCART (PAL consoles only) D-Terminal (Japanese consoles only)	720p (undocked) Via 6.2-inch, 1280 × 720p LCD screen @ 237ppi 1080p, 720p and 480p (docked) HDMI out 1.4b	720p (undocked) Via 7-inch, 1280 × 720p OLED screen @ 210ppi 1080p, 720p and 480p (docked) HDMI out 2.0a	1080p, 1080i, 720p, and 480p HDR10 HDMI out 1.4b		4K 2160p, 1080p, 1080i, 720p, and 480p HDR10 HDMI out 2.0a	1080p, 720p, and 480p^[135] ^[136] HDMI in/out 1.4b	4K 2160p, 1440p, 1080p, 720p, and 480p^[137] HDR10 Dolby Vision HDMI out 2.0a (Xbox One S) HDMI out 2.0b (Xbox One X) HDMI in 1.4b AMD FreeSync support
	Integrated 3DTV support		colspan="3" ^[138]
	Second screen		PlayStation Vita PlayStation App on iOS and Android devices	Xbox Console Companion on Android, iOS, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows Phone
	Remote	Local game streaming via Off-TV Play to Wii U GamePad for some games	Local and remote game streaming via Remote Play to PS Vita, macOS and Windows, or selected Sony Xperia smartphone^[139] for all games, except those that require the PS Camera or PS Move^[140] ^[141]	Local game streaming via Xbox App to Windows 10 PC^[142]
Audio		5.1 LPCM output via HDMI Analog stereo via "AV Multi Out" port Stereo speakers on Wii U GamePad Stereo output via 3.5mm jack on Wii U GamePad	5.1 LPCM output via HDMI Stereo speakers on Console Stereo output via 3.5mm jack on Console		7.1 LPCM and bitstreaming output via HDMI 5.1 LPCM and bitstreaming output via optical out Stereo output via 3.5mm jack on DualShock 4 Mono speaker on DualShock 4			7.1 LPCM and bitstreaming output via HDMI 2.0 LPCM and bitstreaming output via optical out Internal system speaker^[143] Stereo output via extension port on controller (requires adapter for 3.5mm jacks) and via 3.5mm jack port (present only on 2nd and 3rd controller revisions)
Peripheral abilities		Bluetooth 4.0 HDMI "AV Multi Out" port 4 USB 2.0 ports Sensor Bar power port Near Field Communication (NFC)	Bluetooth 4.1 HDMI 1 USB 3.0 port 2 USB 2.0 ports 1 USB-C port Near Field Communication (NFC)	Bluetooth 4.1 HDMI 1 LAN port 2 USB 2.0 ports 1 USB-C port Near Field Communication (NFC)	Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR HDMI 2 USB 3.0 ports PS Camera AUX port Optical out port Ethernet port	Bluetooth 4.0 (LE) HDMI 2 USB 3.1 (gen 1) ports PS Camera AUX port Optical out port Ethernet port	Bluetooth 4.0 (LE) HDMI 3 USB 3.1 (gen 1) ports PS Camera AUX port Optical out port Ethernet port	Wi-Fi Direct 2 HDMI ^[144] 3 USB 3.0 ports Kinect port Optical out port Ethernet port	IR Blaster Bluetooth 4.0^[145] 2 HDMI 3 USB 3.0 ports Optical out port S/PDIF Ethernet port
Controller		Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller (up to 7) Wii Remote/Plus (up to 7) Nunchuk attachment Classic Controller attachment Wii Balance Board Nintendo 3DS (select games only) Nintendo GameCube controller (adapter required, only supports Super Smash Bros. for Wii U)^[146]	Joy-Con controller (up to 8) Nintendo Switch Pro Controller (up to 8)^[147] Nintendo GameCube controller (since version 4.0, adapter required)		DualShock 4 controller (up to 4) PlayStation Move PlayStation Camera PlayStation Vita (select games only)^[148]			Xbox Wireless Controller (up to 8) Xbox Series X controller Kinect Computer Mouse (select games only) Computer keyboard (select games only) Amazon Alexa (voice controls only)
Touch capability		Wii U GamePad includes an integrated resistive touchscreen	Console includes multi-touch capacitive touchscreen		DualShock 4 controller includes an integrated 2 point capacitive touchpad			colspan="3"
Camera		Wii U GamePad camera	PlayStation Camera	Kinect	Kinect ^[149]
Online services	Network	Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop	Nintendo Switch Online Nintendo eShop		PlayStation Network PlayStation Store PlayStation Now PlayStation Music PlayStation Video PlayMemories Online PlayStation Vue			Xbox Live Microsoft Store Microsoft Movies & TV
	Downloads	Downloads games and automatic updates in the background via SpotPass	Downloads automatic updates in the background		Downloads games and automatic updates in the background			Downloads games and automatic updates in the background^[150]
	Subscription		colspan="3"
Game DVR	Image	Screenshots with Miiverse integration	Screenshots with Facebook and Twitter integration^[151]		Screenshots with Twitter integration			Screenshots with Twitter integration
	Video	Gameplay replays with YouTube integration	Up to 30 seconds of gameplay with Facebook and Twitter integration^[152] ^[153]		Up to 1 hour of gameplay with Dailymotion, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube integration; 720p for all PS4 models, 1080p for PS4 Pro			Up to 5 minutes of gameplay; 1080p for all Xbox One models,^[154] 4K for Xbox One X ^[155]
	Live streaming		Live streaming with Dailymotion, Twitch, Ustream and YouTube Gaming integration	Live streaming with Mixer and Twitch integration
			colspan="3"
List of games		List of Wii U games	List of Nintendo Switch games		List of PlayStation 4 games			List of Xbox One games
System software	OS	Wii U system software	Nintendo Switch system software		PlayStation 4 system software			Xbox One system software
	Updates	Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Standby Mode	Automatic updates can be enabled by turning on Automatic Software Updates in System Settings^[156]		Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Rest Mode			Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Instant-on Mode

Notes

Handheld systems

A trend starting from the eighth generation of handheld systems is the general shift from dedicated handheld gaming consoles to mobile gaming on smart devices, such as smartphones and tablets. As such, smart devices have eroded sales of dedicated handheld gaming consoles, with analysts predicting that smart devices will replace handheld gaming consoles in the near future.^[157]

Nintendo 3DS

See main article: Nintendo 3DS.

The Nintendo 3DS is a portable game console produced by Nintendo. It is the successor to the Nintendo DS. The autostereoscopic device is able to project stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or any additional accessories.^[158] The Nintendo 3DS features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS series software, including Nintendo DSi software. Announcing the device in March 2010, Nintendo officially unveiled it at E3 2010,^[159] with the company inviting attendees to use demonstration units.^[160] The console succeeds the Nintendo DS series of handheld systems, which primarily competes with PlayStation Portable.^[161] It competes with Sony's handheld, the PlayStation Vita.^[162]

The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26, 2011; in Europe on March 25, 2011; in North America on March 27, 2011;^{[163] [164]} and in Australia on March 31, 2011. On July 28, 2011, Nintendo announced a major price drop starting August 12. In addition, as of September 2011 consumers who bought the system at its original price have access to ten Nintendo Entertainment System games before they are available to the general public, after which the games may be updated to the versions publicly released on the Nintendo eShop. In December 2011, ten Game Boy Advance games were made available to consumers who bought the system at its original price at no charge, with Nintendo stating it has no plans to release to the general public.^[165]

On June 21, 2012, Nintendo announced a bigger model of the 3DS called the Nintendo 3DS XL. Both screens are 90% larger than the original 3DS, but the resolution is the same. It also has a slightly longer battery life. It was released on July 28, 2012, in Europe and August 19, 2012, in North America as well as Australasia on August 23, 2012, and Brazil on September 1, 2012.^[166]

On August 28, 2013, Nintendo announced a low cost, 2D version of the 3DS called the Nintendo 2DS. This redesign plays all Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS games, albeit without a stereoscopic 3D option. Unlike previous machines of the DS family, the Nintendo 2DS uses a slate-like design instead of a clamshell one. The console launched on October 12 in both Europe and North America^[167] as well as Australasia.^[168]

On August 29, 2014, Nintendo announced an enhanced revision of the 3DS called the New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL. The newer system uses microSD cards rather than full-sized and has a second analog "nub" input, the C-stick, Super-Stable 3D™ (face-tracking technology that allows the glasses-free stereoscopic 3D display to constantly adapt to the user's exact eye position as the player shifts his or her arms and body) and an upgraded processor that allows for more advanced NN3DS-exclusive games (e.g., a 3D port of acclaimed Wii game Xenoblade Chronicles) which cannot be played on the original Nintendo 3DS/2DS, although New Nintendo 3DS can still be played with all 3DS and most DSi games. It was released in Japan on October 11, 2014; in Australasia on November 21, 2014; in Europe on February 13, 2015; in North America on February 13, 2015, for the XL version. The smaller version for North America was released on September 25, 2015, bundled with the game .^[169] In April 2017, Nintendo announced the New Nintendo 2DS XL, released in Japan on July 13, 2017, and in North America on July 28, 2017. It is a streamlined version of the New Nintendo 3DS XL, with identical screen sizes, but with a thinner build and without stereoscopic 3D.

The 3DS family was formally discontinued in September 2020.

PlayStation Vita

See main article: PlayStation Vita.

The PlayStation Vita is the second (and final) handheld game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment.^[170] It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices. It was released in Japan on December 17, 2011^[171] and was released in Europe and North America on February 22, 2012.^{[172] [173]}

The handheld includes two analog sticks, a 5inches OLED/LCD multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, and supports Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and optional 3G. Internally, the PS Vita features a 4-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a 4-core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit (GPU), as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface, which succeeds the XrossMediaBar.^[174]

The device is backward-compatible with a subset of the PSP and PS One games digitally released on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store.^[175] The graphics for PSP releases are upscaled, with a smoothing filter to reduce pixelation.^[176]

Lifetime sales of the Vita have not been released by Sony but have been estimated between 15 and 16 million.^{[177] [178]} Sony discontinued the PlayStation Vita on March 1, 2019,^[179] and has no plans for a successor.^{[180] [181]}

Nintendo Switch Lite

Nintendo released the Nintendo Switch Lite, a hardware revision of the Switch, worldwide on September 20, 2019. Designed as a less expensive version of the Switch, the Switch Lite integrates the Joy-Con onto the hardware unit itself, eliminating some of the Joy-Con's features, which prevents a small number of games in the Switch's library that exclusively require television or tabletop modes from being used on the Switch. Additionally, the Switch Lite cannot be docked. The unit is smaller and lighter than the main Switch console, and uses updated lower-powered hardware that improves its battery performance. It otherwise supports all other features of the Switch, including its communication capabilities.

Handheld comparison

Product	Nintendo 3DS family^[182]	Nintendo Switch Lite	PlayStation Vita (PCH-1000 / PCH-2000)
Image
Manufacturer	Nintendo		Sony (SCE/SIE)
Release dates	Nintendo 3DS: Nintendo 3DS XL: Nintendo 2DS: New Nintendo 3DS: New Nintendo 3DS XL: New Nintendo 2DS XL:		PCH-1000: PCH-2000:
Launch prices	Nintendo 3DS: ¥25,000 ^[183] £/€, set by individual retailers^[184] A$349.95^[185] Nintendo 3DS XL: ¥18,900 £/€, set by individual retailers A$249.90 Nintendo 2DS: £/€, set by individual retailers A$149.95 New Nintendo 3DS: ¥16,000 A$219.95 £/€, set by individual retailers New Nintendo 3DS XL: ¥18,900 A$249.95 £/€, set by individual retailers US$199.99 New Nintendo 2DS XL: US$149.99^[186] A$199.95^[187]		Wi-Fi+3G ¥29,980 €299 £279.99^[188] A$419.95 Wi-Fi ¥24,980 €249 £229.99 A$349.95^[189] PCH-2000 ¥19,929 £180
Current prices	Nintendo 3DS: ¥15,000^[190] ^[191] £/€, set by individual retailers A$249.99		Wi-Fi / Wi-Fi+3G: ¥19,980 ^[192] €199 £, set by individual retailers^[193] A$269.95
Discontinued
Units shipped	75.94 million ^[194]	21.02 million ^[195]
Best-selling game	Mario Kart 7, 18.97 million units ^[196]	Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, 45.33 million units	, 500,000 units ^[197]
Regional lockout	^[198]		^[199]
Backward compatibility	Nintendo DS / Nintendo DSi Downloadable only DSiWare Virtual Console Virtual Console Arcade (3D Classics only) (select games only) Game Boy (select games only) Game Boy Color (select games only) Game Boy Advance (Ambassadors only) (select games only) Game Gear (select games only) Nintendo Entertainment System (select games only) Master System (SEGA 3D Classics only) (select games only) Genesis (SEGA 3D Classics only) (select games only) Super Nintendo Entertainment System (only on New 3DS/3DS XL) (select games only)		Downloadable only PlayStation Portable (select games only) PlayStation (select games only) PlayStation 2 (select games only) Neo Geo AES (select games only) PC Engine (Japan and North America only) (select games only)
Display	Top Screen: Autostereoscopic (3D) LCD (3DS, 3DS XL, New 3DS, New 3DS XL only) 2D LCD (2DS, New 2DS XL only) Screen size: 3DS: 3.53inches 3DS XL: 4.88inches 2DS: 3.53inches New 3DS: 3.88inches New 3DS XL: 4.88inches New 2DS XL: 4.88inches Screen pixel: 3DS/3DS XL/New 3DS/New 3DS XL: 2DS/New 2DS XL: Bottom Screen: 2D LCD resistive touchscreen Screen size: 3DS: 3.02inches 3DS XL: 4.18inches 2DS: 3.02inches New 3DS: 3.33inches New 3DS XL: 4.18inches New 2DS XL: 4.18inches	2D LCD 5.5inches	PCH-1000: 5inches OLED capactive touchscreen PCH-2000: 5inches IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen
	Approximately 16.77 million colors^[200]	Approximately 16.77 million colors	Approximately 16.77 million colors
Autostereoscopy (3D)	Yes (3DS, 3DS XL only) Yes, with 'Super Stable 3D' technology (New 3DS, New 3DS XL only) No (2DS, New 2DS XL only)	No	No
CPU	3DS/3DS XL/2DS: Dual-core ARM11 MPCore & Dual-core VFP Co-Processor New 3DS/New 3DS XL/New 2DS XL: Quad-core ARM11 MPCore & Quad-core VFP Co-Processor	Quad-core Cortex-A57 + quad-core Cortex-A53 @	Quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore^[201]
GPU	Digital Media Professionals PICA200	Nvidia GM20B Maxwell-based GPU	PowerVR SGX543MP4+
RAM	3DS/3DS XL/2DS: 128 MB FCRAM, 6 MB VRAM New 3DS/New 3DS XL/New 2DS XL: 256 MB FCRAM, 10 MB VRAM	LPDDR4	512 MB RAM, 128 MB VRAM^[202]
Camera	One front-facing and a set of two rear-facing 3D 0.3 MP (VGA) camera sensors		Front and rear 0.3 MP (VGA) camera sensors
Audio	Stereo speakers (2) (with pseudo-surround support) Mono speaker (1) (2DS only) Headphone jack	Stereo speakers (2) Headphone jack	Stereo speakers (2) Headphone jack
Storage	1 GB internal flash memory	eMMC	1 GB internal flash memory (PCH-2000 only)
	Supports up to 32 GB SD cards (3DS only) Supports up to 32 GB SD/SDHC cards (3DS XL, 2DS only) Supports up to 32 GB microSD/microSDHC cards (New 3DS, New 3DS XL, New 2DS XL only)	Supports up to 2 TB microSD/HC/XC cards	Supports 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB proprietary removable memory cards
	2 GB SD card included (3DS only) 4 GB SDHC card included (3DS XL, 2DS only) 4 GB microSDHC card included (New 3DS, New 3DS XL, New 2DS XL only)
Media	Nintendo 3DS Game Card (1–8 GB) / Nintendo DS Game Card (8–512 MB) Digital distribution	Nintendo Switch Game Card	PlayStation Vita Game Card (2–4 GB) Digital distribution
User interface	Circle Pad (2× with add-on (3DS/3DS XL only)) C-Stick (New 3DS/New 2DS XL/New 3DS XL Only) D-pad Autostereoscopic (3D) 15:9(5:3) screen (top screen) (2DS and New 2DS XL displays 2D only) Resistive 4:3 touchscreen (bottom screen) 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope Volume slider 3D depth slider (Not available on 2DS/New 2DS XL) Front 2D camera and rear 3D camera sensors Microphone Wireless communications switch (3DS/3DS XL only) SLEEP switch (2DS only) 12 × buttons (X, Y, A, B, L, R (ZL and ZR with add-on or New 3DS/New 2DS XL/New 3DS XL), START, SELECT, HOME, POWER)	2 C-Sticks 1 D-pad Capacitive touchscreen 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope Volume swivel switch 13 x buttons (X, Y, A, B, L, ZL, R, ZR, +, -, HOME, SHARE, POWER)	2 × analog sticks D-pad Capacitive 16:9 touchscreen^[203] Rear touchpad Sixaxis motion sensing (3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope) Three-axis electronic compass Front & rear 2D camera sensors Microphone 12 × buttons (L, R, Start, Select, Home, Volume ±, Power)
Battery	Nintendo 3DS: 1300 mAh lithium-ion battery 3DS Mode: 3–5 hours DS Mode: 5–8 hours Nintendo 3DS XL: 1750 mAh lithium-ion battery 3DS Mode: 3.5–6.5 hours DS Mode: 6–10 hours Nintendo 2DS: 1300 mAh lithium-ion battery^[204] 3DS Mode: 3.5–5.5 hours DS Mode: 6–9 hours New Nintendo 3DS: 1400 mAh lithium-ion battery 3DS Mode: 3.5–6 hours DS Mode: 6.5-10.5 hours New Nintendo 3DS XL: 1750 mAh lithium-ion battery 3DS Mode: 3.5–7 hours DS Mode: 7–12 hours New Nintendo 2DS XL: 1300 mAh lithium-ion battery 3DS Mode: 3.5–5.5 hours DS Mode: 6–9 hours	3570 mAh lithium-ion battery 3–7 hours	PCH-1000: 2200 mAh lithium-ion battery Gameplay: 3–5 hours Video playback: 5 hours Music: 9 hours^[205] PCH-2000: 2210 mAh lithium-ion battery Gameplay: 4–6 hours Video playback: 6 hours Music: 10 hours
Connectivity	Integrated 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi IR port NFC for Amiibo support (only on New 3DS/3DS XL; older 3DS series need to use a 3DS NFC reader accessory)	Integrated 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi @ Bluetooth 4.1 NFC for Amiibo support	Integrated 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi (PCH-1000 model only) Integrated 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi (PCH-2000 model only) 3G (3G model only) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
Console Connection	Wii / Wii U		PlayStation 3 / PlayStation 4
Stylus	3DS: Extendable up to 100mm long 3DS XL/2DS: 96mm long New 3DS: 76.5mm long New 3DS XL/New 2DS XL: 86mm long
Weight	3DS: 235g 3DS XL: 336g 2DS: 260g New 3DS: 253g New 3DS XL: 329g New 2DS XL: 260g	280g	Wi-Fi: 260g Wi-Fi+3G: 279g PCH-2000: 219g
Dimensions	3DS: Width: 134mm Depth: 74mm Height: 21mm 3DS XL: Width: 156mm Depth: 93mm Height: 22mm 2DS: Width: 144mm Depth: 127mm Height: 20.3mm New 3DS: Width: 156mm Depth: 93mm Height: 22mm New 3DS XL/New 2DS XL: Width: 160mm Depth: 93.5mm Height: 21.5mm	Width: 208mm Depth: 91mm Height: 14mm	PCH-1000: Width: 182mm Depth: 83.6mm Height: 18.6mm^[206] PCH-2000: Width: 183.6mm Depth: 85.1mm Height: 15mm^[207]
Online services	Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop Miiverse (discontinued) Nintendo Video (discontinued) Swapnote (Nintendo Letter Box in PAL region) (discontinued) StreetPass StreetPass Mii Plaza (local & online players met) SpotPass Internet Browser	Nintendo Switch Online Nintendo eShop	Sony Entertainment Network PlayStation Network PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Music PlayStation Mobile
	Full game download/installation and automatic updates in the background via SpotPass	Full game download/installation and automatic updates in the background	Full game download/installation in the background
Preloaded applications	Applications Health & Safety Information Nintendo 3DS Camera (Photo + Video Recording and Editing) Nintendo 3DS Sound Nintendo eShop Mii Maker StreetPass Mii Plaza AR Games Face Raiders Swapnote (Nintendo Letter Box in PAL regions) Nintendo Video Netflix (w/ paid subscription) Hulu Plus (w/ paid subscription) YouTube Nintendo Zone Activity Log^[208] Download Play^[209] System Settings Multitasking Applications Game Notes Friend List Notifications Internet Browser Miiverse	Nintendo eShop	Welcome Park near Photos Music Videos PlayStation Store Trophies Friends Party Group Messaging Notifications Internet Browser Email Maps Content Manager Remote Play Cross-Controller Settings
List of games	List of Nintendo 3DS games	List of Nintendo Switch games Can only play games that support handheld mode	List of PlayStation Vita games
System software	Nintendo 3DS system software	Nintendo Switch system software	PlayStation Vita system software

Other handhelds

See also

• 2010s in video games
• List of video game consoles
  • List of home video game consoles
  • List of handheld game consoles
  • List of dedicated video game consoles
  • List of microconsoles
  • List of virtual reality headsets

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2019-06-05. PlayStation Boss: 'One In 20' PS4 Buyers Also Bought PSVR. 2020-07-18. UploadVR. en-US. July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200718184612/https://uploadvr.com/playstation-boss-one-in-20-ps4-buyers-also-bought-psvr/. live.
2. Web site: Bol. Mike. 2019-06-10. Data Point of the Week: 5 Million PSVRs?. 2020-07-18. AR Insider. en-US. July 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719053450/https://arinsider.co/2019/06/10/data-point-of-the-week-5-million-psvrs/. live.
3. Web site: Nvidia Tegra: The Future of Android Gaming. appstorm.net. June 20, 2011. James. Cull. September 20, 2011. September 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120922181253/http://android.appstorm.net/general/app-news/nvidia-tegra-the-future-of-android-gaming/. dead.
4. Web site: Mobile Gaming is Dominating the Gaming Industry . Geekaphone . July 27, 2011 . September 20, 2011 . December 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211224141646/http://geekaphone.com/blog/mobile-games-by-the-numbers/ . dead .
5. News: Nintendo May Fail to Replicate Wii Success as IPhone Games Bloom . Bloomberg.com . June 19, 2011 . June 22, 2011 . Pavel . Alpeyev . June 23, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110623011819/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-19/nintendo-may-fail-to-replicate-wii-success-as-iphone-games-bloom.html . live .
6. News: Sony, Nintendo Place Big Bets on Handhelds . https://archive.today/20200314202136/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BT-CO-20110621-708655 . March 14, 2020. The Wall Street Journal. June 21, 2011 . subscription . June 22, 2011 . Dan. Gallagher.
7. Web site: Will Smart TVs End the Game Console Business?. InvestorPlace. February 9, 2012. February 24, 2012. Anthony John. Agnello. February 12, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120212223209/http://www.investorplace.com/2012/02/will-smart-tvs-end-the-game-console-business-ntdoy-aapl-sne-msft/. live.
8. News: PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years. January 4, 2013. The Guardian. January 4, 2013. London. Keith. Stuart. March 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305144917/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/04/playstation-2-manufacture-ends-years. live.
9. Web site: App Annie & IDC Portable Gaming Report Q2 2013: iOS & Google Play Game Revenue 4x Higher Than Gaming-Optimized Handhelds. App Annie, IDC. August 30, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130822105805/http://blog.appannie.com/app-annie-idc-portable-gaming-report-2013-q2/. August 22, 2013. dead.
10. Web site: Consolidated Sales Transition by Region . July 31, 2013 . July 30, 2013 . Nintendo . https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035526/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e1306.pdf . August 10, 2013 . dead .
11. Web site: Apple Hardware Sales In FY 2012: 125.04M iPhones, 58.23M iPads, 18.1M Macs And 35.2M iPods. October 25, 2012. TechCrunch. June 25, 2017. April 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045316/https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/25/apple-hardware-sales-in-fy-2012-125-04m-iphones-58-23m-ipads-18-1m-macs-and-35-2m-ipods/. live.
12. Web site: Kubba . Sinan . Sony, Microsoft going 'heavily' on free-to-play next-gen, says Epic VP Rein . Joystiq . May 9, 2013 . June 30, 2013 . https://archive.today/20130616073047/http://www.joystiq.com/2013/05/09/sony-microsoft-going-heavily-on-free-to-play-next-gen-says-e/ . June 16, 2013 . dead.
13. Web site: AMD's Saeid Moshkelani on building custom silicon for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Wii U. Engadget. June 12, 2013. Michael. Gorman. August 26, 2017. December 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091839/https://www.engadget.com/2013/06/12/amd-vp-saeid-moshkelani-interview/. live.
14. Web site: AMD won the next-gen console war, and PC gamers could reap the reward. The Verge. June 21, 2013. August 31, 2017. April 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427074452/https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/21/4452488/amd-sparks-x86-transition-for-next-gen-game-consoles. live.
15. Web site: Can Android consoles Ouya, Project Shield challenge PlayStation, Xbox?. Langshaw. Mark. Reynolds. Matthew. DigitalSpy.com. January 13, 2013. March 7, 2013. February 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130215112247/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/news/a450282/can-android-consoles-ouya-project-shield-challenge-playstation-xbox.html. live.
16. Web site: With Ouya, GameStick, Steam Box and more, will 2013 be the year of the 'microconsole'?. Kelly. Tadhg. Edge Online. January 10, 2013. March 7, 2013. March 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130317020927/http://www.edge-online.com/features/with-ouya-gamestick-steam-box-and-more-will-2013-be-the-year-of-the-microconsole/. live.
17. Web site: Digital and Nontraditional: Breaking Down Ouya, Steam Box, And Other New Wave Systems. https://web.archive.org/web/20130221190432/http://www.1up.com/features/breaking-down-ouya-steam-box-new-wave-systems. dead. February 21, 2013. Pereira. Chris. 1Up.com. January 15, 2013. March 7, 2013.
18. Web site: PlayStation 4 in the Works, Sony Confirms . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318084312/http://www.industrygamers.com/news/playstation-4-in-the-works-sony-confirms/ . March 18, 2012 . Brightman . James . May 26, 2011 . IndustryGamers.com . Eurogamer Network Ltd. . dead .
19. News: PlayStation Chief Jack Tretton: How To Sell Vita, Navigate Clouds, and Debut The PS4 . Ewalt . David M. . . August 26, 2017 . July 22, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061800/http://blogs.forbes.com/davidewalt/2011/06/17/playstation-chief-jack-tretton-how-to-sell-vita-navigate-clouds-and-debut-the-ps4/ . live . Interview with Jack Tretton, president and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment America.
20. Web site: Microsoft Hiring Engineers for Next Xbox . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318084321/http://www.industrygamers.com/news/microsoft-hiring-engineers-for-next-xbox/ . March 18, 2012 . Brightman . James . March 7, 2011 . IndustryGamers.com . Eurogamer Network Ltd. . dead .
21. Web site: Microsoft: Xbox 360 'about halfway' through generation . Yoon . Andrew . June 24, 2011 . Shacknews.com . November 19, 2012 . December 4, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121204203827/http://www.shacknews.com/article/69053/microsoft-xbox-360-about-halfway . live .
22. Web site: E3 2009: 360 to Stick Around Until 2015 . IGN . Robinson . Martin . June 4, 2009 . November 11, 2010 . February 20, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140220062417/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/04/e3-2009-360-to-stick-around-until-2015 . live . "The Xbox 360's recently unveiled motion control technology will help extend the console's life span into 2015, according to Microsoft executive Shane Kim."
23. Web site: Nintendo: market is now waiting for new home consoles . . January 27, 2012 . Wesley . Yin-Poole . January 27, 2012 . January 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120130035328/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-01-27-nintendo-market-is-now-waiting-for-new-home-consoles . live .
24. News: Sony Rejects Web-Based PlayStation Console . The Wall Street Journal. subscription. May 31, 2012. https://archive.today/20200314195405/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303640104577436261084921778. March 14, 2020. live. Ian. Sherr. Daisuke. Wakabayashi. May 30, 2012.
25. Web site: Softly, softly: The Xbox One X Launch . Rob . Fahey . November 10, 2017 . April 26, 2021 . . September 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210919000051/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-11-10-softly-softly-the-xbox-one-x-launch . live .
26. Web site: PS4 Pro vs Xbox One X: which 4K console is better? . Niko . Pino . January 16, 2019 . April 26, 2021 . . April 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426144545/https://www.techradar.com/news/ps4-pro-vs-xbox-one-x-how-are-the-mid-generation-consoles-shaping-up . live .
27. Web site: Microsoft ends Xbox backward compatibility, but Project Scarlett will run Xbox One games. Warren. Tom. 2019-06-10. The Verge. 2019-06-10. May 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230501175653/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/10/18660423/microsoft-xbox-backward-compatibility-project-scarlett-e3-2019. live.
28. Web site: Xbox Project Scarlett to Support 4 Generations of Games – E3 2019 . Adam . Bankhurst . June 10, 2019 . June 10, 2019 . . December 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191213215310/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/10/xbox-project-scarlett-to-support-4-generations-of-games-e3-2019 . live .
29. Exclusive: What to Expect From Sony's Next-Gen PlayStation . Peter . Rubin . April 16, 2019 . April 16, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421080115/https://www.wired.com/story/exclusive-sony-next-gen-console/ . live .
30. Web site: Sony clarifies "overwhelming majority" of PS4 games will be backward compatible on PS5 . Matt . Wales . March 20, 2020 . April 8, 2020 . . April 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200406151051/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-03-20-sony-clarifies-overwhelming-majority-of-ps4-games-will-be-backward-compatible-on-ps5 . live .
31. 2010-07-15, Why Are Consoles Banned In China?, Kotaku
32. News: China suspends ban on video game consoles after more than a decade . Carsten . Paul . January 6, 2014 . . September 14, 2019 . November 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191104141539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-gamesconsoles/china-suspends-ban-on-video-game-consoles-after-more-than-a-decade-idUSBREA0606C20140107 . live .
33. Web site: China eliminates all restrictions on gaming consoles . Sophia . Yan . July 27, 2015 . . September 14, 2019 . March 11, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160311071522/http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/27/technology/china-video-game-ban-lifted/index.html . live .
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