Eeny, meeny, miny, moe explained

"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe" – which can be spelled a number of ways – is a children's counting-out rhyme, used to select a person in games such as tag, or for selecting various other things. It is one of a large group of similar rhymes in which the child who is pointed to by the chanter on the last syllable is chosen. The rhyme has existed in various forms since well before 1820^[1] and is common in many languages using similar-sounding nonsense syllables. Some versions use a racial epithet, which has made the rhyme controversial at times.

Since many similar counting-out rhymes existed earlier, it is difficult to know its exact origin.

Current version

A common modern version is:^[2]

The scholars Iona and Peter Opie noted that many variants have been recorded, some with additional words, such as "O. U. T. spells out, And out goes she, In the middle of the deep blue sea" or "My mother [told me/says to] pick the very best one, and that is Y-O-U/you are [not] it"; while another source cites "Out goes Y-O-U."^[3] "Tigger" is also used instead of "tiger" in some versions of the rhyme.^[4] ^[5]

Origins

The first record of a similar rhyme, called the "Hana, man," is from about 1815, when children in New York City are said to have repeated the rhyme:

Mario Arellano de Santiago discovered that this version was in the US, Ireland and Scotland in the 1880s but was unknown in England until later in the century. Bolton also found a similar rhyme in German:

Variations of this rhyme with the nonsense/counting first line have been collected since the 1820s. This is one of many variants of "counting out rhymes" collected by Bolton in 1888:^[6]

A Cornish version collected in 1882 runs:^[7] There are many theories about the origins of the rhyme. They include:

It is descended from Old English or Welsh counting, similar to the old shepherd's count "Yan Tan Tethera" or the Cornish "Eena, mena, mona, mite".
British colonials returning from India introduced a doggerel version of an Indian children's rhyme used in the game of carom billiards:^[8]

It comes from a Swahili poem brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans: Iino ya mmiini maiini mo.^[9]
It comes from a centuries-old, possibly Old Saxon, divination rhyme, argued for in 1957 by the Dutch philologists Jan Naarding and Klaas Heeroma of the (Low Saxon Institute) at the University of Groningen.^[10] The rhyme was recorded in 1904 by Nynke van Hichtum in Goor in the eastern Netherlands.

American, British and South African versions

Some versions of this rhyme used the racial slur "nigger" instead of "tiger". Iona and Peter Opie in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1951), remark that the word "nigger" was common in American folklore, but unknown in any English traditional rhyme or proverb. They quote the following version:^[11]

This version was similar to that reported by Henry Carrington Bolton as the most common version among American schoolchildren in 1888.^[12] It was used in the chorus of Bert Fitzgibbon's 1906 song "Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Mo":^[13] It was also used by Rudyard Kipling in his "A Counting-Out Song", from Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides, published in 1935.^[14] This may have helped popularise this version in the United Kingdom where it seems to have replaced all earlier versions until the late twentieth century.

Variations

There are considerable variations in the lyrics of the rhyme, including from the early twentieth century in the United States of America:

During the Second World War, an AP dispatch from Atlanta, Georgia reported that Atlanta children were heard reciting this version:^[15]

Distinct versions of the rhyme in the United Kingdom, collected in the 1950s & 1960s, include:^[16] ^[17]

In Australia, children sang:^[18]

From Nepal:

Controversies

In 1993, a high school teacher in Mequon, Wisconsin, provoked a student walkout when she said, in reference to poor test performance, "What did you do? Just go eeny, meeny, miny, moe, catch a nigger by the toe?" The school's district superintendent recommended the teacher "lose three days of pay, undergo racial sensitivity training, and have a memorandum detailing the incident placed in her personnel file".^[19]
A jocular use of a form of the rhyme by a Southwest Airlines flight attendant, encouraging passengers to sit down so the plane could take off, led to a 2003 lawsuit charging the airline with intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Two versions of the rhyme were attested in court; both "Eeny meeny miny mo, Please sit down it's time to go" and "Pick a seat, it's time to go". The passengers in question were African American and stated that they were humiliated because of what they called the "racist history" of the rhyme. A jury returned a verdict in favor of Southwest and the plaintiffs' appeal was denied.^[20]
In May 2014, an unbroadcast outtake of BBC motoring show Top Gear showed presenter Jeremy Clarkson reciting the rhyme and deliberately mumbling a line which some took to be "catch a nigger by his toe".^[21] In response to accusations of racism, Clarkson apologised to viewers that his attempts to obscure the line "weren't quite good enough".^[22]
In 2017, the retailer Primark removed from its UK stores a T-shirt that featured the first line of the rhyme as spoken by The Walking Dead character Negan, overlaid with an image of his baseball bat. A customer, minister Ian Lucraft, complained the T-shirt was "fantastically offensive" and claimed the imagery "relates directly to the practice of assaulting black people in America".^[23]

Cultural significance

There are many scenes in books, films, plays, cartoons and video games in which a variant of "Eeny meeny ..." is used by a character who is making a choice, either for serious or comic effect. Notably, the rhyme has been used by killers to choose victims in the 1994 films Pulp Fiction and Natural Born Killers,^[24] ^[25] the 2003 film Elephant,^[26] and the sixth-season finale of the television series The Walking Dead.

Music

The lyrics to "Loose Booty", the sole a-side single from Funkadelic's 1972 album "America Eats Its Young" (1972), opens with this verse:

The vinyl release of Radiohead's album OK Computer (1997) uses the words "eeny meeny miny moe" (rather than letter or numbers) on the labels of Sides A, B, C and D respectively.^[27]

"Iniminimanimo" is a 1999 song by Kim Kay.

Literature

The title of Chester Himes's novel If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945) refers to the rhyme.^[28]

Rex Stout wrote a 1962 Nero Wolfe novella titled Eeny Meeny Murder Mo.

In Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh (1995), the leading character and his three sisters are nicknamed Ina, Minnie, Mynah and Moor.^[29]

Film and television

In the 1930s, animation producer Walter Lantz introduced the cartoon characters Meany, Miny, and Moe (later Meeny, Miney and Mo), first appearing in Oswald Rabbit cartoons, then in their own series.^[30]

The 1933 Looney Tunes cartoon Bosko's Picture Show parodies MGM as "TNT pictures", whose logo is a roaring and burping lion with the motto "Eenie Meanie Minie Moe" in the place of MGM's "Ars Gratia Artis".

The rhyme appears towards the end of 1949 British black comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets. The use of the word nigger was censored for the American market, being replaced by sailor.^[31] The uncensored word was restored for the Criterion Collection edition of the film.

Notes and References

I. & P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 1952), p. 12.
Book: Donna Wood. Move, Sing, Listen, Play. 1971. Alfred Music 01101 Publishing . 1-4574-9680-1. 75.
L. and W. Bauer, Web site: Choosing Who's In/It . 2002 . 2015-05-18.
Web site: eeny-meeny-miney-mo - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes . 2021-09-21. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary .
Web site: 2020-06-25. Childhood nursery rhymes and other 'classic' songs you probably never knew were racist. 2021-09-21. Upworthy. en.
H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888)
Fred Jago The Glossary of the Cornish Dialect (1882)
Nihar Ranjan Mishra, From Kamakhya, a socio-cultural study (New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 2004), p. 157.
Bennett, P.R. (1974). Remarks on a little-known Africanism. Ba Shiru, 6(1), 69-71.
J. Naarding en K.H. Heeroma, Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten, in: Driemaandelijkse Bladen, 1957, p. 37-43. Online at the Twentse Taalbank.
I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 156-8.
H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888, Kessinger Publishing, 2006), pp. 46 and 105.
B. Fitzgibbon, Words and music, "Eeny, meeny, miny, mo"F. B. Haviland Publishing Co (1906).
R. Kipling, R. T. Jones, G. Orwell, eds The Works of Rudyard Kipling (Wordsworth Editions, 1994), p. 771.
Book: Myrdal, Gunnar . Black and African-American Studies: American Dilemma, the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . 1944 . Transaction Publishers . 9781412815116 . en.
I. Opie and P. Opie, Children's Games in Street and Playground (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 36.
Book: Mills, Anne E.. The Acquisition of Gender: A Study of English and German. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 9783642713620. Google Books.
Web site: Missing text can contain the true message. 4 January 2010.
News: Sink . Lisa . 1993-01-19 . Longer suspension for teacher urged . Milwaukee Sentinel .
Web site: Sawyer v. Southwest Airlines . Ca10.washburnlaw.edu . 2005-08-12 . 2011-11-15.
Web site: Jeremy Clarkson: I didn't mean to use N-word – video| News . The Week UK . 2014-05-02 . 2014-05-14.
News: Josh Halliday, Nicholas Watt and Kevin Rawlinson . Jeremy Clarkson 'begs forgiveness' over N-word footage | Media . The Guardian . 2014-05-14.
News: Burke . Darren . 2017-02-21 . Primark pulls 'shocking' and 'racist' Walking Dead t-shirt from stores after Sheffield man's angry complaint . The Star . 2017-02-22.
S. Willis, High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film (Duke University Press, 1997),, p. 199.
J. Naisbitt, N. Naisbitt and D. Philips, High Tech High Touch: Technology and Our Accelerated Search for Meaning (Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2001),, p. 85.
A. Young, The Scene of Violence: Cinema, Crime, Affect (Routledge, 2009),, p. 39.
D. Griffiths, OK Computer (Continuum, 2004), p. 32.
G. H. Muller, Chester Himes (Twayne, 1989),, p. 23.
M. Kimmich, Offspring Fictions: Salman Rushdie's Family Novels(Rodopi, 2008),, p. 209.
J. Lenburg. Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators (Hal Leonard, 2006),, p. 197.
Book: Slide, Anthony . 1998 . Banned in the U.S.A..: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933–1966 . 2008-10-02 . I. B. Tauris . 1-86064-254-3 . 90.