Ecuadorian literature explained

Ecuadorian literature has been characterized for essentially being costumbrista  and, in general, closely linked to events that are exclusively national in nature, with narratives that provide a glimpse into the life of the common citizen.The origins of Ecuadorian literature go back to the ancestral narratives that were passed down from generation to generation. These first stories dealt with fantastical, mythological, and legendary themes.

In recent years, Ecuadorian literature has achieved international notoriety thanks to authors such as Mónica Ojeda and María Fernanda Ampuero.[1] [2]

17th century

Earliest expressions

There are no records of written works before the arrival of the Spaniards. This is mostly due to the fact that the Incas did not have an established writing system, so their legends and other tales had to be passed down orally from generation to generation.[3] [4] However, during the Real Audiencia of Quito, starting in the second half of the 17th century, literary expressions began to appear.[5] The most prominent figures of this period were, Jacinto de Evia—whose El sueño de cielo is considered "the earliest example of the western narrative tradition"—and Jacinto Collahuazo.[6] The first one of these, Bastidas, is considered the first poet of Ecuador, according to literary critic and professor Aurelio Espinosa Pólit. On his part, fellow literary critic Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo had considered Bastidas to be originally from Seville, making the latter's discovery quite controversial.[7] However, once it was proven that he had been born in Guayaquil, he gained historical importance. Along with his student, Jacinto de Evia,[8] [9] Bastidas wrote most of the poems found in the poetry book Ramillete de varias flores poéticas recogidas y cultivadas en los primeros Abriles de sus años por el Maestro Xacinto de Evia, published in Spain during that period. His style corresponds to the culteranismo movement, since Luis de Góngora had a major influence on the poetry of the time. At the same time, the writings of Ecuadorian indigenous peoples are of great importance. The most famous one is Elegía a la muerte de Atahualpa, attributed to Jacinto Collahuazo, a cacique who was born near the city of Ibarra.

18th century

During the 18th century, there was an upsurge in the quality of Ecuadorian poetry, according to literary critic Gonzalo Zaldumbide, who discovered the talent of the man who would become the greatest representative of that century's poetry, Father Juan Bautista Aguirre (1725–1786).[10] Aguirre's culteranismo remains strong and renewed, as well as his themes, which included religion, love, comedy, and mythology. His best known poem is Carta a Lizardo.

In addition to Aguirre, one work that also stands out is the poetry collection Los jesuitas quiteños del extrañamiento, edited by Espinosa Pólit and published in 1960. It includes works by Jesuit writers who were ousted from the Real Audiencia of Quito by King Charles III and who spent the rest of their lives around the city of Faenza, Italy. From there, they started a literary mailing list that would be collected later by Juan de Velasco under the title Colección de poesías varias hechas por un ocioso en la ciudad de Faenza or simply Ocioso de Faenza. The list is extensive and includes names such as Juan de Velasco,,, and others.

Birth of criticism

On the other hand, it is important to mention Eugenio Espejo (1747–1795),[11] who would become one of the first literary critics in Latin America, according to Menéndez y Pelayo.[12] His translation of Longinus's treatise On the Sublime, as well as his criticism of the rhetoric of the sermons given at the time, is remarkable. Ironically, Espejo did not speak well of Bautista Aguirre, although the latter's style was far superior albeit a bit more afectado y extravagante  due to his persistent gongorismo.

19th century

Neoclassicism

Guayaquil-born José Joaquín de Olmedo (1780–1847)[13] was the author of epic poems about the independence of Ecuador and the Americas. He was a purely neoclassical poet and author of well-renowned works, such as La victoria de Junín. Canto a Bolívar—which Simón Bolívar himself objected to at first, due to Olmedo having included Sapa Inca Huayna Capac as one of the protagonists—and Canción al 9 de octubre—which was chosen as the anthem of the city of Guayaquil, with music composed by Ana Villamil Icaza.[14]

Romanticism

Romanticism in Ecuador started with Quito-born poetess Dolores Veintimilla (1830–1857),[15] whose themes included love, the struggle against prejudice, and the longing for unrequited love. Her famous poem ¡Quejas! is an example of the great sadness that plagued her and that would ultimately lead her to commit suicide in the city of Cuenca in 1857.[16] [17]

Other romantic poets were (Quito, 1833–1887)[18] and Numa Pompilio Llona (Guayaquil, 1832–1907). The latter enjoyed great fame both in Ecuador and Peru, where he lived for a time. He served as a diplomat in Spain, Italy, Colombia, and France, where he met Victor Hugo himself.[19]

Regarding romantic narrative, one of its representatives is author Juan León Mera (Ambato, 1832–1894), whose works are considered classics of Ecuadorian and Spanish-speaking literature. His masterpiece, Cumandá o Un drama entre salvajes, is also one of the first Ecuadorian novels and a clear symbol of the ideals of romanticism. He also wrote the National Anthem of Ecuador and a book of short stories, Novelitas ecuatorianas.[20] [21] In the essay genre, Juan Montalvo (1832–1889), is its greatest Ecuadorian representative.[22] His works include Las Catilinarias, Siete tratados, and the novel Capítulos que se le olvidaron a Cervantes. He was a harsh critic of Gabriel García Moreno and dictator Ignacio de Veintemilla.[23] In fact, Montalvo himself helped in removing them from power through his essays, in which he called on the people to rise and topple the dictatorship. This is what one of his famous phrases—Mi pluma lo mató — refers to, regarding García Moreno. He gave Veintemilla the nickname Ignacio de la Cuchilla or Ignacio Cuchilla.[24] [25]

20th century

Generación decapitada

See main article: Generación decapitada. The modernismo literary movement arrived in Ecuador fairly late when compared to other countries. This was due to the constant civil wars the country was going through because of hostilities between conservatives and liberals.[26] However, the representatives of modernismo in Ecuador reached a very high level of prestige throughout the Americas. Even today, they are still included in world poetry anthologies. All of them read Baudelaire, Hugo, Rimbaud, and Verlaine in the original French,[27] and their poetry is full of allusions to death and mysticism.

The four members of modernismo in Ecuador were Medardo Ángel Silva (1898–1919) and Ernesto Noboa y Caamaño (1891–1927), from Guayaquil; and Arturo Borja (1892–1912) and Humberto Fierro (1890–1929) from Quito. These were later referred to as the Generación decapitada, mainly because two of them—Silva[28] [29] and Borja[30] —committed suicide at a young age, while Noboa[31] and Fierro[32] died later in life under unclear circumstances, also believed to have committed suicide. They were also grouped together because of the commonalities found in their poems.

Silva was the one who received the most praise and is considered "the most pure of Ecuadorian modernists"[28] and the finest poet Ecuador has ever had,[33] although he published only one book of poetry during his lifetime, El árbol del bien y del mal. Other Ecuadorian poets also considered modernistas are Alfonso Moreno Mora (Cuenca, 1890–1940)[34] and José María Egas (Manta, 1897–1982).[35]

During the early 20th century, other poets who stood out were Jorge Carrera Andrade (Quito, 1903–1978), whose work is characterized by the constant combination of universal and local themes,[36] as well as Gonzalo Escudero (Quito, 1903–1971),[37] Hugo Mayo (Manta, 1895–1988),[38] and Alfredo Gangotena (Quito, 1904–1944).[39]

La Generación del 30

See main article: Guayaquil Group. Literary realism began in Ecuador with A la costa, a historical novel written by Luis A. Martínez (Ambato, 1869–1909),[40] which professor Felipe Aguilar Aguilar called una de las más grandes novelas ecuatorianas.  On his part, writer Jorge Enrique Adoum referred to it as (...) la primera novela ecuatoriana. Primera expresión de la voluntad de ver y de explicarse el país.  The novel recounts the ups and downs experienced by a boy from a conservative family in Quito when his father dies. He is then forced to work on a hacienda and, at the same time, has to see how his family gradually deteriorates until it disintegrates completely. All this happens against the backdrop of the victory of the liberal revolution. It has been compared to the works of Upton Sinclair.[5]

However, the book that marked the appearance of social themes in literature is Los que se van, a compilation of short stories by Guayaquil-born writers Demetrio Aguilera Malta (1909–1981),[41] Joaquín Gallegos Lara[42] (1909–1947) and Enrique Gil Gilbert (1912–1973).[5] [43] Professor David William Foster referred to the book as:

Aguilera, Gallegos, and Gil, along with José de la Cuadra (1903–1941)[44] and Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco (1908–1993),[45] made up the so-called Grupo de Guayaquil. All these writers were committed to social issues and were determined to show the reality of the cholo montubio through popular parlance, harsh scenes, profanity, and other resources.[46]

The numerous works produced by the members of this group include classics such as Los Sangurimas by José de la Cuadra, Nuestro pan by Enrique Gil Gilbert, Las cruces sobre el agua by Joaquín Gallegos Lara, Siete lunas y siete serpientes by Demetrio Aguilera Malta, and Baldomera by Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco. All these books are well-renowned for their strong social content and for the crudeness with which they portray reality.[47]

However, the greatest example of modern Ecuadorian literature is most likely novelist Jorge Icaza Coronel (1906–1978) and his work Huasipungo,[48] perhaps the Ecuadorian novel that has been translated to the most languages.[49] [50] The novel El chulla Romero y Flores is another famous work by Icaza with relevant social content.[51]

Trying to find a unifying theme in the narrative approaches by the generation of writers of the 1930s is an arduous task, due to the amount of criticism and comments that make it ambiguous to categorize the principles and ideals of a minor literature such as the one from Ecuador. Icaza himself, in his essay, Relato, espíritu unificador, en la generación del año 30, complains about the lack of commitment from Ecuadorian scholars and intellectuals:Moreover, Icaza mentions that this unifying spirit beat in the three groups of Ecuadorian writers located in Guayaquil, in Quito, and in Loja, despite the regional differences, in a country that was in the evolutionary stage of development, forming a society that sought a destiny in the political, economic, and literary spheres, where the capital cities of the montubios, cholos, and indigenous peoples incorporated the presence of national themes in the literature.

Authors and representative works of the 1930s generation include:

Second half of the 20th century

Ecuadorian narrative gained strength once again starting in the 1970s, coinciding with the appearance of major literary magazines such as La bufanda del sol, which began to be published in 1972. The most outstanding works during this time renewed the local narrative by using experimental techniques to transmit messages of political and social criticism. Under this umbrella, iconic novels started to appear, such as Entre Marx y una mujer desnuda by Jorge Enrique Adoum (Ambato, 1926–2009), La Linares by Iván Egüez (Quito, 1944–), El pueblo soy yo by Pedro Jorge Vera (Guayaquil, 1914–1999), and María Joaquina en la vida y en la muerte by Jorge Dávila Vásquez (Cuenca, 1947–).[52] [53]

During this period, novelist Alicia Yánez Cossío (Quito, 1928–) burst onto a literary scene that until then had been dominated by male figures, thanks to the publication in 1973 of her acclaimed novel Bruna, soroche y los tíos.[54] The latter was followed by more than a dozen novels that cemented Yánez's place as the great Ecuadorian author of the 20th century,[54] with a style that mixed criticism of the status of women in society and the search for the mestizo identity with magical realism. Other women writers also stood out in later years: poetess and narrator Sonia Manzano Vela (Guayaquil, 1947–) and essayist Lupe Rumazo (Quito, 1933–).[55] [56]

Several narrative authors also stood out during this time, including Eliécer Cárdenas (Cañar, 1950–2021), particularly with Polvo y ceniza;[53] Jorge Velasco Mackenzie (Guayaquil, 1949–2021), with his novel about marginalization in Guayaquil, El rincón de los justos;[53] and Abdón Ubidia (Quito, 1944–).[53] On the short story genre, the greatest representatives during this time were: (Quito, 1941–),[53] who, with a prolific career as a short story writer managed to win the prestigious Casa de las Américas Award;[57] Javier Vásconez (Quito, 1946–), and (Ibarra, 1947–).

In poetry, César Dávila Andrade (Cuenca, 1918–1967) especially stands out, although also important are: Efraín Jara Idrovo (Cuenca, 1926–2018), Alejandro Carrión (Loja, 1915–1922), Iván Carvajal (San Gabriel, 1948–), Julio Pazos Barrera (Baños, 1944–), Humberto Vinueza (Guayaquil, 1942–2017), Carlos Eduardo Jaramillo Castillo (Loja, 1932–), Euler Granda (Riobamba, 1935–2018), (Quito, 1947–2017), Sonia Manzano Vela, Luis Alberto Costales (Riobamba, 1926–2006)—considered one of the "absentees" of the Eugenio Espejo Award—[58] [59] and Adalberto Ortiz (Esmeraldas, 1914–2003). The latter was known for describing the spirit of the Afro-Ecuadorian population in Ecuador.

21st century

In recent years, Ecuadorian narrative has been marked by the emergence of three women writers who have achieved international renown: Brazilian-born Gabriela Alemán (Rio de Janeiro, 1968–),[60] Mónica Ojeda (Guayaquil, 1988–),[61] and María Fernanda Ampuero (Guayaquil, 1976–).[62] The latter two have described wretched and horrific settings in their work to explore violence, power relations, and family ties,[63] [64] in titles such as Nefando (2016), Mandíbula (2018), and Pelea de gallos (2018). Ojeda, in particular, has received international recognition, including the ALBA Award for Narrative[65] [66] and the Prince Claus Next Generation Award,[67] as well as being a finalist for the Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Award for Novel[68] and the Ribera del Duero Short Narrative Award.[69] [70]

Other writers who have stood out in recent decades are (Manta, 1959–)[71] and (Quito, 1968–).[72]

The most relevant names in poetry today are: (Ambato, 1979–), Carla Badillo Coronado (Quito, 1985–),[73] (Guayaquil, 1977–), María Auxiliadora Balladares (Guayaquil, 1980–), and Mónica Ojeda.[74]

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Vargas . Santiago . Ecuador: los mejores escritores actuales para conocer su literatura, su cultura y su historia . WMagazín . 12 July 2024 . Spanish . 17 January 2024.
  2. Web site: Escritores ecuatorianos . Ministry for Culture and Heritage of Ecuador . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  3. Web site: Inca . . 14 July 2024.
  4. Web site: Exploring the Early Americas - Pizarro and the Incas . . 12 December 2007 . 14 July 2024 . (...) the Inca did not have written language prior to the Spanish Conquest..
  5. Web site: Segreda . Rick . A History of Ecuadorian Literature – Part 1 . Ecuador Fiction . 14 July 2024.
  6. Web site: Jacinto Collahuazo . Ecuadorian Literature . 26 September 2022 . 14 July 2024.
  7. Web site: Antonio de Bastidas . Hispanopedia . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  8. Web site: Jacinto de Evia . . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  9. Web site: Avilés Pino . Efrén . Evia Jacinto de . Enciclopedia del Ecuador . 7 March 2016 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  10. Web site: Juan Bautista de Aguirre . Ecuadorian Literature . November 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  11. Web site: Eugenio Espejo . Ecuadorian Literature . 9 April 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  12. Web site: Volumen 7-carta nº 53. Carta de Pablo Herrera a Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo. Quito, 24 enero 1885 . . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  13. Web site: José Joaquín de Olmedo . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  14. Web site: Avilés Pino . Efrén . Villamil Ycaza Ana . Enciclopedia del Ecuador . April 2016 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  15. Web site: Dolores Veintimilla . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  16. Web site: Dolores Veintimilla . Busca Biografías . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  17. Web site: Martínez D. . Ángeles . La poeta Dolores Veintimilla y su sombra en la ciudad de Cuenca . . 12 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234347/https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/regional/1/la-poeta-dolores-veintimilla-y-su-sombra-en-la-ciudad-de-cuenca . 27 November 2018 . Spanish . 19 October 2014.
  18. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Zaldumbide Gangotena Julio . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico . 10 March 2021 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  19. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Llona y Echeverri Numa Pompilio . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico . 26 January 2021 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  20. Web site: Juan León Mera . El Poder de la Palabra . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  21. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Mera Martínez Juan León . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico . 26 January 2021 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  22. Web site: Lasso Ruales . Andrés . Las Catilinarias, el acto de extenderse para buscar el alma de la república . Revista Plan V . 12 July 2024 . Spanish . 25 August 2023.
  23. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Montalvo Fiallos Juan. Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico . 26 January 2021 . 12 July 2024 . Spanish.
  24. Web site: Galarza Zavala . Jaime . Jaime Galarza Zavala . La confrontación y la mano extendida . . 13 July 2024 . Spanish . 8 June 2017.
  25. Web site: Ayala Mora . Enrique . Enrique Ayala Mora . La obra maestra de la tiranía es la corrupción . Primicias . 13 July 2024 . Spanish . 26 March 2022.
  26. Web site: Flores . Adrián . El contexto histórico del modernismo ecuatoriano . Adrián Flores escritor . 25 September 2020 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  27. Web site: The Decapitated Generation . Ecuadorian Literature . 15 June 2022 . 14 July 2024.
  28. Web site: Medardo Ángel Silva . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  29. Web site: El Guayaquil nocturno que describenlas crónicas de Medardo Ángel Silva . . 13 July 2024 . Spanish . 13 July 2008.
  30. Web site: Avilés Pino . Efrén . Borja Arturo . Enciclopedia del Ecuador . 23 January 2016 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  31. Web site: Ernesto Noboa y Camaaño . Enciclopedia del Ecuador . 9 May 2016 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  32. Web site: Humberto Fierro . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  33. Web site: Espinosa . César . Ecuador: La Generación de Los decapitados y la vanguardia poética (Parte 1) . Escáner Cultural Magazine . 14 July 2024 . Spanish . 7 October 2019.
  34. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Moreno Mora Alfonso . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico. 12 December 2020 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  35. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Egas Miranda José María . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico. 12 December 2020 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  36. Web site: Pérez Pimentel . Rodolfo . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel . Carrera Andrade Jorge . Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel - Diccionario Biográfico. 11 December 2020 . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  37. Web site: Gonzalo Escudero . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  38. Web site: Hugo Mayo . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  39. Web site: Alfredo Gangotena . Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  40. Web site: Luis A. Martinez . Ecuadorian Literature . 13 December 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  41. Web site: Demetrio Aguilera Malta . Ecuadorian Literature . 11 September 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  42. Web site: Joaquín Gallegos Lara . Ecuadorian Literature . 21 October 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  43. Web site: Enrique Gil Gilbert. Ecuadorian Literature . 3 October 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  44. Web site: José de la Cuadra . Ecuadorian Literature . 14 September 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  45. Web site: Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco. Ecuadorian Literature . 7 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  46. Web site: El Grupo de Guayaquil y su huella . . 13 July 2024 . Spanish . 8 July 2010.
  47. Web site: Martillo Monserrate . Jorge . Los escritores del Grupo de Guayaquil por dentro . . 13 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161029115646/https://www.eluniverso.com/2012/07/21/1/1378/escritores-grupo-guayaquil-dentro.html/ . 29 October 2016 . Spanish . 21 July 2012.
  48. Web site: Jorge Icaza . Ecuadorian Literature . 11 September 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  49. Web site: Text Deformation and Paratexts in the English Translation of Huasipungo, by Jorge Icaza . Ecuadorian Literature . 11 September 2020 . 14 July 2024.
  50. Web site: Letras del sur: un viaje por los libros más traducidos de América . Rosario Traducciones . 13 July 2024 . Spanish.
  51. Web site: The Chulla Romero y Flores by Jorge Icaza . Ecuadorian Literature . 25 April 2024 . 14 July 2024.
  52. Web site: Garcia . Alexander . Las novelas 'cuarentonas' de Egüez y Dávila Vásquez, homenajeadas en la Feria del Libro de Guayaquil . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160909185109/http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/novelas-ecuador-lalinares-ivaneguez-jorgedavila.html . 9 September 2016 . Spanish . 8 September 2016.
  53. Web site: Segreda . Rick . A History of Ecuadorian Literature – Part 2 . Ecuador Fiction . 14 July 2024.
  54. Web site: La escritora Alicia Yánez Cossío recibirá un homenaje en la UDLA . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181103200540/https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/cultura/10/aliciayanezcossio-homenaje-udla-quito . 3 November 2018 . Spanish . 17 October 2018.
  55. Web site: Feria del Libro homenajeará a tres escritoras ecuatorianas . Primicias . 24 September 2019 . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191031142941/https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/cultura/lupe-rumazo-sonia-manzano-alicia-yanez-cossio-fil-quito-2019/ . 31 October 2019 . Spanish.
  56. News: María Fernanda Ampuero: "Los grandes autores de Ecuador son mujeres" . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024233/https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/07/29/babelia/1564394515_395159.html . 30 October 2019 . Spanish . 30 July 2019.
  57. Web site: Raúl Pérez Torres . Ecuadorian Literature . 20 January 2021 . 14 July 2024.
  58. Web site: Homenaje a Luis Alberto Costales en la Casa de la Cultura de Chimborazo . Diario Los Andes . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045831/https://diariolosandes.com.ec/homenaje-a-luis-alberto-costales-en-la-casa-de-la-cultura-de-chimborazo/ . 4 August 2018 . Spanish . 8 March 2018.
  59. Web site: 'Premio Espejo': Algunos ausentes . . 14 July 2024 . 3 . Spanish . 17 July 2011.
  60. Web site: Gabriela Alemán: un grito internacional, un eco nacional . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809120824/https://lahora.com.ec/noticia/1102177015/gabriela-aleman-un-grito-internacional-un-eco-nacional . 9 August 2018 . Spanish . 8 August 2018.
  61. News: Pardo . Carlos . Carne de mi carne . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612101850/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/06/08/babelia/1528455001_950607.html . 12 June 2018 . Spanish . 11 June 2018.
  62. Web site: Carrión . Jorge . Los diez libros de ficción del año . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181217051901/https://www.nytimes.com/es/2018/12/16/libros-de-ficcion-rosalia/ . 17 December 2018 . Spanish . 16 December 2018.
  63. Web site: Iglesia . Anna Maria . María Fernanda Ampuero: "En la realidad está el germen del terror" . The Objective . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218161830/http://theobjective.com/further/maria-fernanda-ampuero-realidad-germen-terror/ . 18 December 2018 . Spanish . 27 March 2018.
  64. Web site: Ojeda y Ampuero narran desde y sobre el horror . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218170651/https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/cultura/10/ojeda-ampuero-y-sobre-el-horror . 18 December 2018 . Spanish . 30 March 2018.
  65. Web site: En Cuba se premiará a escritora ecuatoriana Mónica Ojeda . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150224081755/https://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2015/02/14/nota/4553326/cuba-se-premiara-escritora-ecuatoriana . 24 February 2015 . Spanish . 14 February 2015.
  66. Web site: Escritora guayaquileña será premiada en Cuba . Diario Expreso . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125224116/http://www.expreso.ec/historico/escritora-guayaquilena-sera-premiada-en-cuba-GWGR_7530092 . 25 January 2018 . Spanish . 15 February 2015.
  67. Web site: Escritora Mónica Ojeda recibe el premio Prince Claus 2019 Next Generation . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200102010435/https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/2019/09/05/nota/7504141/escritora-monica-ojeda-recibe-premio-prince-claus-2019-next . 2 January 2020 . Spanish . 5 September 2019.
  68. Web site: Ecuatoriana Mónica Ojeda, finalista en bienal mexicana . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401211218/https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/2019/02/16/nota/7190786/ojeda-finalista-bienal-mexicana . 1 April 2019 . Spanish . 16 February 2019.
  69. Web site: Seoane . Andrés . Una 'rentrée' ambiciosa para recuperar el apetito lector . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200902210935/https://elcultural.com/una-rentree-ambiciosa-para-recuperar-el-apetito-lector . 2 September 2020 . Spanish . 31 August 2020.
  70. News: Magela Baudoin, Marcelo Luján y Mónica Ojeda, entre los finalistas del Premio Ribera del Duero . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142754/https://elpais.com/cultura/2020/02/18/actualidad/1582024905_110895.html . 18 February 2020 . Spanish . 18 February 2020.
  71. Web site: Serrano Sánchez . Raúl . Raúl Vallejo: Retrato con bibliografía de fondo . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171127001151/https://www.cartonpiedra.com.ec/noticias/edicion-n-275/1/raul-vallejo-retrato-con-bibliografia-de-fondo . 27 November 2017 . Spanish . 5 February 2017.
  72. Web site: Oscar Vela gana el premio de novela Joaquín Gallegos Lara . La República . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151122170727/https://www.larepublica.ec/blog/cultura/2015/11/21/oscar-vela-gana-el-premio-de-novela-joaquin-gallegos-lara/ . 22 November 2015 . Spanish . 21 November 2015.
  73. Web site: Aguilar . Juan Domingo . 5 poemas de Carla Badillo Coronado . Zenda . 14 July 2024 . Spanish . 28 April 2021.
  74. Web site: Flores . Gabriel . La poesía, una llama que se mantiene viva en el Ecuador . . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200315191001/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/escritores-ecuatorianos-poesia-letras-literatura.html . 15 March 2020 . Spanish . 15 March 2020.

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