Economy of the European Union explained

Country:European Union
Currency:Euro (EUR, €) and 7 others
Organs:WTO, G20, G7 and others
Group:
Year:Calendar year
Population: 448,753,823 (EU27, 1 January 2023 prov. est.)[6]
Gdp:
  • $18.98 trillion (nominal; 2024)[7]
  • $26.64 trillion (PPP; 2024)
Growth:
  • 2.3% (2018)
    1.7% (2019)
    −5.9% (2020)
    5.4% (2021)
Per Capita:
  • $43,300 (nominal; 2024)
  • $59,050 (PPP; 2024)
Sectors:
Inflation:
  • 7.5% (March 2022)[9]
Poverty:
  • 9.8% (2013)
  • 21.4% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE for EU27, 2023)[10]
Gini: 29.6 (EU27, 2018 est.)[11]
Hdi:
Labor:
  • 220,026,545 (2022)[13]
  • 73.1% employment rate (Target: --, EU27; 2019)[14]
  • 72.7% employment rate (EA19, 2019)
Occupations:
Unemployment:
  • 6.0% (EU27, september 2023)[15]
  • 6.5% (EA19, september 2023)
Average Gross Salary:€2,792 monthly (2021)[16]
Average Net Salary:€2,351 monthly (2023)[17]
Exports:$8.705 trillion (2021 est.)[18]
Export-Goods:machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture
Export-Partners:
Imports:$8.037 trillion (2021 est.)
Import-Goods:fuels and crude oil, machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, precious gemstones, textiles, aircraft, plastics, metals, ships
Import-Partners:
Fdi:
  • €4 trillion (inward, 2012)[20]
  • €5.2 trillion (outward, 2012)[21]
Current Account: €161.6 billion; 1.1% of GDP (2015)[22]
Gross External Debt:$13.05 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
Niip: −€2,557.4 billion; 17.5% of GDP (2015)[23]
Debt:
  • 88.1% of GDP (EU27; 2021)[24]
  • €12.741 trillion (EU27; 2021)
Balance:
  • €675.8 billion deficit (EU27; 2021)
  • −4.7% of GDP (2021)
Revenue:46.9% of GDP (EU27; 2021)
Expenses:51.6% of GDP (EU27; 2021)
Aid:donor: ODA, $87.64 billion
Credit:
  • Standard & Poor's

    [25]

  • AA
  • Outlook: Stable
  • Moody's
  • AAA
  • Outlook: Stable
  • Fitch
  • AAA
  • Outlook: Stable
  • Scope:[26]
  • AAA
  • Outlook: Stable
Reserves:$0.6 trillion (2010)[27]
Cianame:european-union
Usebelowbox:yes
Presentus$Asdefault:yes

The economy of the European Union is the joint economy of the member states of the European Union (EU). It is the second largest economy in the world in nominal terms, after the United States, and the third largest at purchasing power parity (PPP), after China and the US. The European Union's GDP is estimated to be $19.35 trillion (nominal) in 2024 or $26.64 trillion (PPP), representing around one-sixth of the global economy.[28] Germany has the biggest national GDP of all EU countries, followed by France and Italy. In 2022, the social welfare expenditure of the European Union (EU) as a whole was 19.5% of its GDP.[29] [30] [31]

The euro is the second largest reserve currency and the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[32] [33] [34] The euro is used by 20 of its members, overall, it is the official currency in 26 countries, in the eurozone and in six other European countries, officially or de facto. The EU as a region has produced the world's second-highest number of Nobel laureates in the economics field.[35]

The European Union economy consists of an internal market of mixed economies based on free market and advanced social models. For instance, it includes an internal single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour.[36] The GDP per capita (PPP) was $56,970 in 2023,[37] compared to $80,410 in the United States, $52,120 in Japan and $28,800 in China.[38] There are significant disparities in GDP per capita (PPP) between member states ranging from $106,372 in Luxembourg to $23,169 in Bulgaria.[39] With a medium Gini coefficient of 30,[40] the European Union has a more egalitarian distribution of income than the world average.[41] [42]

EU investments in foreign countries total $9.1 trillion, while the foreign investments made in the union total $5.1 trillion in 2012, by far the highest foreign and domestic investments in the world.[43] [44] Euronext is the main stock exchange of the Eurozone and the world's fourth largest by market capitalisation.[45] The European Union's largest trading partners are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey, Japan, Norway, South Korea, India, and Canada.[46] In 2022, public debt in the union was 83.5% of GDP, with disparities between the lowest rate, Estonia with 18.5%, and the highest, Greece with 172.6%.[47]

There has been general growth in GDP per capita and employment, but regional differences within EU nations remain, with considerable discrepancies between capital and non-capital areas, particularly in younger Member States.[48] In North-Western Europe, nearly 75% of women are part of the workforce, compared to roughly 68% in Southern Europe.[49] [50]

Currency

See main article: Euro, Eurozone and Single Euro Payments Area. Beginning in the year 1999 with some EU member states, now 20 out of EU states use the euro as official currency in a currency union. The remaining 7 states continue to use their own currency with the possibility to join the euro later. The euro is the most widely used currency in the EU.

Since 1992, the Maastricht Treaty sets out rigid economic and fiscal convergence criteria for the states joining the euro. Starting 1997, the Stability and Growth Pact has been started to ensure continuing economic and fiscal stability and convergence.

Denmark is not a part of the eurozone due to its special opt-outs concerning the later joining of the euro. In contrast, the remaining states can effectively opt out by choosing when or whether to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which is the preliminary step towards joining. They are, however, committed to join the euro by their Treaties of Accession.

Starting with Greece in 2009, five of the 20 eurozone states have been struggling with a sovereign debt crisis, commonly called the European debt crisis. All these states started reforms and got bailout packages (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Cyprus). As of 2015, all countries but Greece have recovered from their debt crisis. Other non-eurozone states also experienced a debt crisis and also went through successful bailout programmes, i.e. Hungary, Romania and Latvia (the latter before it joined the eurozone).[51]

Budget

The EU has a long-term budget, named Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), of €1,082.5 billion for the period 2014–2020, representing 1.02% of the EU-28's GNI.[52]

The overall budget for the period 2021-2027 is of €1.8 trillion combining the MFF of €1,074.3 billion with an extraordinary recovery fund of €750 billion, known as Next Generation EU, to support member states hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.[53]

Sectors

Services

See main article: Capital Markets Union and European Single Market. The services sector is by far the most important sector in the European Union, making up 64.7% of GDP, compared to the manufacturing industry with 23.8% of GDP and agriculture with only 1.5% of GDP.[54]

Financial services are well developed within the Single Market of the Union. Companies have a greater reliance on bank lending than in the United States, although a shift towards companies raising more funding through capital markets is planned through the CMU initiative, the EU plan put forward by the Commission in September 2015 to mobilise the free movement of capital within the EU.[55] The plan aims "to establish the building blocks of an integrated capital market in the EU by 2019".[56] The CMU initiative comprises 33 measures in all.[57] The plan was updated in 2017 and in 2019, since not a single legislation will deliver the CMU.[58] The Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, Mairead McGuinness, former Vice-President of the European Parliament, is responsible for delivery of the initiative.[59] [60] [61] [62]

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the two largest financial centres in Europe, London and Zürich, are outside the European Union.[63] The two largest financial centres remaining within the EU will then be Frankfurt and Luxembourg.

In the European Investment Bank's Investment survey 2021, 58% of firms in the service sector were expecting long term effects of COVID-19.[64] [65] 56% of EU enterprises received governmental help to handle the pandemic's effects.[66] [67] [68]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on sales. 49% of all EU enterprises claimed that their sales decreased since the start of 2020.[66] [69] The pandemic has affected sectors differently, with the number of enterprises losing money in the hotels, restaurants, arts, and leisure industries reaching roughly 25% compared to previous times, and transportation also being affected.[70] [71] [72]

Without government assistance, 35% of European small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in manufacturing and services indicated their businesses would not have survived the effects of the pandemic.[73]

In 2020, 86% of enterprises reported previous-year investment activity, while in 2021 only 79% reported investment. 23% of EU firms changed their investment plans in 2021, with only 3% reporting a higher amount.[66] [74] The highest proportion of enterprises that have reduced their investment plans due to a drop in sales are in Poland, where 49% of firms have reduced investment, and in Belgium, where 47% of firms stated the same.[66] [75]

Most green or digital businesses in the EU operate in manufacturing (33%) or infrastructure (30%). The service sector has the greatest percentage of businesses that have not engaged in digitalisation or the green transition (41%).[76] [77]

EU enterprises were growing in terms of innovation in 2023. 39% of EU enterprises created or introduced new goods, processes, or services in the previous fiscal year, compared to 57% of US firms. In the EU, over 12% of businesses introduced ideas that were novel to the country or the global market.[78] [79] [80] Investment in intangible assets (research and development, software, training, or business processes) by EU enterprises accounted for around 38% of overall investment. Businesses in the EU were also optimistic about 2023, with 14% more predicting an increase rather than a drop in investment.[81]

Agriculture

The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the European Union in the form of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In 2013 this represented approximately €45 billion (less than 33% of the overall budget of €148 billion) of the EU's total spending.[82] It was used originally to guarantee a minimum price for farmers in the EU. This is criticised as a form of protectionism, inhibiting trade, and damaging developing countries; one of the most vocal opponents was the United Kingdom, the second largest economy within the union until its withdrawal in January 2020, which repeatedly refused to give up the annual UK rebate unless the CAP should undergo significant reform; France, the biggest beneficiary of the CAP and the union's third largest (now its second-largest) economy, is its most vocal proponent. The CAP is however witnessing substantial reform. In 1985, around 70% of the EU budget was spent on agriculture. In 2011, direct aid to farmers and market-related expenditure amount to just 30% of the budget, and rural development spending to 11%. By 2011, 90% of direct support had become non-trade-distorting (not linked to production) as reforms have continued to be made to the CAP, its funding and its design.[83]

Tourism

The European Union is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from outside of the Union and citizens travelling inside it. Internal tourism is made more convenient by the Schengen treaty and the euro. All citizens of the European Union are entitled to travel to any member state without the need of a visa.

France is the world's number one tourist destination for international visitors, followed by Spain, Italy, and Germany. It is worth noting, however, that a significant proportion of international visitors to EU countries are from other member states.

Energy

See main article: Energy policy of the European Union.

The European Union has uranium, coal, oil, and natural gas reserves. There are six oil producers in the European Union, primarily in North Sea oilfields. The United Kingdom, whilst it was a member of the European Union was by far the largest producer; Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the Netherlands produce oil.The European Union produced 19.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of crude oil in 2019.The EU is one of the largest consumers of oil, consuming much more than it can produce. It consumed about 350 Mtoe in 2019, importing 96.8% of the oil. The largest suppliers are Russia, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, and Norway.Transport is the largest consumer of oil, at 66.1% in 2019.[84]

All countries in the EU have committed to the Kyoto Protocol, and the European Union is one of its biggest proponents. The European Commission published proposals for the first comprehensive EU energy policy on 10 January 2007.[85]

During the green transition, workers in carbon-intensive industries are more likely to lose their jobs. In the years to come, the transition to a carbon-neutral economy will put more jobs at danger in regions with higher percentages of employment in carbon-intensive industries.[86] [87] [88] Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations.[89]

See also: Renewable energy in the European Union.

Companies

See main article: List of companies of the European Union. The European Union's member states are the birthplace of many of the world's largest leading multinational companies, and home to its global headquarters. Among these are distinguished companies ranked first in the world within their industry/sector, like Allianz and AXA, which are the two largest financial service providers in the world by revenue; WPP plc and Publicis which are the world's largest advertising agencies by revenue; Amorim, which is the world's largest cork-processing and cork producer company; ArcelorMittal, which is the largest steel company in the world; Christian Dior SE[90] which is the biggest fashion group in the world and Inditex is the world’s second biggest fashion group; Groupe Danone, which has the world leadership in the dairy products market.[91]

Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest beer company in the world; L'Oréal Group, which is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company; LVMH, which is the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate; Nokia Corporation, which was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones; Shell plc, Électricité de France, TotalEnergies, Eni which are one of the largest energy corporations in the world; and Stora Enso, which is the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of production capacity, in terms of banking and finance the EU has some of the world's largest notably BNP Paribas, HSBC, Crédit Agricole, Grupo Santander, Société Générale and Groupe BPCE the largest bank in Europe in terms of Market Capitalisation and assets.[92]

Many other European companies rank among the world's largest companies in terms of turnover, profit, market share, number of employees or other major indicators. A considerable number of EU-based companies are ranked among the world's top-ten within their sector of activity.Europe is also home to many prestigious car companies such as Aston Martin, Alpine, BMW, Bugatti, Ferrari, Jaguar, Lamborghini, Land Rover, Maserati, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Volvo, as well as volume manufacturers such as Automobile Dacia, Citroën, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot, Renault, Seat, Volkswagen and more.

In Europe, 33% of jobs are within enterprises that have not digitally transformed. These companies were also less likely to train their employees throughout the COVID-19 outbreak.[66] [93] Across the European Union, the most commonly mentioned investment barrier is the lack of trained labor. 75% of businesses in transition regions found this to be problematic. Numerous reasons, such as demographics and rising demand for skills that are less common on the market, such as those needed to support digitalization activities, might contribute to the lack of competent workers.[94] In all areas of Europe, digital businesses have produced "better" employment with greater earnings than their non-digital counterparts. Additionally, they are more inclined to recognize and reward individuals who do well.[95] [96]

The EU lags significantly behind the US and China in venture capital investments, with the EU capturing only 5% of global venture capital compared to 52% in the US and 40% in China.[97]

Venture capital funds in the EU account for just 5% of the global total, whereas those in the United States and China secure 52% and 40%, respectively. The financing gap for EU scale-ups (companies that have achieved a valuation between $500 million and $10 billion) is significant, with companies raising 50% less capital than those in Silicon Valley. This disparity exists across industries and is unaffected by the business cycle or year of establishment.[98]

European scale-ups face significant challenges in securing sufficient financing compared to their counterparts in the United States. Venture capital in the EU has been historically lower, amounting to only 0.3% of the EU's annual GDP. This is compared to almost 0.19% in the United States. While the EU has about 50% of the number of companies with a market valuation below $500 million compared to the United States, this share drops to 10-15% for companies with valuations between $500 million and $10 billion.

The following is a list of the largest EU based stock market listed companies in 2022. The ordered by revenue in millions of US Dollars and is based on the Fortune Global 500.

Fortune top 10 EU corporations by revenue (2022)[99] ! World rank !! Corporation !! Ticker !! Revenues ($m) !! Profits ($m) !! Assets ($m) !! Employees !! Headquarters !! Industry
8 Volkswagen GroupVWAGY $295,819.8 $18,186.6 $601,028.4 672,789 Motor vehicle and parts
27 TTE $184,634 $16,032 $293,458 101,309 Petroleum refining
29 STLA $176,663 $16,789.1 $195,297.9 281,595 Motor vehicle and parts
38 DMLRY $158,306.1 $27,200.8 $295,427.8 172,425 Motor vehicle and parts
47 ALIZY $144,516.6 $7,815.2 $1,295,530.8 155,411 Insurance: Life, health
48 AXAHY $144,446.8 $8,623.9 $881,733.3 92,398 Insurance: Life, health
56 — $132,894.2 $873.7 $170,164.6 19,140 Energy
59 BMWYY $131,521.6 $14,639.6 $260,972.2 118,909 Munich Motor vehicle and parts
62 DTEGY $128,630.8 $4,937.4 $320,209.9 216,528 Telecommunications
72 ARZGY $117,155 $3,366.1 $666,537.8 74,621 Insurance: Life, health

Economies of member states

Wealth

The twelve new member states of the European Union have enjoyed a higher average percentage growth rate than their elder members of the EU. Slovakia has the highest GDP growth in the period 2005–2015 among all countries of the European Union (See Tatra Tiger). Notably the Baltic states have achieved high GDP growth, with Latvia topping 11%, close to China, the world leader at 9% on average for the past 25 years (though these gains have been in great part cancelled by the late-2000s recession).[100]

Reasons for this growth include government commitments to stable monetary policy, export-oriented trade policies, low flat-tax rates and the utilisation of relatively cheap labour. In 2015 Ireland had the highest GDP growth of all the states in EU (25.1%).The current map of EU growth is one of huge regional variation, with the larger economies suffering from stagnant growth and most of the newer states enjoying sustained, robust economic growth.

In mid-2021, the European Union's gross saving rate was 18% of gross disposable income, higher above the prior COVID-19 pandemic average of 11–13%.[66] [101] In the second quarter of 2020, families' primary income fell by 7.3% compared to the second quarter of 2019, and their secondary income (from social security payments and other transfers) increased by 6.5% of gross income.[66] [102] [103]

Although EU27 GDP is rising, the percentage of gross world product is decreasing because of the emergence of economies such as China, India and Brazil.

In the tables below, colours indicate and performer of the year concerned.

Member statedata-sort-type="number" 2013data-sort-type="number" 2014data-sort-type="number" 2015data-sort-type="number" 2016data-sort-type="number" 2017data-sort-type="number" 2018data-sort-type="number" 2019data-sort-type="number" 2020data-sort-type="number" 2021data-sort-type="number" 2022data-sort-type="number" 2023Yearly growth
(2013–2023)
Austria0.00.71.02.02.32.41.5-6.64.24.8-0.81.05
Belgium0.51.62.01.31.61.82.2-5.36.93.01.41.54
Bulgaria-0.50.93.43.02.72.74.0-4.07.73.91.82.33
Croatia-0.4-0.42.53.63.43.03.4-8.513.07.03.12.65
Cyprusbgcolor=#FFDDDD-6.6bgcolor=#FFDDDD-1.83.46.65.75.65.5-3.49.95.12.52.95
Czech Republic0.02.35.42.55.23.23.0-5.53.62.4-0.31.96
Denmark0.91.62.33.22.82.01.5-2.46.82.71.92.11
Estonia1.53.01.93.25.83.84.0-1.07.2bgcolor=#FFDDDD-0.5-3.02.35
Finland-0.9-0.40.52.83.21.11.2-2.42.81.3-1.00.75
France0.61.01.11.12.31.91.8-7.56.42.50.71.08
Germany0.42.21.52.22.71.01.1-3.83.21.8-0.21.09
Greece-2.50.5bgcolor=#FFDDDD-0.2bgcolor=#FFDDDD-0.51.11.71.9-9.38.45.62.00.79
Hungary1.84.23.72.24.35.44.9-4.57.14.6-0.92.98
1.28.824.51.89.38.55.36.615.19.4bgcolor=#FFDDDD-3.27.94
Italy-1.80.00.81.31.70.90.5-9.08.34.00.90.69
Latvia2.01.93.92.43.34.00.6-3.56.73.0-0.32.18
Lithuania3.63.52.02.54.34.04.70.06.32.4-0.33.00
Luxembourg3.22.62.35.01.31.22.9-0.97.21.4-1.12.28
Malta5.57.69.63.410.97.47.1-8.212.58.15.66.32
Netherlands-0.11.42.02.22.92.42.0-3.96.24.30.11.77
Poland0.93.84.43.05.15.94.4-2.06.95.30.23.45
Portugal-0.90.81.82.03.52.82.7-8.35.76.82.31.75
Romania0.34.13.22.98.26.03.9-3.75.74.12.13.35
Slovakia0.62.75.21.92.94.02.5-3.34.81.91.62.20
Slovenia-1.02.82.23.24.84.53.5-4.28.22.51.62.55
Spain-1.41.43.83.03.02.32.0bgcolor=#FFDDDD-11.26.45.82.51.60
Sweden1.22.74.52.12.62.02.0-2.26.12.7-0.22.14
(27)-0.11.62.32.02.82.11.8-5.66.03.50.41.52
Eurozone (20)-0.21.42.01.92.61.81.6-6.15.93.40.41.34
EU member states by GDP (nominal) in millions of €[104]
Member statedata-sort-type="number" 2013data-sort-type="number" 2014data-sort-type="number" 2015data-sort-type="number" 2016data-sort-type="number" 2017data-sort-type="number" 2018data-sort-type="number" 2019data-sort-type="number" 2020data-sort-type="number" 2021data-sort-type="number" 2022data-sort-type="number" 2023data-sort-type="number" Change from 2013 to 2023data-sort-type="number" Change in percentage
Austria323.910333.146344.269357.608369.362385.274397.147380.889405.241447.218477.249153.33947.34%
Belgium392.880403.003416.701430.085445.050460.051478.676460.748507.930554.044582.583189.70348.29%
Bulgaria42.05643.02545.79848.75252.50256.20061.53161.60871.06085.80193.94851.892123.39%
Croatia44.60744.19445.49947.65450.32953.20256.13150.94758.89868.37076.47231.86571.43%
Cyprus18.04017.48317.94419.01420.31221.67523.17822.08724.92827.77729.75711.71764.95%
160.470158.992170.527179.146196.739213.505229.407220.311246.012286.977317.387156.91797.79%
Denmark259.531265.636272.193282.265294.355301.017308.546312.118345.236382.309376.430116.89945.04%
Estonia18.91120.04820.63121.74823.83425.93227.95127.43031.16936.01137.68218.77199.26%
Finland204.321206.897 211.385217.518226.301233.462239.858238.038250.664267.687274.88070.55934.53%
France2,117.189 2,149.7652,198.4322,234.1292,297.2422,363.3062,437.6352,317.8322,502.1182,639.0922,803.100685.91132.40%
Germany2,811.3502,927.4303,026.1803,134.7403,267.1603,365.4503,474.1103,403.7303,617.4503,876.8104,121.1601,309.81046.59%
Greece179.884 177.236176.369174.494176.903179.558183.347165.015181.500206.620220.30340.41922.47%
Hungary102.240106.264112.791116.256127.025136.055146.555137.920153.980168.550196.39194.15192.09%
179.286195.470263.507269.725298.528327.441356.357375.250434.070506.282504.620325.334181.46%
Italy1,612.7511,627.4061,655.3551,695.7871,736.5931,771.3911,796.6491,661.2401,821.9351,962.8462,085.376472.62529.31%
Latvia22.79123.62624.57225.37126.984 29.15430.57330.11033.34938.38640.31017.51976.87%
Lithuania35.04036.58137.34638.89042.27645.51548.95949.87356.47867.39972.04837.008105.62%
Luxembourg49.09551.79154.14256.20858.16960.12162.43264.52472.36177.52979.31030.21561.54%
Malta7.9448.7519.99710.54111.93713.04414.29713.35215.32417.43219.38211.438143.98%
Netherlands660.463671.560690.008708.337738.146773.987813.055796.530870.587958.5491,032.841372.37856.38%
Poland388.356406.413429.835424.735465.773499.004532.505526.147576.383654.594747.748359.39292.54%
Portugal170.492173.054 179.713186.490195.947205.184214.375200.519216.053242.341265.52595.03355.74%
Romania142.929 150.522160.288167.494186.399206.072224.179220.487241.611284.174324.578181.649127.09%
Slovakia74.493 76.35580.12681.26584.67089.87594.43093.444100.256109.645122.15647.66363.98%
Slovenia36.45437.63438.85340.44343.01145.87648.58247.04552.27957.03863.09026.63673.07%
Spain1,020.6771,032.6081,078.0921,114.4201,162.4921,203.8591,245.5131,119.0101,222.2901,346.3771,462.070441.39343.25%
Sweden441.851438.834 455.495466.267480.026470.673476.870480.556540.734561.785548.373106.52224.11%
(27)11,516.14111,782.56412,215.76512,548.31413,075.68013,534.33614,019.67413,471.03314,639.39815,919.17716,962.3915,446.25047.29%
Eurozone (20)9,980.50510,213.92810,568.98310,864.26211,275.01511,653.03212,042.89611,517.20712,474.43613,507.07414,372.4654,391.96044.01%
Member statedata-sort-type="number" 2013data-sort-type="number" 2014data-sort-type="number" 2015data-sort-type="number" 2016data-sort-type="number" 2017data-sort-type="number" 2018data-sort-type="number" 2019data-sort-type="number" 2020data-sort-type="number" 2021data-sort-type="number" 2022data-sort-type="number" 2023Change from 2013 to 2023Change in percentage
Austria38,21038,99039,890 40,92042,00043,59044,74042,72045,27049,40052,25014,43038.15%
Belgium35,21035,95036,96037,96039,13040,26041,660 39,93043,84847,43049,54014,77042.48%
Bulgaria5,7905,9606,3806,840 7,4208,0008,8208,88010,33013,27014,5808,790151.81%
10,480 10,43010,81011,42012,19013,00013,80012,59014,88017,50019,7009,23088.16%
Cyprus20,93020,51021,17022,33023,63024,91026,28024,76027,69030,43032,1009,53042.22%
15,28015,14016,230 17,04018,70020,27021,74020,98023,43026,67029,18013,90090.97%
Denmark46,24047,07047,90049,27051,06051,95053,04053,54058,97064,73063,29017,05036.87%
Estonia14,320 15,24015,71016,53018,12019,66021,10020,64023,43027,04027,59013,27092.67%
Finland37,57037,88038,570 39,58041,080 42,32043,44043,04045,23048,17049,28011,71031.17%
France32,080 32,420 33,020 33,43034,23035,04035,98034,08036,67038,55040,8008,98028.22%
Germany34,860 36,15037,050 38,07039,53040,59041,81040,93043,48046,26048,75014,62042.84%
Greece16,410 16,27016,30016,19016,45016,73017,10015,42017,06019,53020,9204,51027.48%
Hungary10,33010,77011,460 11,85012,98013,920 15,00014,15015,86017,41020,48010,15098.26%
38,81042,01056,12056,80062,16067,37072,32075,35086,49098,99095,29056,480145.53%
Italy26,740 26,980 27,48028,21028,940 29,58030,08027,95030,82032,98035,4408,45031.31%
Latvia11,32011,85012,430 12,95013,90015,13015,98015,84017,71020,35021,44010,12089.40%
Lithuania11,85012,48012,86013,56014,950 16,25017,52017,84020,11023,82025,07013,220111.56%
Luxembourg90,36093,09095,07096,33097,52098,890100,700102,350113,050118,710118,77031,14035.54%
Malta18,68020,17022,49023,19025,54026,93028,33025,91029,57032,77035,34016,66089.19%
Netherlands39,300 39,820 40,730 41,59043,09044,92046,88045,67049,65054,15057,77018,80048.24%
Poland10,090 10,56011,18011,05012,12012,99013,870 13,72015,10017,30019,8409,75096.63%
16,300 16,64017,35018,06019,02019,95020,84019,47020,99023,53025,7409,44057.91%
Romania7,1507,5608,0908,500 9,51010,58011,56011,43012,63014,92017,0309,880138.18%
13,76014,09014,78014,96015,57016,50017,32017,11018,43019,98022,0908,33060.54%
Slovenia17,70018,25018,83019,59020,820 22,14023,260 22,37024,80027,05029,75012,05068.07%
Spain21,91022,23023,23023,99024,98025,76026,44023,63025,82028,28030,3208,27037.51%
Sweden46,02045,26046,48046,99047,73046,26046,39046,42051,91053,69052,0406,87015.21%
(27) 26,01026,58027,50028,19029,320 30,29031,31030,05032,69035,44037,61011,84045.94%
Eurozone (20)29,240 29,87030,82031,59032,710 33,73034,76033,19035,95038,73040,99011,99041.34%
Member statedata-sort-type="number" 2011data-sort-type="number" 2012data-sort-type="number" 2013data-sort-type="number" 2014data-sort-type="number" 2015data-sort-type="number" 2016201720182019202020212022
Austria27.427.627.027.627.227.227.926.827.527.026.727.8
Belgium26.326.525.925.926.226.326.125.725.125.424.124.9
Bulgaria35.033.635.435.437.037.740.239.640.840.039.738.4
Croatia31.230.930.930.230.4 29.829.929.729.228.329.228.5
Cyprus29.231.0 32.434.833.632.130.829.131.129.329.429.4
25.224.9 24.625.125.0 25.124.524.024.024.224.924.8
Denmark26.626.5 26.827.727.4 27.727.627.927.527.327.027.7
Estonia31.932.5 32.935.634.832.731.630.630.530.530.631.9
Finland25.825.9 25.425.6 25.225.425.325.926.226.525.726.6
France30.830.5 30.1 29.229.2 29.329.328.529.229.229.329.8
Germany29.028.329.7 30.730.1 29.529.131.129.730.531.228.8
Greece33.534.334.434.534.234.333.432.331.031.432.431.4
Hungary26.927.228.328.628.228.228.128.728.028.027.627.4
29.830.530.731.129.8 29.530.628.928.328.326.927.9
Italy32.532.432.832.432.4 33.132.733.432.832.532.932.7
Latvia35.135.735.235.535.434.534.535.635.234.535.734.3
Lithuania33.032.034.635.0 37.937.037.636.935.435.135.436.2
Luxembourg27.228.030.428.7 28.5 31.030.931.332.331.229.629.5
Malta27.227.127.927.728.1 28.528.328.728.030.331.231.1
Netherlands25.825.425.126.226.7 26.927.127.426.828.226.426.3
Poland31.130.930.730.830.629.829.227.828.527.226.826.3
Portugal34.234.534.234.534.0 33.933.532.131.931.233.032.0
Romania33.534.034.635.037.434.733.135.134.833.834.332.0
Slovakia25.725.324.226.123.724.323.220.922.820.921.821.2
Slovenia23.823.724.425.024.5 24.423.723.423.923.523.023.1
Spain34.034.233.734.734.634.534.133.233.032.133.032.0
Sweden26.026.026.026.926.7 27.628.027.027.626.926.827.6
30.530.430.6 30.930.8 30.630.330.430.230.030.229.6
Eurozone30.630.530.731.030.730.730.430.630.230.030.229.6

Labour market

The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018.[105] The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1%. Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3%), Germany and Poland (both 3.4%), and the highest in Spain (12.3% in 2024) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018).

Unemployment rate

The following table shows the history of the unemployment rate for all European Union member states:

Member state[106] data-sort-type="number" 2009data-sort-type="number" 2010data-sort-type="number" 2011data-sort-type="number" 2012data-sort-type="number" 2013data-sort-type="number" 2014data-sort-type="number" 2015data-sort-type="number" 2016data-sort-type="number" 2017data-sort-type="number" 2018data-sort-type="number" 2019data-sort-type="number" 2020data-sort-type="number" 2021data-sort-type="number" 2022data-sort-type="number" 2023
5.04.94.74.65.45.65.65.95.84.94.84.86.74.24.5
8.08.56.97.18.38.58.78.27.76.1 5.54.96.75.65.6
6.39.911.212.113.011.910.08.16.45.3 4.54.45.94.34.2
8.910.813.715.516.517.716.614.011.99.0 7.06.58.26.56.6
4.66.76.910.714.916.216.213.012.28.9 7.66.37.85.96.3
5.97.76.86.97.26.55.64.13.32.12.02.0bgcolor=#BBFFDDD3.4bgcolor=#BBFFDDD2.3bgcolor=#BBFFDDD2.6
5.37.67.47.77.16.66.46.16.05.1 5.44.85.74.54.6
4.311.919.214.011.19.17.96.75.56.14.65.16.75.46.7
7.68.57.97.68.18.49.29.48.98.0 6.36.77.56.46.6
8.99.39.19.510.310.210.310.29.59.2 8.67.48.17.47.1
7.67.36.15.45.35.14.84.33.93.5 3.23.83.82.92.8
9.111.616.022.727.126.926.023.922.320.217.815.917.112.911.2
9.611.411.111.310.67.97.35.64.63.53.23.44.03.23.8
11.113.214.315.013.612.09.88.97.25.95.15.07.75.14.1
7.68.48.010.511.912.712.411.611.711.010.17.410.08.37.8
14.820.416.715.911.911.19.89.78.87.76.47.47.67.06.0
11.617.816.514.012.111.59.38.17.66.66.17.26.56.97.6
5.44.64.75.15.76.06.46.45.75.65.66.56.14.54.9
6.66.96.56.56.25.95.75.14.03.93.73.93.83.02.8
3.95.14.85.56.97.87.06.45.13.93.32.94.63.33.5
7.910.09.49.810.69.77.86.55.03.83.63.03.93.02.7
10.111.612.515.017.214.713.212.19.97.66.66.36.65.76.8
6.07.36.87.0 6.97.06.76.25.24.43.84.55.95.75.5
10.714.913.613.714.113.611.910.28.67.05.86.07.26.56.0
5.36.9 8.17.910.810.19.28.37.05.54.44.55.04.03.7
17.419.520.723.926.325.223.020.218.015.914.214.415.413.511.7[107]
7.88.87.97.58.38.07.57.36.46.17.36.89.57.67.2
8.69.79.510.310.910.59.79.48.57.56.86.47.46.26.0

Public finance

Member statedata-sort-type="number" Public deficit as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : –3%)[108] 		data-sort-type="number" Public debt as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : 60%)[109] 		data-sort-type="number" HICP inflation rate (2021)
Max. 4.9% (as of 1 June 2022)[110] [111] 		data-sort-type="number" Long-term interest rate (2021)
Max. 2.6% (as of 1 June 2022)[112]
Austria–3.278.4 2.8 –0.09
Belgium–3.9105.13.2 –0.01
Bulgaria–2.822.92.8 0.19
Croatia0.468.42.7 0.45
Cyprus2.186.52.3 0.37
–3.644.13.3 1.90
Denmark3.330.11.9 –0.06
Estonia–0.918.44.5 0.06
Finland–0.973.42.1 –0.09
France–4.7111.62.10.01
Germany–2.666.3 3.2 –0.37
Greece–2.3171.30.6 0.88
Hungary–6.273.35.23.06
1.644.72.4 0.06
Italy–8.0144.41.9 0.81
Latvia–4.440.83.2 0.00
Lithuania–0.638.44.6 0.16
Luxembourg0.224.63.5–0.36
Malta–5.853.40.7 0.5
Netherlands0.051.02.8–0.33
Poland-3.749.15.2 1.95
Portugal–0.4113.90.90.30
Romania–6.247.34.13.62
Slovakia–2.057.82.8–0.08
Slovenia–3.069.92.00.07
Spain–4.8113.23.00.35
Sweden0.733.0 2.70.27
–3.484.02.90.39
Eurozone–3.691.5 2.60.06

Trade

The European Union is the largest exporter in the world[113] and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services.[114] [115] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.[116]

The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries.The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government.[116]

In 2023, over half of EU enterprises exported products or services (51%), while 53% imported goods or services.[117] [118] [119] Slovenia, Slovakia, Austria, and the Czech Republic are the countries with the most exporting businesses, Malta and Cyprus have the fewest.[120] [121]

+Main trading partners (2021)[122]
PartnerImports
(mil €)		%
total		Exports
(mil €)		%
total		Total
trade
(mil €)		%
total
2,118,818 100% 2,180,623 100% 4,299,442 100%
1 472,71522,2%223,41310,3%696,12716,2%
2 232,45411,0%399,39118,3%631,84514,7%
3 146,9276,9%283,60313,0%430,53010,0%
4 123,6725,8%156,4807,2%280,1526,5%
5 162,3427,7%89,2754,1%251,6175,9%
6 77,9833,7%79,2553,6%157,2383,7%
7 74,6663,5%56,5322,6%131,1983,1%
8 62,2692,9%62,3512,9%124,6212,9%
9 55,4402,6%51,8572,4%107,2972,5%
10 46,1552,2%41,8441,9%87,9992,1%
11 32,9171,6%33,8561,6%66,7731,6%
12 35,5761,7%28,4111,3%63,9871,5%
13 23,3841,1%37,7181,7%61,1011,4%
14 23,4571,1%37,2491,7%60,7061,4%
15 24,0741,1%28,2931,3%52,3671,2%
16 38,5071,8%10,6280,5%49,1361,1%
17 20,8421,0%25,0071,2%45,8491,1%
18 22,0591,0%22,0101,0%44,0691,0%
19 17,9790,9%25,1331,2%43,1121,0%
20 15,6040,7%27,2761,3%42,8801,0%
21 9,2070,4%33,0721,5%42,2791,0%
22 29,1521,4%11,7620,5%40,9141,0%
23 9,4260,4%29,8131,4%39,2390,9%
24 12,5990,6%24,2571,1%36,8560,9%
25 22,0441,0%13,3110,6%35,3550,8%
26 13,9980,7%18,3050,8%32,3040,8%
27 19,0990,9%12,6450,6%31,7440,7%
28 9,0530,4%21,5481,0%30,6010,7%
29 6,8540,3%23,4681,1%30,3220,7%
30 17,5140,8%11,1690,5%28,6830,5%
Trade with partner country groupings (2012)

! Partner! Imports
(mil €)! %
total! Exports
(mil €)! %
total! Total
trade
(mil €)! %
total

Total EU 1,791,727 100% 1,686,774 100% 3,478,501 100%
ACP99,1965,5%86,6525,1%185,8485,3%
Andean Community17,7281,0%11,7380,7%29,4670,8%
ASEAN100,0355,6%81,3244,8%181,3605,2%
BRIC577,51332,2%345,19820,5%922,71126,5%
CACM9,5460,5%5,3540,3%14,9000,4%
EU Candidate Countries55,3863,1%89,6545,3%145,0404,2%
CIS273,50515,3%172,64110,2%446,14612,8%
EFTA208,73911,7%186,22211,0%394,96111,4%
Latin America Countries109,9786,1%110,2976,5%220,2756,3%
MEDA (excl. EU and Turkey)73,3414,1%92,8125,5%166,1534,8%
Mercosur49,1962,7%50,2663,0%99,4612,9%
NAFTA255,65714,3%351,09020,8%606,74617,4%
Main trade partners[123] ! colspan="3"
2008200920102011
Exports (million euro)Imports (million euro)Total Trade (million euro)ExportsImportsTotal TradeExportsImportsTotal TradeExportsImportsTotal Trade
Total EU 1,319,819 1,582,932 2,902,751 1,101,746 1,234,317 2,336,063 1,360,059 1,531,043 2,891,102 1,561,890 1,726,514 3,288,404
247,818 182,351 430,169 203,587 154,862 358,449 242,451 173,067 415,518 263,791 191,555 455,346
78,276 247,815 326,091 82,391 214,238 296,629 113,426 282,509 395,935 136,372 293,693 430,065
104,843 178,294 283,137 65,587 118,122 183,709 86,134 160,709 246,843 108,355 199,922 308,277
100,537 82,348 182,885 88,693 80,570 169,263 110,401 85,228 195,629 142,022 93,202 235,224
43,698 95,888 139,586 37,476 68,864 106,340 41,914 78,981 120,895 46,678 93,813 140,491
42,347 76,177 118,524 35,932 58,233 94,165 43,948 67,258 111,206 49,018 69,549 118,567
54,415 45,963 100,378 44,385 36,228 80,613 61,747 42,397 104,144 73,096 48,143 121,239
31,349 29,540 60,889 27,477 25,414 52,891 34,866 33,308 68,112 40,558 39,906 80,464
25,491 39,565 65,056 21,596 32,370 53,966 27,957 39,391 67,348 32,510 36,175 68,685
26,302 35,855 62,157 21,574 25,926 47,500 31,466 33,238 64,704 35,752 38,939 74,691
25,468 25,043 50,511 21,934 19,285 41,219 26,758 24,697 51,455 29,885 30,708 60,593
22,213 16,137 38,350 20,404 14,579 34,983 24,550 18,760 43,310 27,256 19,184 46,440
20,800 24,597 45,397 16,083 19,229 35,312 21,755 20,406 42,161 26,212 21,807 48,019
21,081 22,001 43,082 19,068 11,766 30,834 23,216 16,300 39,516 26,401 28,440 54,841
11,595 24,069 35,660 10,021 17,875 27,896 14,782 24,138 38,920 16,212 24,230 40,532
21,786 12,258 34,044 19,667 13,277 32,944 27,250 14,302 41,552 30,763 10,969 41,732
26,689 13,785 40,474 21,930 9,923 31,853 26,955 12,454 39,409 31,159 14,944 46,103
15,391 28,259 43,650 14,807 17,410 32,217 15,584 21,069 36,653 17,279 27,844 45,123
5,836 35,308 41,144 6,484 20,870 27,354 7,087 29,230 36,317 2,093 10,444 12,537
21,976 13,981 35,597 15,988 10,135 26,123 21,342 13,748 35,090 23,908 16,985 40,893

Regional variation

See main article: List of European regions by GDP. Comparing the richest areas of the EU can be a difficult task. This is because the NUTS 1 & 2 regions are not homogenous, some of them being very large regions, such as NUTS-1 Hesse (21,100 km2) or NUTS-1 Île-de-France (12,011 km2), whilst other NUTS regions are much smaller, for example NUTS-1 Hamburg (755 km2). An extreme example is Finland, which is divided for historical reasons into mainland Finland with 5.3 million inhabitants and Åland, an autonomous archipelago with a population of 27,000, or about the population of a small Finnish city.

One problem with this data is that some areas are subject to a large number of commuters coming into the area, thereby artificially inflating the figures. It has the effect of raising GDP but not altering the number of people living in the area, inflating the GDP per capita figure. Similar problems can be produced by a large number of tourists visiting the area.The data is used to define regions that are supported with financial aid in programs such as the European Regional Development Fund.The decision to delineate a Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) region is to a large extent arbitrary (i.e. not based on objective and uniform criteria across Europe), and is decided at European level (See also: Regions of the European Union).

NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions

See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP and First-level NUTS of the European Union. The top 10 NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions with the highest GDP per capita are almost all, except one, in the first fifteen-member states: Prague is the only one in the 13 new member states that joined in May 2004, January 2007 and July 2013. The leading regions in the ranking of NUTS-2 regional GDP per inhabitant in 2019 were the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (260%), the Southern region of Ireland (240%), and Prague, Czech Republic (205%). Figures for these three regions, however, were artificially inflated by the commuters who do not reside in these regions ("Net commuter inflows in these regions push up production to a level that could not be achieved by the resident active population on its own. The result is that GDP per inhabitant appears to be overestimated in these regions and underestimated in regions with commuter outflows.".[125] Another example of artificial inflation is Groningen. The calculated GDP per capita is very high because of the large natural gas reserves in this region, but Groningen is one of the poorest parts in the Netherlands.

Among the 16 NUTS-2 regions exceeding the 160% level in 2020, two were in Belgium, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands and one each in the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden, as well as in the single region Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The NUTS Regulation lays down a minimum population size of 3 million and a maximum size of 7 million for the average NUTS-1 region, whereas a minimum of 800,000 and a maximum of 3 million for NUTS-2 regions.[126] This definition, however, is not respected by Eurostat. For example, the région of Île-de-France, with 11.6 million inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-2 region, while the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, with only 664,000 inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-1 region.

Top NUTS-2 regions
RankNUTS-2 regionMember stateGDP per capita (2022)
In eurosAs % of EU-27 average
1.Southern101,200 286%
2.Luxembourg90,900 257%
3.Eastern and Midland87,600 247%
4.Prague73,400 207%
5.Brussels69,500 196%
6.Hamburg69,100 195%
7.Capital Region of Denmark67,800 191%
8.Bucharest - Ilfov62,900 177%
9.Upper Bavaria60,000 169%
10.North Holland59,400 168%
11.Île-de-France57,900 163%
12.Warsaw57,200 162%
13.South Tyrol56,900 161%
12.Stockholm56,700 160%
13.Utrecht56,400 159%
15.Budapest56,100 158%
16.Walloon Brabant54,000 152%
17.Salzburg49,500 148%
18.Voralberg52,500 147%
19.Darmstadt52,000 146%
20.Bratislava51,900 146%
Top NUTS-1 regions[127]
RankNUTS-1 regionMember stateGDP per capita (2022)
In eurosAs % of EU-27 average
1.Luxembourg90,900 257%
2. Ireland Ireland83,300 235%
3.Brussels-Capital Region Belgium69,500 196%
4.Hamburg69,100 195%
5.Île-de-France57,900 163%
6.West Netherlands Netherlands51,500 145%
7.Bremen51,000 144%
8.Bavaria48,300 136%
9.East Sweden48,200 136%
10.Denmark47,700 135%

Among the lowest regions in the ranking in 2021 most were in Bulgaria, with the lowest figure recorded in South-Central Region.Among the poorest 20 regions, six were in Greece, five in Bulgaria, three in Hungary, two in France and one each in Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.

Bottom NUTS-2 regions
RankNUTS-2 regionMember stateGDP per capita (2022)
In eurosAs % of EU-27 average
1.Mayotte10,600 30%
2.North-West14,100 40%
3.French Guiana14,300 40%
4.North Aegean14,500 41%
5.North-Central14,800 42%
6.South-Central15,400 43%
7.North-East16,300 46%
7.Pannonian Croatia16,400 46%
8.Epirus16,500 47%
9.Eastern Macedonia and Thrace16,800 47%
11.North-East17,100 48%
12.Western Greece17,300 49%
13.Northern Great Plain17,600 50%
14.Great Hungarian Plain17,700 50%
15.Eastern Slovakia18,400 52%
16.Thessaly18,500 52%
17.Southern Transdanubia18,500 52%
18.Central Macedonia18,800 53%
19.Podkarpackie19,200 54%
20.Lublin19,100 54%
Bottom NUTS-1 regions
RankNUTS-1 regionMember stateGDP per capita (2022)
In eurosAs % of EU-27 average
1.Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria16,800 47%
2.Voreia Ellada18,300 52%
3.Alföld és Észak18,400 52%
4.Macroregiunea Doi18,400 52%
5.Region Wschodni19,500 55%
7.Aegean Islands, Crete20,100 57%
7.Kentriki Ellada20,300 57%
8.Départements d'outre mer20,400 58%
9.Insular Italy22,000 62%
10.Transdanubia22,800 64%

See also

References

The following links are used for the GDP growth and GDP totals (IMF):

External links

Notes and References

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