| Nyulnyulan | |
| Region: | along Fitzroy River, Dampier Peninsula in the Kimberley region |
| Family: | One of the world's primary language families |
| Familycolor: | Australian |
| Glotto: | nyul1248 |
| Glottorefname: | Nyulnyulan |
| Child1: | Eastern |
| Child2: | Western |
| Map: | Nyulnyulan languages.png |
| Mapcaption: | Nyulnyulan languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey) |
The Nyulnyulan languages are a small family of closely related Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Western Australia. Most languages in this family are extinct, with only three extant languages, all of which are almost extinct.
The languages form two branches established on the basis of lexical and morphological innovation.[1]
Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Nyulnyulan languages:[2]
| gloss | Warrwa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| man | aːmba | waːmb | waːmba | waːmba | waːmba | |
| woman | ɔranj | worinj | djando | djando | djando | |
| head | nalm | nalm | maru | maru | ŋalma | |
| eye | nem | nem | bani | nimelgar | nimelgar | |
| nose | nimäl | nimäl | ? nimäl | ŋunidjina | ŋunidjina | |
| mouth | niler | niler | djawa | niler | niler | |
| tongue | neaŋal | neaŋal | djälän | djälän | djälän | |
| stomach | noŋ | noŋ | ŋalu | nuŋu | noŋ | |
| bone | gɛndj | gɛndj | gändji | gändji | gändji | |
| blood | welgar | welgar | gunbulu | gunbulu | gunbulu | |
| kangaroo | buru | bardjani, burug | bardjanan | bardjani | bardjani | |
| opossum | läŋgur | läŋgur | goiɛ | läŋgur | guɳɖuman | |
| emu | inini | winin | ganaŋandja | ganaŋandja | ganaŋandja | |
| crow | waŋgede | waŋged | djawari | waŋgaɳa | waŋgide | |
| fly | mogonj | mogonj | bɛːrambin | waɳmin | waɳmin | |
| sun | alg | waːlg | waːlga | baɽa | waːlga | |
| moon | gunjul | gunjul | giliban | gilinman, giridin | giliman, giridin | |
| fire | djuŋgu | djuŋgu | djuŋgu | djuŋgu | djuŋgu | |
| smoke | gungud | gungud | ŋuɽun | duwi | duwi | |
| water | wol, uŋgur | wol, wuŋgur | wula | wela | wela |
Some lexical isoglosses between Proto-Western Nyulnyulan and Proto-Eastern Nyulnyulan:
| gloss | Proto-Western Nyulnyulan | Proto-Eastern Nyulnyulan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rotten | Uncoded languages: *biini | Uncoded languages: *mandu | |
| leaf | Uncoded languages: *bilibil | Uncoded languages: *wirrkiny | |
| bush country | Uncoded languages: *bindan | Uncoded languages: *birra | |
| kangaroo | Uncoded languages: *burruk | Uncoded languages: *barrjaniny | |
| tree, stick | Uncoded languages: *bardangk | Uncoded languages: *baalu | |
| arrive, come | Uncoded languages: *darr | Uncoded languages: **-bula | |
| yes | Uncoded languages: *iyi | Uncoded languages: *ngawayi | |
| later, soon | Uncoded languages: *karrm | Uncoded languages: *wanyji | |
| egg | Uncoded languages: *lakurr | Uncoded languages: *kambiy | |
| good | Uncoded languages: *layib | Uncoded languages: *maabu | |
| nose | Uncoded languages: *-mal | Uncoded languages: *nguni | |
| seek | Uncoded languages: **-mi | Uncoded languages: **-murungu | |
| knowledgeable | Uncoded languages: *-mungk | Uncoded languages: *nila | |
| small | Uncoded languages: *murrul | Uncoded languages: *wuba | |
| mud | Uncoded languages: *ngijil | Uncoded languages: *jabula ~ Uncoded languages: *jakula | |
| sister | Uncoded languages: *marrir | Uncoded languages: *ngunu | |
| forehead | Uncoded languages: *-nkarra | Uncoded languages: *jirrbal | |
| thigh | Uncoded languages: *-nmurr | Uncoded languages: *balngany | |
| tail | Uncoded languages: *-warla | Uncoded languages: *makarra | |
| woman | Uncoded languages: *wurany | Uncoded languages: *jarndu |
| Proto-Nyulnyulan | |
| Familycolor: | Australian |
| Target: | Nyulnyulan languages |
The following reconstruction of Proto-Nyulnyulan is from Stokes and McGregor (2003):[3]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Nyulnyulan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | and | Uncoded languages: *a | |
| 2. | head | Uncoded languages: *-alma | |
| 3. | child | Uncoded languages: *baaba | |
| 4. | scorpion | Uncoded languages: *baarn | |
| 5. | deaf (ENN forget) | Uncoded languages: *bab | |
| 6. | brother (older) (B+) | Uncoded languages: *babala | |
| 7. | Uncoded languages: *bakarl | ||
| 8. | when | Uncoded languages: *bana | |
| 9. | feather (ENN bird) | Uncoded languages: *bandal | |
| 10. | Uncoded languages: *baninyburu | ||
| 11. | smell | Uncoded languages: **-banyju | |
| 12. | poison for stunning fish | Uncoded languages: *banyjud | |
| 13. | east | Uncoded languages: *banu | |
| 14. | full up | Uncoded languages: **-bardika | |
| 15. | cover over, extinguish |
| |
| 16. | Uncoded languages: *barni | ||
| 17. | exchange, reflexive/reciprocal IV | Uncoded languages: **-barnj | |
| 18. | think | Uncoded languages: **-barribarri | |
| 19. | Uncoded languages: *barrjaniny | ||
| 20. | cold season, winter | Uncoded languages: *barrkana | |
| 21. | turkey, bustard | Uncoded languages: *barrkar | |
| 22. | catfish | Uncoded languages: *barulu | |
| 23. | behind | Uncoded languages: *baybirr | |
| 24. | shade | Uncoded languages: *biika | |
| 25. | twinkle, twitch | Uncoded languages: *bilbil | |
| 26. | aggressive, wild, angry, fight | Uncoded languages: *bili | |
| 27. | soul, spirit | Uncoded languages: *bilyurr | |
| 28. | butterfly, moth | Uncoded languages: *bindabinda | |
| 29. | long pearlshell pendant | Uncoded languages: *binyjabinyja | |
| 30. | Uncoded languages: *binyjin | ||
| 31. | spring | Uncoded languages: *birlarr | |
| 32. | hit, kill | Uncoded languages: *-bu | |
| 33. | flower | Uncoded languages: *bubu | |
| 34. | nape of neck | Uncoded languages: *buda | |
| 35. | dream, dreamtime | Uncoded languages: *bukarri | |
| 36. | middle, in between, on the way | Uncoded languages: *bulngurru | |
| 37. | tired, exhausted | Uncoded languages: *bulyji | |
| 38. | bite | Uncoded languages: **-bundarr(a) | |
| 39. | shit, excrement | Uncoded languages: *burda | |
| 40. | dance | Uncoded languages: *burrb | |
| 41. | string | Uncoded languages: *burrurr | |
| 42. | camp, place, country | Uncoded languages: *buru | |
| 43. | blow | Uncoded languages: *buu | |
| 44. | ant species | Uncoded languages: *buya | |
| 45. | hammer | Uncoded languages: *da | |
| 46. | deaf | Uncoded languages: *dakidaki | |
| 47. | chin, lower jaw | Uncoded languages: *dangku | |
| 48. | turn | Uncoded languages: *dibirr | |
| 49. | kidney | Uncoded languages: *dilba | |
| 50. | fly | Uncoded languages: *dumbarra | |
| 51. | drink | Uncoded languages: **-(i)bi | |
| 52. | ask | Uncoded languages: **-jabala | |
| 53. | see | Uncoded languages: **-jala | |
| 54. | pelican | Uncoded languages: *jalinymarr | |
| 55. | fall | Uncoded languages: **-jalku | |
| 56. | magic power, healing potential | Uncoded languages: *jalngka | |
| 57. | doctor (medicine man) | Uncoded languages: *jalngkangurru | |
| 58. | cousin | Uncoded languages: *jalwal | |
| 59. | mother’s father (MF) | Uncoded languages: *jam | |
| 60. | axe | Uncoded languages: *jamiyunu | |
| 61. | wife’s father (WF) | Uncoded languages: *jamunyarri | |
| 62. | where | Uncoded languages: *jana | |
| 63. | tread, step, trample | Uncoded languages: **-janbu | |
| 64. | calf | Uncoded languages: *jangkala | |
| 65. | break | Uncoded languages: **-jangkulu | |
| 66. | split | Uncoded languages: *ja(r)l | |
| 67. | harmonic generation | Uncoded languages: *jarndu | |
| 68. | lift up, carry | Uncoded languages: *jarrbard | |
| 69. | tooth | Uncoded languages: *jarringk | |
| 70. | say, do | Uncoded languages: **-ji ~ *-di | |
| 71. | downwards | Uncoded languages: *jidlarra | |
| 72. | boomerang | Uncoded languages: *jiiba | |
| 73. | down, below, inside | Uncoded languages: *jimbin | |
| 74. | spear type | Uncoded languages: *jinal | |
| 75. | shooting star | Uncoded languages: *jirirr | |
| 76. | sing | Uncoded languages: *jirrmu | |
| 77. | corpse | Uncoded languages: *jiwarri | |
| 78. | tell | Uncoded languages: **-julnga | |
| 79. | fire | Uncoded languages: *jungku | |
| 80. | suck | Uncoded languages: *juny | |
| 81. | run | Uncoded languages: *jurnk | |
| 82. | downwards | Uncoded languages: *jurr | |
| 83. | snake | Uncoded languages: *jurru | |
| 84. | pour out | Uncoded languages: *jur(r)urr | |
| 85. | carry | Uncoded languages: **-ka | |
| 86. | bone | Uncoded languages: *kaanyji | |
| 87. | father’s mother | Uncoded languages: *kabali | |
| 88. | liver (ENN, except Jk guts) | Uncoded languages: *kabir | |
| 89. | ashes (cold) | Uncoded languages: *kajurd | |
| 90. | lose, drop | Uncoded languages: **-kalbarr | |
| 91. | up, above | Uncoded languages: *kalbu | |
| 92. | already, finished | Uncoded languages: *kaliya | |
| 93. | father’s father (FF) | Uncoded languages: *kalurd | |
| 94. | mother’s mother (MM) | Uncoded languages: *kamirda | |
| 95. | murderer, ritual killer | Uncoded languages: *kanarbin | |
| 96. | become fat/well nourished | Uncoded languages: **-kanb | |
| 97. | laugh | Uncoded languages: **-ka(n)ma | |
| 98. | spit, saliva | Uncoded languages: *kararr | |
| 99. | enter, go in | Uncoded languages: **-kard | |
| 100. | clapsticks | Uncoded languages: *karn- | |
| 101. | kangaroo species, large | Uncoded languages: *karrabulu | |
| 102. | shield | Uncoded languages: *karrbina | |
| 103. | call out | Uncoded languages: *kawu | |
| 104. | choke, strangle | Uncoded languages: *kiny | |
| 105. | this, he, she, it | Uncoded languages: *kinya | |
| 106. | Uncoded languages: *kudarrawany | ||
| 107. | two | Uncoded languages: *kujarra | |
| 108. | west | Uncoded languages: *kularr | |
| 109. | Uncoded languages: *kulamana | ||
| 110. | sleep | Uncoded languages: *kulin | |
| 111. | yellow | Uncoded languages: *kumbarri | |
| 112. | blood | Uncoded languages: *kunbulu | |
| 113. | carry on shoulder, shoulder | Uncoded languages: *kundi | |
| 114. | brain, spinal marrow | Uncoded languages: *kunykuny | |
| 115. | saltwater turtle | Uncoded languages: *kurlibil | |
| 116. | Uncoded languages: *kurridi | ||
| 117. | sky | Uncoded languages: *kurrwal | |
| 118. | blood | Uncoded languages: *kururr | |
| 119. | pearlshell | Uncoded languages: *kuwan | |
| 120. | ear | Uncoded languages: *-lababa | |
| 121. | climb | Uncoded languages: *lakal | |
| 122. | hear | Uncoded languages: **-lakarra | |
| 123. | dry | Uncoded languages: *lalka | |
| 124. | ear passage | Uncoded languages: *-lamarr | |
| 125. | throat, neck | Uncoded languages: *langan | |
| 126. | know, understand, recognise | Uncoded languages: **-langka | |
| 127. | possum | Uncoded languages: *langkurr | |
| 128. | steal, abduct | Uncoded languages: *lanyb | |
| 129. | fat, grease | Uncoded languages: *layda | |
| 130. | sour taste | Uncoded languages: *limba | |
| 131. | sour taste | Uncoded languages: *linyju | |
| 132. | Uncoded languages: *linykurra | ||
| 133. | mouth | Uncoded languages: *-lirr | |
| 134. | heart, emotion | Uncoded languages: *liyan | |
| 135. | Uncoded languages: *lungkura | ||
| 136. | bum | Uncoded languages: **-lurru | |
| 137. | put | Uncoded languages: **-ma | |
| 138. | afternoon | Uncoded languages: *majal | |
| 139. | path, road | Uncoded languages: *makirr | |
| 140. | Uncoded languages: *malbulu | ||
| 141. | nose | Uncoded languages: *-mal(ul) | |
| 142. | shadow, reflected image | Uncoded languages: *-mandarr | |
| 143. | Uncoded languages: *mangkayarra | ||
| 144. | throat | Uncoded languages: *-manya | |
| 145. | arm, hand | Uncoded languages: *-marla | |
| 146. | hungry | Uncoded languages: *marr- | |
| 147. | bum | Uncoded languages: **-marra | |
| 148. | shadow, reflection | Uncoded languages: *-marraj | |
| 149. | head | Uncoded languages: *marru | |
| 150. | vegetable food | Uncoded languages: *mayi | |
| 151. | armpit | Uncoded languages: *-mbarrma | |
| 152. | foot | Uncoded languages: *-mbala | |
| 153. | male of species | Uncoded languages: *mida | |
| 154. | shin, knee | Uncoded languages: *-midi | |
| 155. | lie, untruth | Uncoded languages: *miila | |
| 156. | be sitting down | Uncoded languages: *mijala | |
| 157. | arise, get up, wake up | Uncoded languages: **-milka | |
| 158. | stick implement | Uncoded languages: *milkin | |
| 159. | ankle, joint | Uncoded languages: *mil(y)ku | |
| 160. | grandparent/grandchild (diminutive) | Uncoded languages: *mimi | |
| 161. | eye | Uncoded languages: *-miny | |
| 162. | only | Uncoded languages: *minyjan | |
| 163. | Uncoded languages: *nawurla | ||
| 164. | devil, bad spirit | Uncoded languages: *ngaarri | |
| 165. | Uncoded languages: *ngabaliny | ||
| 166. | spongy, hollow | Uncoded languages: *ngak | |
| 167. | cry | Uncoded languages: **-ngalka | |
| 168. | breast | Uncoded languages: *ngamarna | |
| 169. | language, speech, speak | Uncoded languages: *nganka | |
| 170. | interrogative particle | Uncoded languages: *nganyji | |
| 171. | leave | Uncoded languages: **-ngarl | |
| 172. | night? | Uncoded languages: *ngimbirr | |
| 173. | belly | Uncoded languages: *-ngu | |
| 174. | alone, by oneself | Uncoded languages: *ngudirr | |
| 175. | throw | Uncoded languages: **-ngula | |
| 176. | beard (WNN feelers of catfish) | Uncoded languages: *ngul(y)ku | |
| 177. | ashes | Uncoded languages: *ngurlun | |
| 178. | piss, urine | Uncoded languages: *ngurndu | |
| 179. | night | Uncoded languages: *ngurra | |
| 180. | be, sit | Uncoded languages: **-ni ~ Uncoded languages: *-nga | |
| 181. | sandhill | Uncoded languages: *niimar(r) | |
| 182. | Uncoded languages: *nimanburru | ||
| 183. | true, really | Uncoded languages: *ningarra | |
| 184. | tasty, sweet | Uncoded languages: *niyarra | |
| 185. | corroboree, song | Uncoded languages: *nulu | |
| 186. | hot, sweat | Uncoded languages: *nundurr | |
| 187. | alive | Uncoded languages: *nunyji | |
| 188. | fire, (hot) coals | Uncoded languages: *nurru | |
| 189. | get, catch, pick up | Uncoded languages: **-nya | |
| 190. | pierce, spear | Uncoded languages: **-ra | |
| 191. | parent-in-law (male) (WF?, HF) | Uncoded languages: *rambarr | |
| 192. | parent-in-law (female) (WM, HM) | Uncoded languages: *rangin | |
| 193. | pubic covering for initiated man | Uncoded languages: *riiji | |
| 194. | charcoal | Uncoded languages: *rirrka | |
| 195. | eat | Uncoded languages: **-rli | |
| 196. | exchange, return, in turn, barter | Uncoded languages: *rurrb | |
| 197. | anus | Uncoded languages: *-uru | |
| 198. | suddenly, unexpectedly | Uncoded languages: *waangka | |
| 199. | frog type | Uncoded languages: *walak | |
| 200. | sun | Uncoded languages: *walka | |
| 201. | man | Uncoded languages: *wamba | |
| 202. | coolamon type | Uncoded languages: *wandarl | |
| 203. | wind | Uncoded languages: *wangal | |
| 204. | young man | Uncoded languages: *wangalangu | |
| 205. | spider, spiders web, net | Uncoded languages: *wangkarra | |
| 206. | wattle type | Uncoded languages: *wangkaya | |
| 207. | crow | Uncoded languages: *wangkidi | |
| 208. | other | Uncoded languages: *warany | |
| 209. | one | Uncoded languages: *waranyjarri | |
| 210. | north | Uncoded languages: *wardiya | |
| 211. | meat | Uncoded languages: *warli | |
| 212. | rag, cloth | Uncoded languages: *wara | |
| 213. | rib | Uncoded languages: *wiirri | |
| 214. | Uncoded languages: *winini | ||
| 215. | louse | Uncoded languages: *wirnka | |
| 216. | taste, try | Uncoded languages: **-wirrik | |
| 217. | give | Uncoded languages: **-wu | |
| 218. | water | Uncoded languages: *wula | |
| 219. | joke, fun | Uncoded languages: *wungul | |
| 220. | crawl | Uncoded languages: *yadab | |
| 221. | husband (H, HB) | Uncoded languages: *yaku | |
| 222. | ahead, front, first | Uncoded languages: *yalirr | |
| 223. | standing | Uncoded languages: *yalku | |
| 224. | south (WNN south wind) | Uncoded languages: *yalmban | |
| 225. | lick | Uncoded languages: *yaly | |
| 226. | tongue | Uncoded languages: *-yangala | |
| 227. | who, what | Uncoded languages: *yangki | |
| 228. | Uncoded languages: *yarnkal | ||
| 229. | no, not | Uncoded languages: *yarri | |
| 230. | father (F, FB) | Uncoded languages: *yibala | |
| 231. | sickness | Uncoded languages: *yiika | |
| 232. | dog | Uncoded languages: *yila | |
| 233. | disharmonic generation | Uncoded languages: *yinar | |
| 234. | wattle type (used for spears) | Uncoded languages: *yirrakulu | |
| 235. | tree type (boomerang) | Uncoded languages: *yirrkili | |
| 236. | descend, sink, go down | Uncoded languages: *yuwurr |
The following reconstruction of Proto-Western Nyulnyulan is from Stokes and McGregor (2003):[3]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Western Nyulnyulan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 237. | bad, sick, trouble | Uncoded languages: *alik | |
| 238. | no, not | Uncoded languages: *arri | |
| 239. | open | Uncoded languages: *baab | |
| 240. | belt, girdle | Uncoded languages: *baali | |
| 241. | blind | Uncoded languages: *bamburr | |
| 242. | now, today, when | Uncoded languages: *banangkarr | |
| 243. | groin | Uncoded languages: *bandakar(r) | |
| 244. | praise | Uncoded languages: **-(ba)ngar | |
| 245. | finish | Uncoded languages: **-bany | |
| 246. | stick, tree | Uncoded languages: *bardangk | |
| 247. | skin, bark (of tree) | Uncoded languages: *bardun | |
| 248. | Uncoded languages: *barnkard | ||
| 249. | tie | Uncoded languages: **-barrkand | |
| 250. | yesterday | Uncoded languages: *bayirdi | |
| 251. | rotten | Uncoded languages: *biini | |
| 252. | strong, firm, fearless | Uncoded languages: *biinmal | |
| 253. | leaf | Uncoded languages: *bilibil | |
| 254. | bush country | Uncoded languages: *bindan | |
| 255. | bad luck | Uncoded languages: *bindikal | |
| 256. | cold | Uncoded languages: *binyj | |
| 257. | long | Uncoded languages: *-birndi | |
| 258. | mother (M, MZ) | Uncoded languages: *birray | |
| 259. | blunt | Uncoded languages: *buna | |
| 260. | swell up | Uncoded languages: **-bungkum | |
| 261. | kangaroo (generic) | Uncoded languages: *burruk | |
| 262. | arrive, emerge, come | Uncoded languages: *darr | |
| 263. | true | Uncoded languages: *darrgal | |
| 264. | hard (not soft) | Uncoded languages: *diwa | |
| 265. | wipe | Uncoded languages: *duk | |
| 266. | three | Uncoded languages: *irrjuwarr | |
| 267. | yes | Uncoded languages: *iyi | |
| 268. | return | Uncoded languages: *jakurd | |
| 269. | fear | Uncoded languages: **-jarik | |
| 270. | go | Uncoded languages: **-jid | |
| 271. | touch | Uncoded languages: **-jiding | |
| 272. | die | Uncoded languages: **-jimb | |
| 273. | arms akimbo | Uncoded languages: *jimbijimb | |
| 274. | downwards | Uncoded languages: *jimbilad | |
| 275. | stand up, come to a stand | Uncoded languages: *jirrjirr | |
| 276. | wash | Uncoded languages: **-juluk | |
| 277. | back | Uncoded languages: *-ka | |
| 278. | wander about, roam | Uncoded languages: **-kal | |
| 279. | approach, come up to | Uncoded languages: **-kalak | |
| 280. | fire drill | Uncoded languages: *kalib | |
| 281. | scratch | Uncoded languages: **-kand | |
| 282. | vomit | Uncoded languages: **-kanyb | |
| 283. | yam type | Uncoded languages: *karangkam | |
| 284. | body | Uncoded languages: *-karda | |
| 285. | bird | Uncoded languages: *karrambal | |
| 286. | sharp | Uncoded languages: *karrji | |
| 287. | later, soon | Uncoded languages: *karrm | |
| 288. | scent, smell | Uncoded languages: *kiir | |
| 289. | appearance, shape, form | Uncoded languages: *-kinbal | |
| 290. | wet (of object) | Uncoded languages: *kubad | |
| 291. | father | Uncoded languages: *kubul | |
| 292. | squeeze | Uncoded languages: *kuly | |
| 293. | wedge | Uncoded languages: *kumb | |
| 294. | throat | Uncoded languages: *kurrbal | |
| 295. | feather | Uncoded languages: *laaban | |
| 296. | light (not heavy) | Uncoded languages: *labalab | |
| 297. | egg | Uncoded languages: *lakurr | |
| 298. | sit down | Uncoded languages: **-landa | |
| 299. | good | Uncoded languages: *layib | |
| 300. | black | Uncoded languages: *maanka | |
| 301. | far | Uncoded languages: *maara | |
| 302. | wife | Uncoded languages: *malirr | |
| 303. | many | Uncoded languages: *-mana | |
| 304. | leave | Uncoded languages: **-mankarda | |
| 305. | wave (hand) | Uncoded languages: **-many | |
| 306. | sister (Z) | Uncoded languages: *marrir | |
| 307. | Uncoded languages: *mayala | ||
| 308. | search, look for | Uncoded languages: **-mi | |
| 309. | native rat | Uncoded languages: *mijaw | |
| 310. | sing | Uncoded languages: **-mil | |
| 311. | tired | Uncoded languages: *milamb | |
| 312. | choke (on something) | Uncoded languages: **-mingka | |
| 313. | warm, hot (of weather) | Uncoded languages: *mula | |
| 314. | head hair | Uncoded languages: *mukarn | |
| 315. | knowledge, knowledgeable | Uncoded languages: *-mungku | |
| 316. | root | Uncoded languages: *-mungkul | |
| 317. | honey | Uncoded languages: *mungu | |
| 318. | pour, spill out, flow | Uncoded languages: **-mur | |
| 319. | smell | Uncoded languages: **-murrar | |
| 320. | small | Uncoded languages: *murrulu | |
| 321. | soil, make dirty, become dirty | Uncoded languages: **-ngali | |
| 322. | defend, take sides with | Uncoded languages: **-ngaliny | |
| 323. | deny, refuse | Uncoded languages: **-nga(n)ny | |
| 324. | mud | Uncoded languages: *ngijil | |
| 325. | neck (exterior) | Uncoded languages: *-ngkan | |
| 326. | soft | Uncoded languages: *ngub | |
| 327. | dirty | Uncoded languages: *ngunyb | |
| 328. | knee | Uncoded languages: *ngurrungk | |
| 329. | forehead | Uncoded languages: *-nkarra | |
| 330. | thigh | Uncoded languages: *-nmurr | |
| 331. | old man | Uncoded languages: *nyungurl | |
| 332. | dry | Uncoded languages: **-ralk | |
| 333. | warm oneself | Uncoded languages: **-ramb | |
| 334. | heavy | Uncoded languages: *rambin | |
| 335. | suck | Uncoded languages: *rung | |
| 336. | cloud | Uncoded languages: *wadan | |
| 337. | tail | Uncoded languages: *-wala | |
| 338. | lie on back | Uncoded languages: *walirr | |
| 339. | eagle | Uncoded languages: *warrikana | |
| 340. | north | Uncoded languages: *wardi | |
| 341. | rain | Uncoded languages: *wungur | |
| 342. | woman | Uncoded languages: *wurany | |
| 343. | fingernail | Uncoded languages: *wurrul | |
| 344. | elbow | Uncoded languages: *yalangkun | |
| 345. | mother-in-law of man (WM) | Uncoded languages: *yalirr | |
| 346. | together | Uncoded languages: *yambun | |
| 347. | inquest sticks | Uncoded languages: *yandal | |
| 348. | near, close | Uncoded languages: *yangan | |
| 349. | pull | Uncoded languages: *yarr | |
| 350. | native mouse | Uncoded languages: *yubur(r)yubur(r) |
The following reconstruction of Proto-Eastern Nyulnyulan is from Stokes and McGregor (2003):[3]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Eastern Nyulnyulan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 351. | tree, stick | Uncoded languages: *baalu | |
| 352. | hither, this way | Uncoded languages: *bakuna | |
| 353. | thigh | Uncoded languages: *balngan(y)- | |
| 354. | smell | Uncoded languages: **-banyju | |
| 355. | thirsty | Uncoded languages: *barra | |
| 356. | hit by throwing | Uncoded languages: **-barri | |
| 357. | kangaroo | Uncoded languages: *barrjanin | |
| 358. | catfish | Uncoded languages: *barulu | |
| 359. | red | Uncoded languages: *bilyi | |
| 360. | bush country | Uncoded languages: *birra | |
| 361. | turn off | Uncoded languages: *birrb | |
| 362. | arrive, come | Uncoded languages: **-bula | |
| 363. | white | Uncoded languages: *dub | |
| 364. | heart | Uncoded languages: *durlbu | |
| 365. | walk, walkabout | Uncoded languages: *inyja | |
| 366. | mud | Uncoded languages: *jabula ~ Uncoded languages: *jakula | |
| 367. | camp | Uncoded languages: *jalbi | |
| 368. | woman | Uncoded languages: *jarndu | |
| 369. | hip | Uncoded languages: *jarrbal | |
| 370. | forehead | Uncoded languages: *jirrbal | |
| 371. | that | Uncoded languages: *ka- | |
| 372. | eat | Uncoded languages: *kabu | |
| 373. | egg | Uncoded languages: *kambiy | |
| 374. | watch, stare at | Uncoded languages: *kanyjirr | |
| 375. | moon | Uncoded languages: *kirridiny | |
| 376. | body | Uncoded languages: *karrikin | |
| 377. | tie | Uncoded languages: **-kula | |
| 378. | vomit | Uncoded languages: *kurrbuk | |
| 379. | throw | Uncoded languages: *laj | |
| 380. | flesh, muscle | Uncoded languages: *-lany | |
| 381. | good | Uncoded languages: *maabu | |
| 382. | tail | Uncoded languages: *makarra | |
| 383. | rotten, stink | Uncoded languages: *mandu | |
| 384. | spear type | Uncoded languages: *mangul | |
| 385. | many | Uncoded languages: *manyja | |
| 386. | no, not | Uncoded languages: *marlu | |
| 387. | hand | Uncoded languages: *-marrangka | |
| 388. | search, look for | Uncoded languages: **-murungu | |
| 389. | Uncoded languages: *ngalyak | ||
| 390. | yes | Uncoded languages: *ngawayi | |
| 391. | nose | Uncoded languages: *nguni- | |
| 392. | sister (Z) | Uncoded languages: *ngunu | |
| 393. | afternoon | Uncoded languages: *ngurrangurra | |
| 394. | smoke | Uncoded languages: *ngurun | |
| 395. | knowledge, knowledgeable | Uncoded languages: *nila | |
| 396. | Uncoded languages: *walakurru | ||
| 397. | stone | Uncoded languages: *wanangarri | |
| 398. | cry | Uncoded languages: *wangkurr | |
| 399. | later, soon | Uncoded languages: *wanyji | |
| 400. | dig | Uncoded languages: *widij | |
| 401. | belt | Uncoded languages: *windirri | |
| 402. | big | Uncoded languages: *wirdu | |
| 403. | leaf | Uncoded languages: *wirrkiny | |
| 404. | small | Uncoded languages: *wuba | |
| 405. | rub | Uncoded languages: *wurr |