Easter food explained

The holiday of Easter is associated with various Easter customs and foodways (food traditions that vary regionally). Preparing, coloring, and decorating Easter eggs is one such popular tradition. Lamb is eaten in many countries, mirroring the Jewish Passover meal.[1]

Eating lamb at Easter has a religious meaning.[2] The Paschal Lamb of the New Testament is in fact, for Christianity, the son of God Jesus Christ.[3] The Paschal Lamb, in particular, represents the sacrifice of Jesus Christ for the sins of humanity.[2] Eating lamb at Easter therefore commemorates the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.[2]

Easter eggs

See main article: Easter egg.

Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs,[4] are eggs that are decorated for the Christian feast of Easter, which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. As such, Easter eggs are common during the season of Eastertide (Easter season). The oldest tradition, which continues to be used in Central and Eastern Europe, is to use dye and paint chicken eggs.

Although eggs, in general, were a traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth,[5] in Christianity, for the celebration of Eastertide, Easter eggs symbolize the empty tomb of Jesus, from which Jesus was resurrected.[6] [7] [8] In addition, one ancient tradition was the staining of Easter eggs with the colour red "in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion."[6] [9]

This custom of the Easter egg, according to many sources, can be traced to early Christians of Mesopotamia, and from there it spread into Eastern Europe and Siberia through the Orthodox Churches, and later into Europe through the Catholic and Protestant Churches.[9] [10] [11] [12] Additionally, the widespread usage of Easter eggs, according to mediaevalist scholars, is due to the prohibition of eggs during Lent after which, on Easter, they have been blessed for the occasion.[13] [14]

A modern custom in some places is to substitute chocolate eggs wrapped in coloured foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate.

By country

See main article: Easter traditions.

English world

A hot cross bun is a spiced bun usually made with fruit, marked with a cross on the top, which has been traditionally eaten on Good Friday in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, India, Pakistan, Malta, United States and the Commonwealth Caribbean.[15] [16] [17] They are available all year round in some places, including the UK.[18] [19] The bun marks the end of the Christian season of Lent and different parts of the hot cross bun have a certain meaning, including the cross representing the crucifixion of Jesus, the spices inside signifying the spices used to embalm him at his burial and sometimes also orange peel to reflect the bitterness of his time on the cross.[20] [21] The Greeks in the 6th century AD may have marked cakes with a cross.[22] [23] In the Christian tradition, the making of buns with a cross on them and consuming them after breaking the fast on Good Friday, along with "crying about 'Hot cross buns'", is done in order to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus.[24] It is hypothesised that the contemporary hot cross bun of Christianity originates from St Albans in England, where in 1361, Brother Thomas Rodcliffe, a 14th-century Christian monk at St Albans Abbey, developed a similar recipe called an 'Alban Bun' and distributed the bun to the poor on Good Friday.[25]

Grasshopper pie is a no-bake mint-flavored mousse pie with a chocolate crumb crust. Typically light green in color, it is associated with spring, and especially with Easter celebrations in the United States.[26] The pie takes its name from the Grasshopper cocktail.[27] Grasshopper pie filling is made by folding whipped cream into marshmallow or cream cheese. The cream cheese version is made by adding green food coloring to a mixture of condensed milk with cream cheese, then gently folding in chocolate-covered mint cookie crumbs and whipped topping.[28] Alternately, melted marshmallows can be gently folded into fresh whipped cream.[29] The filling is infused with creme de menthe and creme de cacao, which give the mousse its characteristic green coloring.[30] The crust is a chocolate cookie crumb crust, variations of which can be made with crumbled sandwich cookies, or by melting chocolate in a double boiler and stirring in crisped rice cereal, then pressing the mixture into a pie dish and allowing it to set in the refrigerator.[31]

Easter was traditionally the most important date in the Christian calendar in Ireland, with a large feast marking the end of lent on Easter Sunday. Among the food commonly eaten were lamb, veal, and chicken, with a meal of corned beef, cabbage, and floury potatoes was a popular meal. It was traditional for farmers to share the meat from a slaughtered bullock or lamb with neighbours and or the less fortunate. Another tradition was that if a beggar called to a house, they would be given roasted potatoes. At this time of year, eggs were plentiful, and would be eaten at each meal.[32]

European nordic countries

For lunch or dinner on Holy Saturday, families in Sweden and Denmark traditionally feast on a smörgåsbord of herring, salmon, potatoes, eggs, and other kinds of food. In Finland, it is common to eat roasted lamb with potatoes and other vegetables. In Finland, the Lutheran majority enjoys mämmi as another traditional Easter treat, while the Orthodox minority's traditions include eating pasha (also spelled paskha) instead.

Germany

In Germany, during the weeks before Easter, special Easter bread is sold (in German: Osterbrot). This is made with yeast dough, raisins, and almond splinters. Usually, it is cut in slices and spread with butter. People enjoy it either for breakfast or for tea time (in German: Kaffee und Kuchen, literally ″coffee and cake″).

Greece

In Greece, the traditional Easter meal is Greek, Modern (1453-);: mageiritsa, a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg-and-lemon sauce. Traditionally, Easter eggs, hard-boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life, are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ. Greek foods of the Easter tradition are Flaouna, Lazarakia, Koulourakia, Magiritsa and Tsoureki.

Flaouna is a cheese-filled pastry from Cyprus and Greece, which may include raisins or be garnished with sesame seeds. Flaounes are traditionally prepared for Easter.[33] Regional names for flaouna include vlaouna, fesoudki (Greek, Modern (1453-);: φεσούδκι) in Karavas, and aflaouna in Karpasia.[33] Flaounes are traditionally served in Cyprus, parts of Greece (especially Arcadia) and more widely in the Greek diaspora as a celebratory food for the breaking of the Lenten fast, being prepared on Great and Holy Friday for consumption on Easter Sunday.[34] [35] They are eaten in place of bread on Easter Sunday, and continue to be made and eaten for the weeks following.[34] Creating the flaounes can often be a family tradition shared with multiple generations.[36]

Koulourakia or Koulouria, are a traditional Greek dessert, typically made around Easter[37] to be eaten after Holy Saturday. They are a butter-based pastry, traditionally hand-shaped, with egg glaze on top. They have a sweet delicate flavor with a hint of vanilla. Koulourakia are well known for their sprinkle of sesame seeds and distinctive ring shape.[37] The pastries can be shaped into braided circles,[38] hairpin twists, figure eights, twisted wreaths, horseshoes or Greek letters, although they are still often shaped into a snake style. Often, a clove is added atop the center of the pastry for added flavor. They are commonly eaten with morning coffee or afternoon tea. Like all pastries, they are normally kept in dry conditions in a jar with a lockable lid. Koulourakia have been prepared since at least the time of the Minoan civilization.[39]

Hungary

In the Eastern part of Hungary, an Easter specialty known as Hungarian: [[sárgatúró]] is made for the occasion.[40] Sárgatúró is a delicacy, prepared mostly in Eastern Catholic regions, notably in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County and in the Hajdúság.[41] [42] [43] It is made by combining milk, eggs and sugar and boiling the mixture, stirring often, until it begins to lump, much like curd cheese or quark. Vanilla flavor is then added. When the lumps have formed, the mixture is put into a strong cloth and squeezed to get extra moisture out. The top of the cloth is then tied with a ribbon and the sárgatúró hung outside to let it drip and stick together. It is served cold, with other Easter foods like ham, kalács and boiled eggs. Besides the basic recipe, family recipes may vary, adding raisins, and/or cinnamon or nutmeg as additional spices.[44] Pogača is a type of bread baked in the ashes of the fireplace, and later in modern ovens. Found in the cuisines of the Balkans and Hungary it can be leavened or unleavened, though the latter is considered more challenging to make.

Italy

See main article: Easter in Italy.

Easter in Italy (Italian: Pasqua) is one of the country's major holidays.[45] Traditional Italian dishes for the Easter period are abbacchio, cappello del prete, casatiello, Colomba di Pasqua, pastiera, penia, pizza di Pasqua and pizzelle. Abbacchio is an Italian preparation of lamb typical of the Roman cuisine.[46] [47] It is a product protected by the European Union with the PGI mark.[48] In Italy at Easter, abbacchio is cooked in different ways, with recipes that vary from region to region.[49] In Rome it is roasted, in Apulia in the oven, in Naples it is cooked with peas and eggs, in Sardinia it is cooked in the oven with potatoes, artichokes and myrtle and in Tuscany it is cooked in cacciatore style.[49] Other local preparations include frying and stewing.[49]

Colomba di Pasqua (English: "Easter Dove") is an Italian traditional Easter bread, the Easter counterpart of the two well-known Italian Christmas desserts, panettone and pandoro. The dough for the colomba is made in a similar manner to panettone, with flour, eggs, sugar, natural yeast and butter; unlike panettone, it usually contains candied peel and no raisins. The dough is then fashioned into a dove shape (colomba in Italian) and finally is topped with pearl sugar and almonds before being baked. Some manufacturers produce other versions including a popular bread topped with chocolate.[50] The colomba was commercialised by the Milanese baker and businessman Angelo Motta as an Easter version of the Christmas speciality panettone that Motta foods were producing.[51]

Pastiera is a type of Neapolitan tart made with cooked wheat, eggs, ricotta cheese, and flavoured with orange flower water. It is usually eaten at Easter.[52] Various writers repeat legends about the origin of pastiera. One story connects it to the siren Parthenope, whom the Neapolitans thanked for her sweet singing by giving her ricotta, flour, eggs, milk, spices, and sugar; Parthenope gave these ingredients to the gods, who made pastiera out of it.[53] [54] Another story connects it to a spring celebration of the goddess Ceres.[55]

Jamaica

In Jamaica, eating bun and cheese is a highly anticipated custom by Jamaican nationals all over the world. The Jamaica Easter Buns are spiced and have raisins, and baked in a loaf tin. The buns are sliced and eaten with a slice of cheese. It is a common practice for employers to make gifts of bun and cheese or a single loaf of bun to staff members. According to the Jamaica Gleaner, "The basic Easter bun recipe requires wheat flour, brown sugar, molasses, baking powder or yeast and dried fruits."[56]

Mexico

Capirotada or Capilotade, also known as Capirotada de vigilia, is a traditional Mexican food similar to a bread pudding that is usually eaten during the Lenten period. It is one of the dishes served on Good Friday. Despite originally being consumed before Lent, capirotada is now consumed during Lent, especially during Holy Week and on Good Friday.[57] Recently, it has been given a spiritual meaning in relation to the passion of Christ and the Lenten season, thus, for many people, the bread represents the Body of Christ, the syrup is his blood, the cloves are the nails of the cross, and the whole cinnamon sticks are the wood of the cross.[58] The melted cheese stands for the Holy Shroud.[59]

A cascarón is a hollowed-out chicken egg filled with confetti or small toys. Cascarones are common throughout Mexico and are similar to the Easter eggs popular in many other countries. They are mostly used in Mexico during Carnival, but in American and Mexican border towns, the cultures combined to make them a popular Easter tradition. Decorated, confetti-filled cascarones may be thrown or crushed over the recipient's head to shower them with confetti. This originated in Spain. When a child would act up, their father would crack an egg over their head as a consequence, and a way of showing their disappointment in them. In addition to Easter, cascarones have become popular for occasions including birthdays, New Year's, Halloween, Cinco de Mayo, Dieciséis, Day of the Dead, and weddings. Wedding cascarones can be filled with rice. Like many popular traditions in Mexico, cascarones are increasingly popular in the southwestern United States.[60] For example, they are especially prominent during the two-week, citywide festival of Fiesta in San Antonio, Texas. Cascarones are usually made during Easter time.

Poland

See main article: Easter in Poland.

Easter in Poland, a public holiday, is one of that country's major holidays, often compared in importance to Christmas.[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] Associated with it are many specific customs and traditions.[66] [67] In Poland, white sausage and mazurek are typical Easter breakfast dishes. The butter lamb (Baranek wielkanocny) is a traditional addition to the Easter meal for many Polish Catholics. Butter is shaped into a lamb either by hand or in a lamb-shaped mold. Mazurek is a variety of cake with a flat shape.[68] It is very sweet.[68] According to Polish gastronomy coursebooks, typical mazurek is a cake that can be made of one or two sheets of short (or half-short) pastry or one sheet of short (or half-short) pastry covered with a sheet of butter sponge cake. The two sheets are fixed together with a help of a layer of marmalade.[69] In case of one-sheet version, marmalade is skipped or goes on top, under the layer of icing. The top of mazurek is covered with a layer of icing (i.e. sugar icing or kajmak) or jelly. It is also decorated with nut-based icing or almond-based icing and candied fruits. Traditionally, home-baked mazurek cakes are often decorated with dried fruits and nuts.

Portugal

Folar or folar de Páscoa is a traditional Portuguese bread served at Easter. The recipe varies from region to region and it may be sweet or savory.[70] During Easter festivities, godchildren usually bring a bouquet of violets to their godmother on Palm Sunday and this, on Easter Sunday, offers him a folar. Folar is sometimes served with a boiled egg, that symbolically represents rebirth and the Resurrection. Folar de Chaves, popular in the north-eastern Portuguese regions of Chaves and Valpaços, is stuffed with pork, ham, salpicão and linguiça.[71] There are also sweet folars like the folar from Olhão, that consists of seven layers with melted sugar and cinnamon, and the more common folar with anise and cinnamon.

Pão de Ló is a Portuguese sponge cake made of eggs, sugar, and wheat flour. Unlike other cakes or breads, yeast or baking powder is generally not used. Rather, to provide volume, air is suspended into the cake batter during mixing. The first record of pão de ló, written as "pãoo de llo", was indicated in the manuscripts of Infanta Maria of Portugal in the mid-1500s. Unlike the pão de ló seen today, it was a thick pudding made solely with ground almonds instead of wheat flour.[72]

Portuguese sweet bread refers to an enriched sweet bread or yeasted cake originating from Portugal.[73] [74] Historically, these sweet breads were generally reserved for festive occasions such as Easter or Pentecost and were typically given as gifts.[75] However, in contemporary times, many varieties are made and consumed year round.[76] Outside of Portugal, Portuguese "sweet bread" transliterated as "Portuguese: pão doce" is often associated with Azorean "Portuguese: massa sovada" which are similar but traditionally prepared differently.[77] [78] Many traditional Portuguese sweet breads are defined by the associated region or by the convents, artisan bakers or religious confraternities (similar to a guild) that historically made them. Since many have deep historical and cultural significance to the area which they originate from, these breads are as well as other foods and ingredients are inventoried by the Portuguese governmental office Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DGARD), which collaborates with a collective of independent confraternities known as the Portuguese Federation of Gastronomic Confraternities (FPCG) throughout Portugal.[79] [80]

Spain

The Easter mona is a Spanish kind of cake that is especially eaten on Easter Sunday or Easter Monday in the Spanish regions of Catalonia, Valencia and Murcia.[81] In other Spanish regions, these Easter cakes are common with variations in the recipe and name. According to the writing of Joan Amades, mentions of the mona date back to the 15th century,[82] though in the Joan Lacavalleria's 1696 dictionary, Gazophylacium Catalano-Latinum, mona still has a purely zoological definition (meaning female monkey). The 1783 edition of the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy has the following definition: "Catalonia, Valencia and Murcia. Cake baked with eggs in their shell at Easter, known in other parts of the Iberian Peninsula as Hornazo".[83]

Marañuela is a typical sweet from Asturias, Spain, made mainly by flour, sugar, eggs, clarified butter and lemon zest.[84] Its origin is somewhat uncertain, although the closest history links it to the seafaring world. During Holy Week the boats used to return to port and stock up on them before leaving again. That is why traditionally they continue to be made on this time of the year.[85] They are typical of coastal villages Candás y Luanco,[86] although the elaboration in this two places is slightly different.[87] Even though they can be made all year round, they are usually made on Resurrection Sunday and offered among family members, mainly among godparents and godchildren.[88]

Ukraine

Preparations for Easter celebration in Ukraine begin weeks before the feast day, with Great Lent being part of it. The Ukrainian Easter eggs include pysanky,[89] krashanky (edible, one-colour dyed eggs), driapanky (a design is scratched on the eggshell) etc. During the Easter Vigil a priest also blesses the parishioners' Easter baskets, which include Easter eggs, paska,[90] butter, cheese, kovbasa, salt and a few other products. With this food, on their return home, people break their fast.

Other noteworthy dishes

Paskha (also spelled pascha, or pasha) is a Slavic festive dish made in Eastern Orthodox countries which consists of food that is forbidden during the fast of Great Lent. It is made during Holy Week and then brought to Church on Great Saturday to be blessed after the Paschal Vigil. The name of the dish comes from Pascha, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of Easter. Besides Russia, Ukraine, etc. Pasha is also often served in Finland. Cheese paskha is a traditional Easter dish made from tvorog (like cottage cheese, Russian: творог|tvorog),[91] which is white, symbolizing the purity of Christ, the Paschal Lamb, and the joy of the Resurrection. It is formed in a mold, traditionally in the shape of a truncated pyramid which symbolizes the first Passover in Egypt, a nod to Christianity's early Jewish beginnings and a reminder that the Last Supper of Jesus was a Passover Seder. Others believe the pyramid is a symbol of the Trinity, the Church; Tomb of Christ). It is usually served as an accompaniment to rich Easter breads called paska in Ukraine and kulich in Russia (where the "paskha" name is also used in the Southern regions) and Poland “Pascha”.[92] The Easter foods; bread and cheese paska are very rich and made of many dairy items given up during Great Lent. They are brought to church on Easter to be blessed by the priest.

Kulich is the Russian name for Easter bread. For the eastern Slavs, festive bread was round and tall, and dough decorations were made on top of it. The cylindrical shape of the cake is associated with the church practice of baking artos. The Paska bread tradition spread in cultures which were connected to the Byzantine Empire and is a traditional cultural part of countries with an Orthodox Christian population. It is eaten in countries like Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, North Macedonia and Serbia.[93] [94] [95] Kulich is a variant of paska Easter breads and represents not only Easter but also the spring.[96] Easter is a very important celebration in Eastern European countries, even more important than Christmas.[97]

Paska is a sweet decorative bread native to Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.[98] [99] It is a variation of Easter bread, a Christian tradition particularly spread in Central and Eastern Europe, and countries with cultural connections to the ancient Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodoxy or Eastern Catholicism. Easter breads are a traditional element in the Easter holidays of Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine. It is also a common tradition amongst the Assyrian-Chaldean-Syriac diaspora. It is also eaten in countries with large immigrant populations from Central and Eastern Europe such as the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

List of Easter foods

Easter foods include:

See also

Notes and References

  1. https://www.thespruceeats.com/traditional-easter-foods-from-around-the-world-4161077 Traditional Easter Foods From Around the World
  2. Web site: Il simbolismo dell'agnello pasquale. 26 December 2022. lacucinaitaliana.it . it.
  3. Web site: La Sacra Bibbia. 26 December 2022. it.
  4. Web site: The Legend of Paschal Eggs (Holy Cross Antiochian Orthodox Church). 2013-11-26. 2015-04-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20150412003658/http://www.holycrossonline.org/our_parish/lenten_resource_center/articles/legend-of-paschal-eggs.pdf. live.
  5. Book: The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. registration. 111. Oxford University Press. David Leeming. For many, Easter is synonymous with fertility symbols such as the Easter Rabbit, Easter Eggs, and the Easter lily.. 2005. 10 March 2013.
  6. Book: Christianity. Nelson Thornes. Anne Jordan. Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb. The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life, which is going to break out. The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life. Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to make red Easter eggs that represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world.. 5 April 2000. 9780748753208. 7 April 2012. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152349/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzKVPZthGHUC&q=easter+egg+Christian&pg=PA51. live.
  7. Book: The Guardian, Volume 29. H. Harbaugh. Just so, on that first Easter morning, Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb, and left it, as it were, an empty shell. Just so, too, when the Christian dies, the body is left in the grave, an empty shell, but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God. Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a stone, yet it really has life in it; and also it is like Christ's dead body, which was raised to life again. This is the reason we use eggs on Easter. (In days past some used to color the eggs red, so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died,-a bloody death.). 1878. 7 April 2012. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152350/https://books.google.com/books?id=hPMVAAAAYAAJ&q=easter+egg+empty+tomb&pg=PA119. live.
  8. Book: Christian belief and practice. Heinemann. Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths. Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy. They crack their eggs against each other's. The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ's resurrection.. 22 January 2002. 9780435306915. 7 April 2012. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn-38NunUnAC&q=easter+egg+Christian&pg=PT120. live.
  9. Book: Popular antiquities of Great Britain. 26 March 2016. 1877. en. 90. Henry Ellis. Henry Ellis (librarian). Hyde, in his Oriental Sports (1694), tells us one with eggs among the Christians of Mesopotamia on Easter Day and forty days afterwards, during which time their children buy themselves as many eggs as they can, stain them with a red colour in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion. Some tinge them with green and yellow..
  10. Book: Thompson, Kenneth. Culture & Progress: Early Sociology of Culture, Volume 8. 21 August 2013. Routledge. en . 9781136479403. 138. In Mesopotamia children secured during the 40-day period following Easter day as many eggs as possible and dyed them red, "in memory of the blood of Christ shed at that time of his Crucifixion"--a rationalization. Dyed eggs were sold in the market, green and yellow being favorite colors. The use of eggs at Easter seems to have come from Persia into the Greek Christian Churches of Mesopotamia, thence to Russia and Siberia through the medium of Orthodox Christianity. From the Greek Church the custom was adopted by either the Roman Catholics or the Protestants and then spread through Europe..
  11. Book: Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 5. T.B. Noonan. The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter. They were stained red, in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at His crucifixion. The Church adopted the custom, and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection, as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V., about 1610, which reads thus: "Bless, O Lord! we beseech thee, this thy creature of eggs, that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants, eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord." Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity.). 1881. 7 April 2012. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152351/https://books.google.com/books?id=TinZAAAAMAAJ&q=easter+egg+Christians+Mesopotamia&pg=PA558. live.
  12. Book: Welcome to the Church Year: An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church. Vicki K. Black. Church Publishing, Inc.. The Christians of this region in Mesopotamia were probably the first to connect the decorating of eggs with the feast of the resurrection of Christ, and by the Middle Ages this practice was so widespread that in some places Easter Day was called Egg Sunday. In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after services on Easter Day.. 1 July 2004. 9780819219664. 17 October 2020. 9 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152351/https://books.google.com/books?id=CRvzTM0kev4C&q=In+many+countries+the+name+of+the+Christian+feast+we+call+Easter&pg=PA96. live.
  13. Web site: Gainsford . Peter . 26 March 2018 . Easter and paganism. Part 2 . Kiwi Hellenist . 28 November 2019 . 28 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191128050656/http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2018/03/easter-and-paganism-2.html . live .
  14. Web site: Beyond Ishtar: The Tradition of Eggs at Easter . D'Costa . Krystal . Scientific American . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328170422/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/beyond-ishtar-the-tradition-of-eggs-at-easter/ . 28 March 2018 . live . 28 March 2018.
  15. News: Alexander . Deepa . Season's eatings . . 13 March 2021 . English . 10 April 2017 . 17 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220117203350/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/hot-cross-buns-fresh-off-the-oven-in-chennai/article17907662.ece . live .
  16. Web site: Caribbean Easter meals to keep families together during covid-19 . 2023-04-03 . Loop News . en.
  17. Web site: 2016-03-25 . Hot Cross Buns, A Caribbean Easter Tradition . 2023-04-03 . Global Voices . en.
  18. Web site: Rohrer . Finlo . BBC - How did hot cross buns become two a penny? . BBC News . 1 April 2010 . 26 April 2014 . 13 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613213448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8598312.stm . live .
  19. Web site: Always a good time for hot cross buns . Coles . 27 December 2021 . en . 26 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211226094914/https://www.coles.com.au/whats-happening/inspire-and-create/always-a-good-time-for-hot-cross-buns . live .
  20. Book: Turner. Ina. Taylor. Ina. Christianity. 1999. Nelson Thornes. 9780748740871. 50. To mark the end of the Lent fast Christians eat hot cross buns. These have a special meaning. The cross in the middle shows how Jesus died. Spices inside remind Christians of the spices put on the body of Jesus. Sweet fruits in the bun show that Christians no longer have to eat plain foods..
  21. Book: Fakes, Dennis R.. Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy. 1 January 1994. CSS Publishing. 9781556735967. 33. Since people often gave up meat during Lent, bread became one of the staples of Lent. Bakers even began making dough pretzels--a knotted length of dough that represented a Christian praying, with arms crossed and hands placed on opposite shoulders. Hot cross buns are popular during Lent. The cross of course reminds the eater of Christ's cross..
  22. News: Who Were The First To Cry "Hot Cross Buns?" . The New York Times . 31 March 1912 . 4 May 2010 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082159/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E3D7133AE633A25752C3A9659C946396D6CF . live .
  23. Web site: Curious Questions: Why do we eat hot cross buns at Easter?. Annunciata. Elwes. 13 April 2019. Country Life.
  24. Book: The Origin of the Fasts and Festivals of the Church . 1843 . Thomas Hatton . London . 28 . en.
  25. News: The City of St Albans Claims the Original Hot Cross Bun . St Albans Cathedral . 7 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214718/https://www.stalbanscathedral.org/news/archive/2014/the-city-of-st-albans-claims-the-original-hot-cross-bun . 16 March 2018 . dead .
  26. News: Bring back springtime memories with desserts . The Montana Standard . April 7, 1993 .
  27. News: Grasshoppers Leap Onto Pie Scene . The Times Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia) . March 27, 1960 .
  28. Web site: Grasshopper Pie . Taste of Home .
  29. News: Grasshopper pie is popular . The Charlotte News . February 1, 1974 .
  30. News: A Tint of Mint . The Los Angeles Times . March 2, 1969 .
  31. News: As green as grass . The Advocate-Messenger (Danville, Kentucky) . March 12, 1980 .
  32. Book: Mahon, Bríd. Land of milk and honey : the story of traditional Irish food and drink. 1998. Mercier Press. 1-85635-210-2. Dublin. 127–128. 39935389.
  33. Web site: Christou. Eleni. Demetriou. Demetra. Lazarou. Stalo. Φλαούνα, η. foodmuseum.cs.ucy.ac.cy. Cyprus Food Virtual Museum. 19 November 2015. el.
  34. Book: Thacker. Anita. Barton. Arlene. Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetic. 2012. Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester, West Sussex. 9781405173582. 298.
  35. Book: Bryant, Sue. Cyprus With Your Family. 2008. Frommer's. Hoboken, N.J.. 77. 9780470722053. eBook.
  36. News: Lathourakis. Patricia. My family's Easter tradition. 3 March 2013. Sydney Morning Herald. 31 March 2009.
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  90. Web site: Tradition of Paska – Ukrainian Easter Bread . 2017-03-25 . 2017-02-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170217092759/http://sovabooks.com.au/tradition-of-paska-ukrainian-easter-bread/ . dead .
  91. Web site: Pashka definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary. Collinsdictionary.com. 28 December 2017.
  92. Web site: Easter recipes: Kulich & Paskha . 2014-04-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130327040815/http://www.pravmir.com/article_178.html . 2013-03-27 .
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  94. Web site: Kiev Kulich (Ukraine) - sweet Kiev - dessert Kiev - desserts Kiev - sweets Kiev.
  95. News: Why No Slavic Easter Is Complete Without Kulich. Kitchn. 2018-09-24. en.
  96. Web site: Kulich: A cake that means spring, not just Easter. Kharzeeva. Anna. RBTH. special to. 2015-04-10. www.rbth.com. en-US. 2019-03-08.
  97. Web site: What to Know if You're Visiting Russia on Easter. TripSavvy. 2019-03-08. 2018-01-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20180129124548/https://www.tripsavvy.com/easter-in-russia-1502223. dead.
  98. Book: Hudgins, Sharon . T-bone whacks and caviar snacks : cooking with two Texans in Siberia and the Russian Far East . 2018 . University of North Texas Press . 978-1-57441-714-2 . 1013516614 . In Russian, paskha is the word for Easter; in Ukrainian, the word is spelled paska. For Russians, paskha is the also the name of a special cheese dessert made only for Easter, always accompanied by the Russian Easter bread kulich, a tall, cylindrical, yeast-raised, sweet bread decorated with white icing. For Ukrainians, however, paska is the name of their own Easter bread..
  99. Web site: Traditional Easter in Slovakia . 2024-01-02 . slovakia.travel.
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  105. Book: Smith, Andrew F. . 2007 . The Oxford companion to American food and drink . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-530796-2.
  106. Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (2014-07-29). Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-221-2.

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