East Asian people explained

East Asian people (also East Asians or Northeast Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[1] The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020.[2] However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian diasporas, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the number of East Asian people worldwide.[3]

The major ethnic groups that form the core of traditional East Asia are the Han Chinese, Koreans, and Yamato.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Ainu, Bai, Hui, Manchus, Mongols and other Mongolic peoples, Nivkh, Qiang, Ryukyuans, Tibetans, and Yakuts.[11] [12]

Culture

The major East Asian language families that form the traditional linguistic core of East Asia are the Sinitic, Japonic, and Koreanic families.[13] [14] [15] Other language families include the Tibeto-Burman, Ainu languages, Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Hmong-Mien, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian, and Austroasiatic.[16]

Throughout the ages, the greatest influence on East Asia historically has been from China, where the span of its cultural influence is generally known as the Sinosphere laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[17] Chinese culture not only served as the foundation for its own society and civilization, but for also that of its East Asian neighbors, Japan and Korea.[18] The knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar systems, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and culture, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[19] [20] [21] [17] [22] [23] [24] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World. Major characteristics exported by China towards Japan and Korea include shared vocabulary based on Chinese script, as well as similar social and moral philosophies derived from Confucianist thought.[24] [22] [25]

Han characters and Written Chinese became the fundamental linguistic basis as well as the unifying linguistic feature in East Asian writing system as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors.[25] Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia.[25] The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where Han characters acted as the major underlying fundamental linguistic basis constituent of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the fundamental linguistic basis for formulating the Korean language.[26] In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.[24] In Mongolia, the script used there is the Cyrillic script along with the Mongolian script system.

Genetics

See main article: Genetic history of East Asians.

A review paper by Melinda A. Yang (in 2022) summarized and concluded that a distinctive "Basal-East Asian population" referred to as East- and Southeast Asian lineage' (ESEA); which is ancestral to modern East Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. This ESEA lineage gave rise to various sublineages, and is also ancestral to the Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia and the ~40,000 year old Tianyuan lineage found in Northern China, but already differentiated and distinct from European-related and Australasian-related lineages, found in other regions of prehistoric Eurasia. The ESEA lineage trifurcated from an earlier "eastern non-African" (ENA) or "East-Eurasian" meta-population, which also contributed to the formation of Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI) as well as to Australasians.[27]

The majority of East Asians have the ABCC11 gene (80-95%), which greatly reduces body odor and codes for dry-type earwax.[28] It is believed that this reduction in body odor may be an adaptation to colder climates by ancient Northeast Asian ancestors, although this is not definitively proven.[29]

Health

Alcohol flush reaction

See main article: Alcohol flush reaction.

Alcohol flush reaction is the characteristic physiological facial flushing response to drinking alcohol experienced by 36% of East Asians.[30] [31] [32] Around 80% of East Asians carry an allele of the gene coding for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1B*2, which results in the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converting alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde more quickly than other gene variants common outside of East Asia.[33] [34] According to the analysis by HapMap project, another allele responsible for the flush reaction, the rs671 (ALDH2*2) of the ALDH2 is rare among Europeans and Sub-Saharan Black Africans, while 30% to 50% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ALDH2*2 allele.[35] The reaction has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Introducing East Asian Peoples . September 10, 2016 . International Mission Board . June 11, 2018 . May 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081532/https://www.imb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Introducing_EAP_Booklet_09_2016_10.pdf . live .

    Book: Minahan, James B. . Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO . 2014 . 978-1610690171 . xx .

  2. News: How Asians view each other . September 18, 2015 . The Economist . January 18, 2018 . January 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120114/https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/09/daily-chart-14 . live .

  3. Web site: The Difference Between East Asians And South Asians Is Pretty Simple . Khoo . Isabelle . May 30, 2017 . Huffington Post . January 11, 2018 . January 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042616/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/30/difference-between-east-asians-and-south-asians_n_16872338.html . live .

  4. Book: Silberman, Neil . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . 1996 . 978-0195076189 . December 5, 1996 . 151 .

  5. Book: Lim, SK . Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD . ASIAPAC . 978-9812295941 . 56 . 2011-11-01 .
  6. Web site: East Asia Countries Total Population . 2020-06-03 . 2019-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190409000031/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/eastern-asia-population/#:~:text=Eastern%20Asia%20Population%20(LIVE)&text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Eastern,of%20the%20total%20world%20population. . live .
  7. Web site: Large East Asian Diaspora figures . 2020-06-03 . 2014-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140323044949/http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/media/docs/wmr/regional_overviews/ro_asia.pdf . live .
  8. Book: Prescott, Anne . East Asia in the World: An Introduction . Routledge . 2015 . 978-0765643223 . 6.
  9. Book: Prescott, Anne . East Asia in the World: An Introduction . Routledge . 2015 . 978-0765643223 . 3 .
  10. Book: Ikeo, Aiko . Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context . Routledge . 1996 . 978-0415149006 . 1 .
  11. Book: Yoshimatsu, H. . Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures . Palgrave Macmillan . 2014 . 978-1137370549 . 1 .
  12. Book: Kim, Mikyoung . Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia . Routledge . 2015 . 978-0415835138 .
  13. Book: Building Area Studies Collections . Hazen . Dan . Spohrer . James H. . Otto Harrassowitz . 2005 . 978-3447055123 . 2005-12-31 . 130 .
  14. Siska, Veronika . Jones, Eppie Ruth . Jeon, Sungwon . Bhak, Youngjune . Kim, Hak-Min . Cho, Yun Sung . Kim, Hyunho . Lee, Kyusang . Veselovskaya, Elizaveta . Balueva, Tatiana . Gallego-Llorente, Marcos . Hofreiter, Michael . Bradley, Daniel G. . Eriksson, Anders . Pinhasi, Ron . Bhak, Jong . Manica, Andrea . Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago . . 3 . 2 . e1601877 . February 1, 2017 . 10.1126/sciadv.1601877 . 28164156 . 5287702 . 2017 . 2017SciA....3E1877S .

    Wang, Yuchen . Lu Dongsheng . Chung Yeun-Jun . Xu Shuhua . Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations . Hereditas . 155 . 19 . 2018 . . 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 . 29636655 . 5889524 . free .

  15. Wang . Yuchen . Lu . Dongsheng . Chung . Yeun-Jun . Xu . Shuhua . Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations . Hereditas . 155 . . April 6, 2018 . 19 . 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 . 29636655 . 5889524 . free .

  16. Web site: Introducing East Asian Peoples . September 10, 2016 . International Mission Board . June 11, 2018 . May 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081532/https://www.imb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Introducing_EAP_Booklet_09_2016_10.pdf . live .

  17. Book: Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture . Sloan . Kathleen . Krimsky . Sheldon . Columbia University Press . 2011 . 978-0231156967 . 156 .

  18. Web site: Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person . Herreria . Carla . May 17, 2017 . The Huffington Post . June 11, 2018 . May 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509151121/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/nobody-knows-what-an-asian-person-is_us_591cb4f8e4b03b485cae4d18 . live .

  19. Lin . Yu-Cheng . Wang . Mao-Jiun J. . Wang . Eric M. . 6640984 . June 23, 2003 . 2003 . The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia . Applied Ergonomics . 35 . 2 . 173–8 . Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management . Elsevier Ltd. . June 23, 2003 . 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004 . 15105079 . free .

  20. Book: Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy) . Machery . Edouard . O'Neill . Elizabeth . Routledge . 2014 . 978-0415519670 . February 28, 2014 . 6 .

  21. Book: Ludwig, Theodore M. . Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice . LWW . 2003 . 978-0781740968 . 165 .

  22. Book: Shaules, Joseph . Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living . limited . Multilingual Matters . 2007 . 978-1847690173 . 43 .

  23. Book: Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions . Kowner . Rotem . Demel . Walter . Brill Academic Publishing . 2014 . 978-9004285507 . 1st . 41 .

  24. Book: Leach, Mark M. . Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives . Routledge . 2006 . 978-0789030184 . 127 .

  25. Book: Leibo, Steve . East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 . Rowman & Littlefield . 2016 . 978-1475829068 . 1 .

  26. Book: Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 . Steinberg . Shirley R. . Kehler . Michael . Cornish . Lindsay . Greenwood . 978-0313350801 . June 17, 2010 . 58 .

  27. Book: Salkind, Neil J. . Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology . limited . Sage Publications . 2008 . 978-1412916882 . 56 .

  28. Book: Minahan, James B. . Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO . 2014 . 978-1610690171 . xx–xxvi .

  29. Book: Stodolska, Monika . Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice . Human Kinetics . 2013 . 978-0736094528 . 229 .

  30. Book: Lim, SK . Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD . ASIAPAC . 978-9812295941 . 56 . 2011-11-01 .
  31. Book: Vickers, Edward . History Education and National Identity in East Asia . 2010 . 978-0415948081 . October 21, 2010 . 125 . Routledge .
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  34. Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008).
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  40. Book: Richter, Frank-Jurgen . Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis . Quorum Books . 2002 . 978-1567205251 . 15.
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  42. Book: Lewis, Mark Edward . China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty . Belknap Press . 2012 . 978-0674064010 . April 9, 2012 . 156.
  43. Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Sinic World in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 52.2 (January 1974): 341—348. JSTOR
  44. Book: Lim, SK . Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD . ASIAPAC . 978-9812295941 . 89. 2011-11-01 .
  45. Book: Goscha, Christopher . The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History . Allen Lane . 2016 . 978-1846143106.
  46. News: How was Hangul invented?. 2013-10-08. The Economist. 5 May 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041626/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/10/economist-explains-7. 28 March 2018.
  47. Yang . Melinda A. . 2022-01-06 . A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia . Human Population Genetics and Genomics . en . 2 . 1 . 1–32 . 10.47248/hpgg2202010001 . 2770-5005 . ...In contrast, mainland East and Southeast Asians and other Pacific islanders (e.g., Austronesian speakers) are closely related to each other [9,15,16] and here denoted as belonging to an East and Southeast Asian (ESEA) lineage (Box 2). …the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.. free .
  48. Yoshiura K, Kinoshita A, Ishida T, Ninokata A, Ishikawa T, Kaname T, Bannai M, Tokunaga K, Sonoda S, Komaki R, Ihara M, Saenko VA, Alipov GK, Sekine I, Komatsu K, Takahashi H, Nakashima M, Sosonkina N, Mapendano CK, Ghadami M, Nomura M, Liang DS, Miwa N, Kim DK, Garidkhuu A, Natsume N, Ohta T, Tomita H, Kaneko A, Kikuchi M, Russomando G, Hirayama K, Ishibashi M, Takahashi A, Saitou N, Murray JC, Saito S, Nakamura Y, Niikawa N . A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type . Nature Genetics . 38 . 3 . 324–30 . Mar 2006 . 16444273 . 10.1038/ng1733 . 3201966 .
  49. Hori . Yusuke S. . Yamada . Aiko . Matsuda . Norifumi . Ono . Yusuke . Starenki . Dmytro . Sosonkina . Nadiya . Yoshiura . Koh-ichiro . Niikawa . Norio . Ohta . Tohru . A Novel Association between the 27-bp Deletion and 538G>A Mutation in the ABCC11 Gene . Human Biology . 2017 . 89 . 4 . 305–307 . 10.13110/humanbiology.89.4.04 . 30047321 . 51721105 . 1534-6617. "were highest in East Asia, with decreasing frequencies observed toward Europe and Southern Asia, suggesting an East Asian origin."
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  55. Web site: Rs671. 2020-02-07. 2021-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427214337/https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs671. live.

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