Joseph James DeAngelo explained

Joseph James DeAngelo
Birth Name:	Joseph James DeAngelo Jr.
Birth Place:	Bath, New York, U.S.
Children:	3
Conviction:	First-degree murder with special circumstances (13 counts) Kidnapping (13 counts)
Sentence:	12 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole plus 8 years
Beginyear:	1974
Endyear:	1986
Country:	United States
States:	California
Apprehended:	April 24, 2018
Conviction Status:	Incarcerated at California State Prison, Corcoran
Weapon:	Various, including Miroku revolver

Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. (born November 8, 1945) is an American serial killer, serial rapist, burglar, peeping tom,^{[1] [2]} former police officer and mechanic who committed at least 13 murders, 51 rapes, and 120 burglaries across California between 1974 and 1986.^{[3] [4] [5]} He is responsible for three known separate crime sprees throughout the state, each of which spawned a different nickname in the press, before it became evident that they were committed by the same person.

In the San Joaquin Valley, DeAngelo was known as the Visalia Ransacker from 1974 to 1976, before moving to the Sacramento area, where he became known as the East Area Rapist from 1976 to 1979 and was linked by modus operandi to additional attacks in Stockton, Modesto and Contra Costa County.^{[6] [7]} DeAngelo committed serial murders in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Orange counties from 1979 to 1986, and was known as the Night Stalker and later the Original Night Stalker (in order to differentiate him from Richard Ramirez, a later serial killer who also became known as the "Night Stalker"). He is believed to have taunted and threatened both victims and police via obscene phone calls and possibly written communications.

During the decades-long investigation, several suspects were cleared through DNA evidence, alibis or other investigative methods.^[8] In 2001, the combined acronym EARONS came into use after DNA testing indicated that the East Area Rapist and the Original Night Stalker were the same person. The case was a factor in the establishment of California's DNA database, which collects DNA from all accused and convicted felons in California^[9] and has been called second only to Virginia's in effectiveness in solving cold cases.^[10] In an attempt to increase awareness, crime writer Michelle McNamara coined the name Golden State Killer in early 2013.

On June 15, 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement agencies held a news conference to announce a renewed nationwide effort, offering a $50,000 reward for the Golden State Killer's capture.^[11] On April 24, 2018, California authorities charged 72-year-old DeAngelo with eight counts of first-degree murder, based upon DNA evidence;^{[12] [13] [14]} investigators had identified members of DeAngelo's family through forensic genetic genealogy.^[15] This was also the first announcement connecting the Visalia Ransacker crimes to DeAngelo.^[16]

Owing to California's statute of limitations on pre-2017 rape cases,^[17] DeAngelo could not be charged with the rapes he had committed in the 1970s;^[18] but he was charged in August 2018 with thirteen related kidnapping and abduction attempts.^[19] On June 29, 2020, DeAngelo pled guilty to multiple counts of murder and kidnapping.^[20] As part of a plea bargain that spared him the death penalty, DeAngelo also admitted to numerous crimes with which he had not been formally charged, including rapes.^[21] On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.^{[22] [23] [24]}

Early life and career

Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. was born on November 8, 1945, in Bath, New York, to Kathleen "Kay" Louise DeGroat (June 30, 1923 – August 21, 2010) and Joseph James DeAngelo Sr. (January 19, 1920 – February 15, 1995), a sergeant in the United States Army.^{[25] [26]} He was of Italian ancestry and had two older sisters, Connie and Rebecca, and a younger brother, John.^[27] A relative reported that when DeAngelo was a young child, he witnessed the rape of Connie by two airmen in a warehouse in West Germany, where the family was stationed at the time.^[28] Following DeAngelo's conviction, Rebecca claimed that he was abused by their father while he was growing up.^[29]

Between 1959 and 1960, DeAngelo attended Mills Junior High School in Rancho Cordova, California. Beginning in 1961, he attended Folsom High School, from which he received a GED certificate in 1964. He played on the school's junior varsity baseball team.^{[30] [31]} Prosecutors reported that DeAngelo committed burglaries, mail theft, and tortured and killed animals during his teenage years.^[29]

DeAngelo joined the United States Navy in September 1964^[32] and served for 22 months during the Vietnam War as a damage controlman on the cruiser ^[33] and the destroyer tender . Beginning in August 1968, DeAngelo attended Sierra College in Rocklin, California; he graduated with an associate degree in police science, with honors.^[34] He attended Sacramento State University in 1971, where he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.^{[31] [32]} DeAngelo later took post-graduate courses^[32] and further police training at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, then completed a 32-week police internship at the police department in Roseville.^[35]

Police officer

From May 1973 to August 1976, DeAngelo was a burglary unit police officer in Exeter, having relocated from Citrus Heights.^[30] He then served in Auburn from August 1976 to July 1979, when he was arrested for shoplifting a hammer and dog repellent; he was sentenced to six months of probation and fired that October.^[36] During the process of being fired, DeAngelo threatened to kill the chief of police and allegedly stalked the chief's house.^[37]

Marriage and relationships

In May 1970, DeAngelo became engaged to nursing student Bonnie Jean Colwell, a classmate at Sierra College, but she ended the relationship in 1971 after he became manipulative and abusive,^[38] culminating in his demand that she help him cheat on an abnormal psychology test.^[39] After the break-up, he attempted to force her to marry him by threatening her with a gun.^{[40] [41]}

In November 1973, he married Sharon Marie Huddle of Citrus Heights, and the wedding was held in Auburn. In 1980, they purchased a house in Citrus Heights, where he was eventually arrested decades later. Huddle became a divorce attorney in 1982, and they had three daughters: two were born in Sacramento and one was born in Los Angeles.

The couple separated in 1991.^[42] In July 2018, several months after DeAngelo's arrest, Huddle filed for a divorce,^{[41] [43] [44]} which was finalized the following year.^[45] DeAngelo committed most of the offenses while he was married and raising a family. Neither his wife nor his children ever suspected he was committing serious crimes. His eldest daughter claimed he was a "perfect father",^[46] while his wife believed his excuses for being away from home.^[47]

Other employment

DeAngelo's employment history during the 1980s is unknown.^[37] From 1990 until his retirement in 2017, he worked as a truck mechanic at a Save Mart Supermarkets distribution center in Roseville.^[48] He was arrested in 1996 for failing to pay for gas, but the charge was dismissed.^[49]

Loud outbursts

DeAngelo's brother-in-law claimed that DeAngelo would casually bring up the East Area Rapist in conversation around the time of the original crimes. Neighbors also reported that he would frequently engage in loud, profane outbursts.^[36] One neighbor reported that his family received a phone message from DeAngelo threatening to "deliver a load of death" because of their barking dog.^[50] He was living with a daughter and granddaughter at the time of his arrest.^[37]

Crimes

DNA evidence linked DeAngelo to eight murders in Goleta, Ventura, Dana Point, and Irvine; two other murders in Goleta, lacking DNA evidence, were linked by modus operandi.^{[51] [52]} DeAngelo pleaded guilty to three other murders: two in Rancho Cordova and one in Visalia. He also committed more than 50 known rapes in the California counties of Sacramento, Contra Costa, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Alameda, Santa Clara, and Yolo; and he was linked to hundreds of incidents of thefts, burglaries, vandalism, peeping, stalking, and prowling.^[53]

Visalia Ransacker (1974–1976)

It was long suspected that the training ground of the criminal who became the East Area Rapist was Visalia.^{[54] [55] [56] [57] [58]} Earlier Visalia crimes dating back as early as May 1973 and other sprees like that of the "Cordova Cat Burglar" and the "Exeter Ransacker",^{[59] [60]} as well as Visalia burglaries that took place after the shooting of Detective William McGowen (see below under "Shootings"), are now suspected to be linked also.^{[61] [62]} Over a period of 20 months, DeAngelo is believed to have been responsible for one murder and around 120 burglaries.^[63]

In late-April 2018, the Visalia chief of police stated that while there was no DNA linking DeAngelo to the Central Valley cases, his department had other evidence that played a role in the investigation; and he was "confident that the Visalia Ransacker has been captured".^[64] Though the statutes of limitations for the burglaries have each expired,^{[6] [65]} DeAngelo was formally charged on August 13, 2018, with the first degree murder of Claude Snelling in 1975.^{[65] [66]} In 2020, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to the Snelling murder.^[67]

Burglaries

The first recorded ransacking occurred on March 19, 1974, when a sum of $50 in coins was stolen from a piggy bank. Most of the Ransacker's activities involved breaking into houses, rifling through or vandalizing the owner's possessions, scattering women's underclothes and stealing a range of low-value items while often ignoring banknotes and higher-valued items in plain sight. The Ransacker would also often arrange or display items in the house. Items emptied included piggy banks and coin jars; and stolen items often included Blue Chip Stamps, foreign or historic coins, and personal items (such as single earrings, cuff-links, rings, or medallions) but also included six weapons and various types of ammunition.^{[68] [69] [70]} Multiple same-day ransackings were common as well,^{[71] [72]} including 12 separate incidents on November 30, 1974. Common characteristics of the burglaries included:^{[73] [74]}

• climbing fences and moving through established routes such as parks, walkways, ditches, and trails
• attempting to pry open multiple points of entry, particularly windows
• leaving multiple points of escape open, especially windows, as well as the house, garage, and garden doors
• moving removed window screens onto beds or into bedrooms
• placing "warning items" such as dishes or bottles against doors and on door handles
• wearing gloves (given the absence of fingerprint evidence)

Shootings

On September 11, 1975, DeAngelo broke into the home of Claude Snelling, 45. Snelling, a journalism professor at the College of the Sequoias, had previously chased a prowler discovered under his 16-year-old daughter's bedroom window around 10:00 p.m. on February 5, 1975. On September 11, he was awakened around 2:00 a.m. by strange noises.^[75] Upon leaving his bedroom, Snelling ran through the open back door and confronted a ski-masked intruder in his carport attempting to kidnap his daughter, who had been subdued with threats of being stabbed or shot.^[76] Snelling was then shot twice, staggered back into the house to his wife, and later died. After the shooting the assailant punched and kicked the daughter, leaving her on the ground, and fled the scene.^[77] A stolen bicycle, tied to the assailant, was found nearby at 615 Redwood Street. After the murder, Beth Snelling, 16, underwent hypnosis in order to gather further details. The Visalia police also committed more resources to apprehending the Ransacker, and a $4,000 reward was posted. Nighttime stakeouts were set up near houses that he had previously prowled, but the ransackings continued.

Around 8:30 p.m. on December 12, 1975,^[78] a masked man entered the back yard of a house at 1505 W. Kaweah Avenue, near where the Ransacker had been reported to frequent.^[79] When Detective William McGowen (on stakeout inside the garage) attempted to detain the man, the suspect shrieked, removed his mask, and feigned surrender after McGowen fired a warning shot. However, after jumping the fence to the house at 1501, he also pulled out a revolver with his left hand and fired once near McGowen's face, shattering his flashlight.^[80] Nearby officers rushed to aid McGowen, and the shooter was able to escape.^[81] Items collected as evidence included the flashlight, tennis shoe tracks, and dropped loot, namely Blue Chip Stamps and a sock full of coins.

East Area Rapist (1976–1979)

DeAngelo moved to the Sacramento area in 1976, where his crimes escalated from burglary to rape. The crimes initially centered on the then-unincorporated areas of Carmichael, Citrus Heights, and Rancho Cordova, east of Sacramento. His initial modus operandi was to stalk middle-class neighborhoods at night in search of women who were alone in one-story homes, usually near a school, creek, trail or other open space that would provide a quick escape.^[82] He was seen a number of times but always successfully fled; on one occasion, he shot and seriously wounded a young pursuer.

Most victims had seen or heard a prowler on their property before the attacks, and many had experienced break-ins. Police believed that the offender would conduct extensive reconnaissance in a targeted neighborhood—looking into windows and prowling in yards—before selecting a home to attack. It was believed that he sometimes entered the homes of future victims to unlock windows, unload guns, and plant ligatures for later use. He frequently telephoned future victims, sometimes for months in advance, to learn their daily routines.^[83]

Although DeAngelo originally targeted women alone in their homes or with children,^[84] he eventually preferred attacking couples.^{[8] [85] [86]} This change in modus operandi is believed to be a direct result of media reports claiming he only attacked women alone in the home. His usual method was to break in through a window or sliding glass door and awaken the sleeping occupants with a flashlight, threatening them with a handgun.^[8] Victims were subsequently bound with ligatures (often shoelaces) that he found or brought with him, then blindfolded and gagged them with towels that he had ripped into strips. The female victim was usually forced to tie up her male companion before she was bound.^[87] The bindings were often so tight that the victims' hands were numb for hours after being untied. He then separated the couple, often stacking dishes on the male's back and threatening to kill everyone in the house if he heard them rattle. He would then move the female to the living room and rape her, often again and again.^{[87] [88]} A decade later, police reported that DeAngelo repeatedly said, "I hate you, Bonnie," during a 1978 rape, the 37th attack.^[89]

DeAngelo sometimes spent hours in the home ransacking closets and drawers,^[90] eating food in the kitchen, drinking beer, raping the woman again, or making additional threats. Victims sometimes thought he had left the house before he "jump[ed] from the darkness".^[87] He typically stole items—often personal objects and items of little value, but occasionally cash and firearms. He would then creep away, leaving victims uncertain whether he had left. He was believed to escape on foot through a series of yards and then use a bicycle to go home or to a car, making extensive use of parks, schoolyards, creek beds, and other open spaces that kept him off of the street.

The East Area Rapist operated in Sacramento County from the first attacks in June 1976 until May 1977. After a three-month gap, he struck in nearby San Joaquin County in September before returning to Sacramento for all but one of the next ten attacks. The rapist attacked five times in 1978 in Stanislaus and Yolo counties before disappearing again for three months. Attacks then moved primarily to Contra Costa County in October and lasted until July 1979.

Rapes

	Date	Time	Location	County	Notes
1	Friday, June 18, 1976	4:00 a.m.	Rancho Cordova		^[91] ^[92] ^[93]
2	Monday, July 19, 1976	2:00 a.m.			Marlborough Way, Del Dayo neighborhood
3	Sunday, August 29, 1976	3:20 a.m.	Rancho Cordova
4	Saturday, September 4, 1976	11:30 p.m.	Carmichael
5	Tuesday, October 5, 1976	6:45 a.m.			^[94]
6	Saturday, October 9, 1976	4:30 a.m.	Rancho Cordova
7	Monday, October 18, 1976	2:30 a.m.	Carmichael		Kipling Drive, Del Dayo neighborhood
8	Monday, October 18, 1976	11:00 p.m.	Rancho Cordova
9	Wednesday, November 10, 1976	7:30 p.m.	Citrus Heights		Greenback Lane
10	Saturday, December 18, 1976	7:00 p.m.	Carmichael
11	Tuesday, January 18, 1977	11:00 p.m.			Glenbrook/College Greens area^[95]
12	Monday, January 24, 1977	12:00 a.m.	Citrus Heights		Primrose Drive^[96]
13	Monday, February 7, 1977	6:45 a.m.	Carmichael		Crestview Drive and Madison Ave.^[97]
14	Wednesday, February 16, 1977	10:30 p.m.	Sacramento		Ripon Court^[98]
15	Tuesday, March 8, 1977	4:00 a.m.			Watt and Whitney Ave.^[99]
16	Friday, March 18, 1977	10:45 p.m.	Rancho Cordova		^[100]
17	Saturday, April 2, 1977	3:20 a.m.			Madison and Main Ave.
18	Friday, April 15, 1977	2:30 a.m.	Carmichael		Madison and Manzanita Avenues^[101]
19	Tuesday, May 3, 1977	3:00 a.m.	Sacramento		Glenbrook/College Greens area^[102]
20	Thursday, May 5, 1977	2:40 a.m.	Orangevale
21	Saturday, May 14, 1977	3:45 a.m.	Citrus Heights		Greenback Lane and Birdcage Street^[103]
22	Tuesday, May 17, 1977	1:30 a.m.	Carmichael		Sand Bar Circle, Del Dayo neighborhood^[104]
23	Saturday, May 28, 1977	1:00 a.m.			Sky Parkway neighborhood^[105]
24	Tuesday, September 6, 1977	1:30 a.m.			Lincoln Village West neighborhood^[106]
25	Saturday, October 1, 1977	1:30 a.m.		Sacramento	La Riviera and Tuolumne Dr.^[107]
26	Friday, October 21, 1977	3:00 a.m.			Elkhorn Blvd./Diablo Dr.^[108]
27	Saturday, October 29, 1977	1:45 a.m.	Arden-Arcade		Woodson Ave.^[109]
28	Thursday, November 10, 1977	3:00 a.m.	Sacramento		La Riviera Dr. near Watt Ave.^[110]
29	Friday, December 2, 1977	11:30 p.m.	Foothill Farms		Brett and Revelstoke Dr.^[111]
30	Saturday, January 28, 1978	10:15 p.m.	Carmichael		Winding Way, east of Walnut Ave.^[112]
31	Saturday, March 18, 1978	11:00 p.m.	Stockton	San Joaquin	Parkwoods neighborhood^[113]
32	Friday, April 14, 1978	10:00 p.m.	Sacramento	Sacramento	Seamas and Riverside Aves., Little Pocket^[114] ^[115]
33	Monday, June 5, 1978	2:30 a.m.			Northeastern Modesto^[116]
34	Wednesday, June 7, 1978	3:55 a.m.			North of UC Davis^[117]
35	Friday, June 23, 1978	1:30 a.m.	Modesto	Stanislaus	Northeastern Modesto
36	Saturday, June 24, 1978	3:15 a.m.	Davis	Yolo	Rivendell area
37	Thursday, July 6, 1978	2:50 a.m.			Westwood Division^[118]
38	Saturday, October 7, 1978	2:30 a.m.			^[119]
39	Friday, October 13, 1978	4:30 a.m.			^[120]
40	Saturday, October 28, 1978	4:30 a.m.			^[121]
41	Saturday, November 4, 1978	3:30 a.m.
42	Saturday, December 2, 1978	4:30 a.m.
43	Saturday, December 9, 1978	2:00 a.m.		Contra Costa
44	Monday, December 18, 1978	6:30 p.m.	San Ramon		^[122] ^[123]
45	Tuesday, March 20, 1979	5:00 a.m.	Rancho Cordova	Sacramento
46	Wednesday, April 4, 1979	1:00 a.m.			^[124]
47	Saturday, June 2, 1979	11:30 p.m.		Contra Costa	^[125]
48	Monday, June 11, 1979	4:00 a.m.	Danville		^[126]
49	Monday, June 25, 1979	4:00 a.m.	Walnut Creek		^[127]
50	Thursday, July 5, 1979	3:45 a.m.	Danville		^[128]

Maggiore murders

A young Sacramento couple—21-year-old Brian Keith Maggiore, a military policeman at Mather Air Force Base, and his 20-year-old wife Katie Lee Maggiore—were walking their dog in the Rancho Cordova area on the night of February 2, 1978, near where five East Area Rapist attacks had occurred.^[129] The Maggiores fled after a confrontation in the street but were chased down and shot to death.^[130] Some investigators suspected that they had been murdered by the East Area Rapist because of their proximity to the other attacks' locations, and a shoelace was found nearby. The FBI announced on June 15, 2016, that it was confident that the East Area Rapist had murdered the Maggiores.^[131] On June 29, 2020, DeAngelo entered a plea of guilty to these murders.^[132]

Original Night Stalker (1979–1986)

Shortly after the rape committed on July 5, 1979, DeAngelo moved to Southern California and began killing his victims, first striking in Santa Barbara County in October. The attacks lasted until 1981, with a lone 1986 attack, only the couple in the first attack survived, alerting neighbors and forcing the intruder to flee; the other victims were murdered by gunshot or bludgeoning. Since DeAngelo was not linked to these crimes for decades, he was known as the Night Stalker in the area, before being renamed the Original Night Stalker after serial killer Richard Ramirez received the former nickname.^[133]

Date	Victim(s)	Location	County
1	Monday, October 1, 1979	None (attempted murder; botched attack)	Queen Ann Lane, Goleta^[134]	Santa Barbara
2	Sunday, December 30, 1979	Robert Offerman, Debra Manning	Goleta
3	Thursday, March 13, 1980	Charlene & Lyman Smith	Ventura^[135]	Ventura
4	Tuesday, August 19, 1980	Keith & Patrice Harrington	Dana Point^[136]	Orange
5	Friday, February 6, 1981	Manuela Witthuhn	Irvine^[137]
6	Monday, July 27, 1981	Cheri Domingo, Gregory Sanchez	Goleta^[138]	Santa Barbara
7	Sunday, May 4, 1986	Janelle Cruz	Irvine	Orange

1979

On October 1, an intruder broke in and tied up a Goleta couple. Alarmed at hearing him say, "I'll kill 'em" to himself, the man and woman tried to escape when he left the room, and the woman screamed. Realizing that the alarm had been raised, the intruder fled on a bicycle.^[8] A neighbor (an FBI agent) responded to the noise and pursued the perpetrator, who abandoned the bicycle and a knife and escaped on foot through local backyards. The attack was later linked to the Offerman–Manning murders by shoe prints and twine used to bind the victims.

On December 30, 44-year-old orthopedic surgeon Dr. Robert Offerman and 35-year-old clinical psychologist Dr. Debra Alexandria Manning were found shot to death in the bedroom of Offerman's condominium on Avenida Pequena in Goleta. Manning had also been raped. Two of her rings were found hidden between the mattress and bed frame near her body.^[139] Offerman's bindings were untied, indicating that he had lunged at the attacker. Neighbors had heard gunshots.^[139] Paw prints of a large dog were found at the scene, leading to speculation that the killer may have brought one with him. The killer ate leftover Christmas turkey from Offerman's refrigerator, leaving the remnants in the kitchen. There was also evidence the killer had broken into the vacant adjoining condo and stolen a bicycle, later found abandoned on a street north of the scene, from a third residence in the complex.^[140]

1980

On March 13, 33-year-old interior designer Charlene Smith and 43-year-old attorney Lyman Smith were found murdered in their Ventura home;^[141] Charlene Smith had also been raped. A log from a woodpile on the side of the house was used to bludgeon the victims to death. They were discovered three days later by Lyman's 12-year old son when he stopped by to mow the lawn. The bedroom alarm clock was still going off. ^[142] Their wrists and ankles had been bound with drapery cord. An unusual Chinese knot, a diamond knot, was used on Charlene's wrists; the same knot was noted in the East Area Rapist attacks, at least one confirmed case of which was publicly known. The murderer was, therefore, briefly given the name Diamond Knot Killer.^[143]

On August 19, 24-year-old Keith Eli Harrington and 27-year-old Patrice Briscoe Harrington were found bludgeoned to death in their home on Cockleshell Drive in Dana Point's Niguel Shores gated community.^[144] Patrice Harrington had also been raped. She was bludgeoned so severely that her face and skull were pulverized.^[145] Although there was evidence that the Harringtons' wrists and ankles were bound, no murder weapon or ligatures were found at the scene.^[144] The Harringtons had been married for three months at the time of their deaths. Patrice was a pediatric nurse in Irvine, and Keith was a fourth year medical student at UC Irvine. He was on course to graduate early in December of 1980.^[144] Keith's brother Bruce later spent nearly $2 million supporting California Proposition 69, authorizing DNA collection from all California felons and certain other criminals.^{[8] [146]}

1981

On February 6, 28-year-old Manuela Witthuhn was raped and murdered in her Irvine home.^{[8] [147]} Although Witthuhn's body had signs of being tied before she was bludgeoned,^[8] no murder weapon or ligatures were found. Though the victim was married, her husband was away, hospitalized; and she was alone at the time of the attack.^[147] Witthuhn's television was found in the backyard, possibly the killer's attempt to make the crime appear to be a botched robbery.

On July 27, 35-year-old Cheri Domingo and 27-year-old Gregory Sanchez became the Original Night Stalker's tenth and eleventh murder victims.^[148] Both were attacked in Domingo's residence on Toltec Way in Goleta (several blocks south of Robert Offerman's condominium), where Domingo was living temporarily; it was owned by a relative and up for sale.^[149] The offender entered the house through a small bathroom window. Sanchez had not been tied and was shot and wounded in the cheek before he was bludgeoned to death with a garden tool.

Some believe that Sanchez may have realized he was dealing with the man responsible for the Offerman–Manning murders and tried to tackle the killer rather than be tied up. Again, no neighbors responded to the gunshot. Sanchez's head was covered with clothes pulled from the closet. Domingo was raped and bludgeoned; bruises on her wrists and ankles indicated that she had been tied, although the restraints were missing. A piece of shipping twine was found near the bed, and fibers from an unknown source were scattered over her body.^[150] Authorities believed that the attacker may have worked as a painter or in a similar job at the Calle Real Shopping Centre.^{[151] [152] [136]}

1986

On May 4, 18-year-old Janelle Lisa Cruz was found dead after she was raped^{[52] [153]} and bludgeoned in her Irvine home.^[154] Her family was on vacation in Mexico at the time of the attack. The house was for sale and her body was discovered by a realtor who stopped by to show the house to a prospective buyer. Janelle's body was found on her bed, beaten beyond recognition, with her teeth found in both her hair and lungs.^{[8] [147]} A pipe wrench, reported missing by Cruz's stepfather, was thought to be the murder weapon. Initially, investigators in respective jurisdictions did not think the southern California murders were connected. A Sacramento detective strongly believed that the East Area Rapist was responsible for the Goleta attacks, but the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office attributed them to a local career criminal who was later murdered. Unaware of the Goleta murders, local police in surrounding jurisdictions followed false leads related to men who were close to the female victims. One person, later cleared, was charged with two of the murders. Many years later, the cases were linked almost entirely by DNA testing.

Other suspected murders

After DeAngelo was arrested, he was also suspected of committing the 1974 Visalia rape and murder of Jennifer Armour, the 1975 Exeter rape and murder of Donna Jo Richmond, and a 1978 murder of a woman and her son in Simi Valley, but was cleared as a suspect in all four murders by DNA testing.^{[155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160]} Victoria Police ruled out a link between DeAngelo, who docked in Australia during his Navy service, and the Melbourne serial child rapist and murderer known as "Mr Cruel".^[161]

Communications

Written

"Excitement's Crave" poem

In December 1977, someone claiming to be the East Area Rapist sent a poem, "Excitement's Crave", to The Sacramento Bee, the Sacramento mayor's office, and television station KVIE. On December 11, a masked man eluded pursuit by law-enforcement personnel after alerting authorities by telephone that he would strike on Watt Avenue that night:^[162]

Homework pages and punishment map (December 9, 1978)

During the investigation in Danville of the 42nd attack, investigators discovered three sheets of notebook paper near where a suspicious vehicle had reportedly been parked. They believe the pages were dropped accidentally, perhaps by falling out of a bag. The first sheet appears to be a homework essay on General George Armstrong Custer.

The second sheet contains a journal-style entry describing a teacher who made students write lines, which the author found humiliating:

On the last sheet was a hand-drawn map of what appears to be a suburban neighborhood, with the word "punishment" scrawled across the reverse side.^[163] Investigators were unable to identify the area depicted in the map, although the artist clearly had knowledge of architectural layout and landscape design.^[164] According to Detective Larry Pool, the map is a fantasy location representing the rapist's desired striking ground.

Phone calls

"I'm the East Side Rapist" (March 18, 1977)

On March 18, 1977, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office received three calls from a man claiming to be the East Area Rapist; none were recorded.^[165] The first two calls, received at 4:15 and 4:30 p.m., were identical and ended with the caller laughing and hanging up. The final call came in at 5:00 p.m., with the caller saying: "I'm the East Side Rapist and I have my next victim already stalked and you guys can't catch me."

"You're never gonna catch me" (December 2, 1977)

A man claiming to be the rapist called the Sacramento Police Department, saying: "You're never gonna catch me, East Area Rapist, you dumb fuckers; I'm gonna fuck again tonight. Be careful!" The call was recorded and later released.^[83] As with the previous call, the next victim was attacked that night.

"Merry Christmas" (December 9, 1977)

During the 1977 Christmas season, a previous victim received a phone call that she attributed to her attacker. The caller said, "Merry Christmas, it's me again!"

"Watt Avenue" (December 10, 1977)

Shortly before 10:00 p.m. on December 10, 1977, Sacramento authorities received two identical calls, saying, "I am going to hit tonight. Watt Avenue." Both were recorded, and the caller was identified as the same person who placed the call on December 2. Law-enforcement patrols were increased that night; and at 2:30 a.m., a masked man eluded officers after being seen bicycling on the Watt Avenue bridge. When spotted again at 4:30 a.m., he discarded the bicycle and fled on foot. The bicycle had been stolen.

"Gonna kill you" (January 2, 1978)

The first known rape victim received a wrong-number call asking for "Ray" on January 2, 1978. The call was recorded, and police suspect that it may have been the same caller who made a threatening call to her later that evening.^[166] That call was also recorded and identified by the victim as the voice of her assailant. The caller said, "Gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... fuckin' whore."^[83]

Counseling service (January 6, 1978)

A man claiming to be the East Area Rapist called the Contact Counseling Service and said, "I have a problem. I need help because I don't want to do this anymore." After a short conversation, the caller said, "I believe you are tracing this call" and hung up.^[167]

Later calls (1982–1991)

In 1982, a previous victim received a call at her place of work—a Denny's restaurant—during which the rapist threatened to rape her again. According to Contra Costa County investigator Paul Holes, the rapist must have chanced to patronize the restaurant and recognized his victim there.^{[168] [169]}

In 1991, a previous victim received a phone call from the perpetrator and spoke with him for one minute. She could hear a woman and children in the background, leading to speculation that he had a family.^[5]

Final call (2001)

On April 6, 2001, one day after an article in The Sacramento Bee linked the Original Night Stalker and the East Area Rapist, a victim of the rapist received a call from him; he asked, "Remember when we played?"

Investigation

Before officially connecting the Original Night Stalker to the East Area Rapist in 2001, some law-enforcement officials (particularly from the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department) sought to link the Goleta cases as well.^[170] The links were primarily due to similarities in modus operandi. One of the already-linked Original Night Stalker double murders occurred in Ventura, southeast of Goleta; and the remaining murders were committed in Orange County, an additional southeast. In 2001, several rapes in Contra Costa County believed to have been committed by the East Area Rapist were linked by DNA to the Smith, Harrington, Witthuhn, and Cruz murders. A decade later, DNA evidence indicated that the Domingo–Sanchez murders were also committed by the East Area Rapist (also identified as the Golden State Killer).^[171]

On June 15, 2016, the FBI released further information related to the crimes, including new composite sketches and crime details; a $50,000 reward was also announced.^[172] The initiative included a national database to support law enforcement's investigating of the crimes and to handle tips and information.^[173] Eventually, "through the use of genetic genealogy searching on GEDmatch, investigators identified distant relatives of DeAngelo—including family members directly related to his great-great-great-great grandfather dating back to the 1800s. Based on this information, investigators built about 25 different family trees. The tree that eventually linked to [DeAngelo] alone contained approximately 1,000 people. Over the course of a few months, investigators used other clues like age, sex, and place of residence to rule out suspects populating these trees, eliminating suspects one by one until only DeAngelo remained."

Identification of DeAngelo began in December 2017 when officials, led by detective Paul Holes and FBI lawyer Steve Kramer, uploaded the killer's DNA profile from a Ventura County rape kit to the personal genomics website GEDmatch.^[174] The website identified ten to twenty people who had the same great-great-great-grandparents as the Golden State Killer; a team of five investigators working with genealogist Barbara Rae-Venter used this list to construct a large family tree.^[175] From this tree, they established two suspects; one was ruled out by a relative's DNA test, leaving DeAngelo the main suspect.^[176]

On April 18, 2018, a DNA sample was surreptitiously collected from the door handle of DeAngelo's car; another sample was later collected from a tissue found in DeAngelo's curbside garbage can.^[177] Both were matched to samples associated with Golden State Killer crimes. Since DeAngelo's arrest, some commentators have raised concerns about the ethics of the secondary use of personally identifiable information.^{[178] [15]} During the investigation, several people were considered and later eliminated as suspects:

• Brett Glasby, from Goleta, was considered a suspect by Santa Barbara County investigators. He was murdered in Mexico in 1982 before the murder of Janelle Cruz, eliminating him as a suspect.^[179]
• Paul "Cornfed" Schneider, a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood, was living in Orange County when the Harringtons, Manuela Witthuhn, and Janelle Cruz were killed. A DNA test cleared him in the 1990s.^{[180] [181]}
• Joe Alsip, a friend and business partner of the victim Lyman Smith. Alsip's pastor said that Alsip had confessed to him during a family-counseling session. Alsip was arraigned for the Smith murders in 1982, but the charges were later dropped,^{[182] [183]} and his innocence was confirmed by DNA testing in 1997.^[184]

Arrest, trial and incarceration

On the evening of April 24, 2018, Sacramento County Sheriff's deputies arrested DeAngelo in the side yard of his Sacramento home.^{[185] [186]} He was charged with eight counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances.^[187] On May 10, the Santa Barbara County District Attorney's office charged DeAngelo with four additional counts of first-degree murder.^[188] DeAngelo made a confession of sorts after his arrest that cryptically referred to an inner personality named "Jerry", who had forced him to commit the wave of crimes that ended abruptly in 1986.

According to Sacramento County prosecutor Thien Ho, DeAngelo said the following to himself while alone in a police interrogation room after his arrest in April 2018: "I didn't have the strength to push him out. He made me. He went with me. It was like in my head, I mean, he's a part of me. I didn't want to do those things. I pushed Jerry out and had a happy life. I did all those things. I destroyed all their lives. So now I've got to pay the price."^[189] Detectives ignored DeAngelo's initial requests to speak to an attorney, later citing a legal theory that this potential Miranda violation would be justified, with the understanding that prosecutors could not use the interview against the defendant in court.^[190]

DeAngelo could not be charged with rapes or burglaries, as the statute of limitations had expired for those offenses, but he was charged with 13 counts of murder and 13 counts of kidnapping. DeAngelo was arraigned in Sacramento on August 23, 2018. In November 2018, prosecutors from six involved counties collectively estimated that the case could cost taxpayers $20 million and last ten years.^[191] At an April 10, 2019, court proceeding, prosecutors announced that they would seek the death penalty, and the judge ruled that cameras could be allowed inside the courtroom during the trial.^{[192] [193]}

On March 4, 2020, DeAngelo offered to plead guilty if the death penalty were taken off the table, which was not accepted at the time. On June 29, as part of a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to thirteen counts of first-degree murder and special circumstances (including murder committed during burglaries and rapes), as well as thirteen counts of kidnapping.^{[194] [195] [196] [197]} On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo received multiple consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole.

DeAngelo offered a brief apology after listening to days of pre-sentencing victim impact statements: "I've listened to all your statements, each one of them, and I'm truly sorry to everyone I've hurt."^{[198] [199] [200]} In November 2020, DeAngelo was transferred to the North Kern State Prison.^[201] As of February 2021, DeAngelo is incarcerated in protective custody at California State Prison, Corcoran.^[202]

See also

• List of serial killers in the United States
• List of serial rapists by number of victims

Further reading

Literature

• Book: Crompton, Larry . 2010 . Sudden Terror . . Bloomington, Indiana . 978-1-4520-5241-0.
• Book: Morford, Michael . Ferguson, Michael . 2018 . The Case of the Golden State Killer: Based on the Podcast with Additional Commentary, Photographs and Documents . WildBlue Press . 978-1947290556.
• Book: McNamara, Michelle . Michelle McNamara . 2018 . I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer . I'll Be Gone in the Dark . HarperCollins . 978-0-06-231978-4.
• Book: Shelby, Richard . 2015 . Hunting a Psychopath: The East Area Rapist / original Night Stalker investigation – the original investigator speaks out . Hunting a Psychopath . Booklocker . 978-1-63263-509-9.

Periodicals

• Help us catch a killer . . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20130302072921/http://www.lamag.com/killer . March 2, 2013. (includes numerous photos and maps)
• Unmasking a Killer . CNN . 2018-02-13 . A seven-part series that profiles California's most prolific uncaught serial killer.

Podcasts

• 3 Golden State Killer podcasts that go deep on the case . . podcast links .
• Man in the window . . .
• The Creep Among Us . Stitcher . .

Television

• Cold Case Files . 2 . 22 . The Original Nightstalker . A&E Television Networks .
• Dark Minds: The Original Nightstalker . Investigation Discovery.
• Investigation Discovery . Golden State Killer: It's Not Over .
• . 2020 . HBO documentary.
• Very Scary People . The Golden State Killer . 2021 . Investigation Discovery.

Academic articles

• Joseph . Zabel . 2019 . The killer inside us: Law, ethics, and the forensic use of family genetics . en . . 24 . 2 . 3368705 . May 4, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153701/https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1136717 . June 30, 2020.

External links

• Full Interview: Golden State Killer investigator Paul Holes . video . YouTube.
• Cold Case – EARONS at coldcase-earons.com
• EAR/ONS magazine – 188-page magazine of related photos and news articles (from Casefile)
  • Web site: The Original Nightstalker Map, Part 5a . casefilepodcast.com. Map of the EAR/ONS crimes
• Web site: East Area Rapist / Original Night Stalker . ear-ons.com . June 11, 2016 . June 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617073815/http://www.ear-ons.com/crimes.html . dead .
• Map of the East Area Rapist / Original Night Stalker / Golden State Killer Crimes
• True Crime Diary at truecrimediary.com
• Collection of newspaper clippings about the Golden State Killer at Newspapers.com

Notes and References

1. Web site: Apology at sentencing deepens mystery of Golden State Killer . August 22, 2020 .
2. Web site: The Golden State Killer suspect became part of their family ⁠— and slowly revealed his violent side . . June 11, 2019 .
3. Web site: Golden State Killer pleads guilty to 13 murders . June 29, 2020 . BBC. June 30, 2020 . June 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630014031/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53226327. live.
4. McNamara . Michelle . Michelle McNamara . February 27, 2013 . In the footsteps of a killer . City Think . blog . . dead . October 7, 2015 . https://archive.today/20171020222155/http://www.lamag.com/longform/in-the-footsteps-of-a-killer/ . October 20, 2017.
   News: Lange . Jeva . March 19, 2018 . Michelle McNamara's tantalizing roadmap for finding a long lost serial killer . . April 29, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424000349/http://theweek.com/articles/761206/michelle-mcnamaras-tantalizing-roadmap-finding-long-lost-serial-killer . April 24, 2018.
5. News: Hallissy . Erin . Goodyear . Charlie . April 4, 2001 . DNA links '70s 'East Area Rapist' to serial killings / evidence suggests suspect moved to southern California . . . San Francisco, California . November 13, 2016 . dead . https://archive.today/20171020222043/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/DNA-Links-70s-East-Area-Rapist-to-Serial-2935342.php . October 20, 2017.
6. News: Johnson . Brian . April 27, 2018 . Tulare DA awaits reports connecting 'Golden State Killer' to 'Visalia Ransacker' . ABC30 Fresno . en-US . live . May 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501163951/http://abc30.com/tulare-da-awaits-reports-connecting-golden-state-killer-to-visalia-ransacker/3400779/ . May 1, 2018.
7. News: Fan . Christina . April 26, 2018 . Serial killer's crime spree likely started in Visalia . ABC30 Fresno . en-US . live . May 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090544/http://abc30.com/visalia-detective-came-face-to-face-with-serial-killer-in-1975/3393359/ . May 4, 2018.
8. The Original Night Stalker . Cold Case Files . Cold Case Files . . May 28, 2000 . 2 . 22.
9. News: Thompson . Don . . June 15, 2016 . 'Original Night Stalker,' active across California, eludes police for 30 years . . . Santa Cruz, California . October 30, 2017 . dead . https://archive.today/20171031003535/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/NE/20160615/NEWS/160619840 . October 31, 2017.
10. News: Hallissy . Erin . Goodyear . Charlie . October 20, 1999 . How DNA fights crime/ other states make better use of technology . . January 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105214843/http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/How-DNA-Fights-Crime-Other-states-make-better-2900861.php . January 5, 2018.
11. Book: . . The FBI Story 2016 . Illustrated . 2017 . Government Printing Office . 978-0-16-093735-4 . 62–63 . January 2, 2018.
12. News: Blankstein . Andrew . Dienst . Jonathan . Siemaszko . Corky . April 25, 2018 . Golden State Killer: Ex-cop arrested in serial murder-rape cold case . en-US . . April 26, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425212634/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/golden-state-killer-case-ex-cop-arrested-serial-murder-rape-n868936 . April 25, 2018.
13. News: Stanton . Sam . Egel . Benjy . Lillis . Ryan . April 26, 2018 . Update: East Area Rapist suspect captured after DNA match, authorities say . . en-US . 0890-5738 . . Sacramento, California . April 29, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428020740/http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article209779364.html . April 28, 2018.
14. Media Advisory . Joseph DeAngelo charges . April 30, 2018 . Orange County District Attorney . April 25, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114714/http://orangecountyda.org/civica/press/display.asp?layout=2&Entry=5552 . live .
15. Joseph . Zabel . 2019 . The killer inside us: Law, ethics, and the forensic use of family genetics . . 24 . 2 . 3368705 . en . May 4, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153701/https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1136717 . June 30, 2020.
16. News: Gonzalez . Liz . April 25, 2018 . Police: Golden State Killer is also Visalia Ransacker . en-US . Bakersfield Now . April 28, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182241/http://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/golden-state-killer-identified-as-former-exeter-police-officer . April 28, 2018 .
    News: Woomer . Eric . April 27, 2018 . Visalia Ransacker suspect was a 'black sheep', described as a loner in Exeter . en-US . The Visalia Times-Delta . April 28, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162236/https://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/story/news/2018/04/27/visalia-ransacker-golden-state-killer-james-deangelo-black-sheep-exeter-police/559924002/ . June 12, 2018.
    News: Tehee . Joshua . April 25, 2018 . Golden State Killer suspect linked to Visalia mystery, was an Exeter police officer . . . Fresno, California . April 28, 2018 . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181858/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/crime/article209829249.html . April 28, 2018.
17. News: Ford . Matt . September 29, 2016 . After Cosby, California ends statute of limitations on rape . . . Washington, DC . April 29, 2018 . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429160323/https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/09/california-statute-of-limitations/502307/ . April 29, 2018.
18. News: Arango . Tim . Goldman . Adam . Fuller . Thomas . April 27, 2018 . To catch a killer: A fake profile on a DNA site and a pristine sample . en-US . . 0362-4331 . New York, NY . April 29, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024141/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/us/golden-state-killer-case-joseph-deangelo.html . April 29, 2018.
19. News: Golden State Killer suspect arraigned on rape-related charges . en-US . . . New York, NY . September 18, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181214231025/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/golden-state-killer-suspect-arraigned-new-charges-n903406 . December 14, 2018.
    News: Thompson . Don . 2018-08-24 . Golden State Killer suspect faces 26 murder and rape-related consolidated charges . en-US . . . Chicago, Illinois . September 18, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180918091059/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-golden-state-killer-suspect-charges-20180824-story.html . September 18, 2018.
20. News: Jouvnal . Justin . 2020-06-29 . Man accused of being 'Golden State Killer' enters guilty plea . . . Washington, DC . en . live . June 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200629234224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/man-accused-of-being-golden-state-killer-expected-to-plead-guilty/2020/06/29/b3457ca6-ba0b-11ea-8cf5-9c1b8d7f84c6_story.html . June 29, 2020.
21. News: Adam . Gabbatt . . June 15, 2020 . 'Golden State Killer' suspect reportedly to plead guilty to avoid death penalty . en-GB . . 0261-3077 . London, England . June 16, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200616002434/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/15/golden-state-killer-suspect-guilty-plea . June 16, 2020.
22. Web site: Golden State Killer sentenced to life in prison . en-US . . August 21, 2020 . August 21, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821224206/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/golden-state-killer-joseph-deangelo-sentenced-to-life-in-prison/ . August 21, 2020.
23. News: Wamsley . Laurel . August 21, 2020 . Golden State Killer sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole . . live . August 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200822053145/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/21/904744564/golden-state-killer-sentenced-to-life-in-prison . August 22, 2020.
24. Web site: Golden State Killer sentenced to life without possibility of parole . . August 21, 2020 . en-US . August 21, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821174002/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/golden-state-killer-joseph-deangelo-sentenced-life-without-possibility-parole-n1237670 . August 21, 2020.
25. Web site: Candace. Sutton. June 29, 2018. Accused serial killer Joseph James DeAngelo's sick words as he raped. June 14, 2020. News.com.au. News Corp Australia. Adelaide, Australia. en. March 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303054939/https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/relationships/marriage/accused-serial-killers-sick-words-as-he-raped-women/news-story/681701cb27217e28eb69a0928b4ad187. live.
26. Web site: Golden State Killer suspect born in Bath. April 25, 2018 . The Evening Tribune. Associated Press. Gannett. Hornell, New York. May 2, 2019. May 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190502211547/https://www.eveningtribune.com/news/20180425/golden-state-killer-suspect-born-in-bath. live.
27. Web site: Exclusive: The woman behind the scenes who helped capture the Golden State Killer . Mercury News . https://web.archive.org/web/20180912231959/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/24/exclusive-the-woman-behind-the-scenes-who-helped-capture-the-golden-state-killer/ . September 12, 2018 . August 27, 2018 . live.
28. News: Tamar . Lapin . May 14, 2018 . Family of 'Golden State Killer' claim he saw men rape his 7 year-old sister . . . New York City . October 3, 2018. October 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021207/https://nypost.com/2018/05/14/golden-state-killer-witnessed-men-rape-his-sister-report/ . live.
29. News: Thompson . Don . August 22, 2020 . Apology at sentencing deepens mystery of Golden State Killer . . live . August 22, 2020 . August 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200822005111/https://apnews.com/08a241b485d1d7be03f62293e2da3277.
30. News: Caraccio . David . May 7, 2018 . What do we know about the life story of the East Area Rapist Suspect . . . Sacramento, California . April 16, 2019 . April 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416150143/https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article210633129.html . live .
31. News: Egel . Benjy . April 25, 2018 . Who is the East Area Rapist? Police say it's this ex-cop who attended Folsom High . . . Sacramento, California . May 7, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428010913/http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article209823959.html. April 28, 2018.
32. Sgt. Joe DeAngelo, Exeter PD . . shows.pippa.io . 16 . December 26, 1975 . live . June 8, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162114/https://shows.pippa.io/5b0b51d35d2f788725c01ea7/ep-16-sgt-joe-deangelo-exeterpd . June 12, 2018.
33. News: Joseph J. DeAngelo expected home on leave from Navy soon . June 1, 1967 . . Brehm Communications . Auburn, California . April 26, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180427023759/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19560455/joseph_j_deangelo_expected_home_on . April 27, 2018.
34. News: Ross . Martha . Who is Joseph James DeAngelo? Suspect accused in 1979 of stealing a can of dog repellent, hammer . . . San Jose, California . April 25, 2018 . June 30, 2020 . June 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630192537/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/25/who-is-joseph-james-deangelo-ex-cop-is-suspected-golden-state-killer/ . live .
35. Web site: Navy veteran serves Exeter as policeman . August 22, 1973 . . . Williamsport, Pennsylvania . June 8, 2018 . June 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220922/http://www.thesungazette.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Deangelo_Article_ExeterSun_22Aug1973-1.png . live.
36. News: What We Know About Joseph DeAngelo, the Golden State Killer Suspect. Haag. Matthew. The New York Times. New York City. April 26, 2018. April 29, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180429120126/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/26/us/joseph-james-deangelo.html. April 29, 2018.
37. Web site: . . Full Interview: Golden State Killer investigator Paul Holes . May 2, 2018 . August 13, 2018 . June 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180611130916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tP1gni1gGvk . live.
38. Web site: 2020-08-03. The Golden State killer's ex-fiance Bonnie Colwell says she "refuses to wear the blame". 2021-12-22. Newsweek. en.
39. News: Man in the Window . Paige St. John . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190611120346/https://www.latimes.com/projects/man-in-the-window-joe-DeAngelo-golden-state-killer-serial/ . June 11, 2019.
40. News: St. John . Paige . An inside look at the Golden State Killer suspect's behavior . 8 September 2020 . . Los Angeles, California . June 28, 2020 . July 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200701180110/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-28/closing-the-golden-state-killer-case-with-a-pending-confession-circus-atmosphere-and-a-bar-of-gold . live.
41. News: 'I hate you, Bonnie': Golden State Killer likely motivated by animosity toward ex-fiancee, investigator says. Sulek. Julia. April 26, 2018. The Mercury News. MediaNews Group. San Jose, California. May 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180508131500/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/26/i-hate-you-bonnie-golden-state-killer-likely-motivated-by-animosity-toward-ex-fiancee-investigator-says. May 8, 2018. live.
42. Web site: Margo . Margaritoff . June 24, 2020 . Meet Sharon Huddle, the lawyer who was married to the Golden State Killer during his bloody reign . All That's Interesting . October 20, 2020.
43. Web site: Sharon M. Huddle #105101 . Attorney Search . . members.calbar.ca.gov . August 13, 2018. July 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003723/http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Member/Detail/105101 . live.
44. Web site: Estranged wife of accused East Area rapist filed for divorce . Good Day Sacramento . February 18, 2019 . November 7, 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191107175715/https://gooddaysacramento.cbslocal.com/2019/02/18/joseph-deangelo-wife-divorce/ . November 7, 2019.
45. News: St. John . Paige . June 28, 2020 . An inside look at the Golden State Killer suspect's behavior . . Los Angeles, California . en-US . July 2, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200701180110/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-28/closing-the-golden-state-killer-case-with-a-pending-confession-circus-atmosphere-and-a-bar-of-gold . July 1, 2020.
46. News: 'He is the best father I could have had': Daughter of Golden State Killer describes father in letter to court . Associated Press . FOX40 web desk . . . August 25, 2020 . September 18, 2021.
47. News: Golden State Killer's ex-wife breaks her silence as the former police officer awaits sentencing . Madeline. Holcombe. Cheri. Mossburg. August 21, 2020 . . Nexstar Media Group . September 18, 2021.
48. News: Lillis . Ryan . April 25, 2018 . Here's where East Area Rapist suspect worked for nearly three decades before retiring . . . Sacramento, California . April 26, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426061346/http://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article209862599.html. April 26, 2018.
49. Web site: Crystal . Bonvillain . March 19, 2019 . Golden State Killer suspect was arrested in 1996 Super Bowl ticket ruse – but was released . . . Atlanta, Georgia . March 20, 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190320121206/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/golden-state-killer-suspect-was-arrested-1996-super-bowl-ticket-ruse-but-was-released/TXa2VKuchnYkLXkRsR7eOP/ . March 20, 2019.
50. News: 'Golden State Killer' suspect threatened to kill family dog, yelled and cursed in neighborhood: Neighbors . Shapiro . Emily . Johnson . Whit . Harrison . Jenna . April 28, 2018 . . . New York City. March 18, 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306064524/https://abcnews.go.com/US/golden-state-killer-suspect-threatened-kill-family-dog/story?id=54776065 . March 6, 2019.
51. Web site: A memorial to the victims and their loved ones . dead . April 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160423075333/http://www.ear-ons.com/ . April 23, 2016.
52. Web site: EAR/BK master timeline . dead . June 24, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165427/http://jjmcgr.googlepages.com/EARBKTL051706.pdf . April 1, 2007.
53. News: Lauren . Clark . April 22, 2017 . Connecting the dots in the search for a California serial killer . . October 31, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170809225136/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/golden-state-killer-connecting-the-dots-in-the-search-for-a-serial-predator/ . August 9, 2017.
54. News: Retired officer looking to solve 1975 cold case . Garcia . Natalie . 2007 . Visalia Times-Delta . December 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122540/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/2007-02-08.pdf . December 8, 2017 . live.
55. News: The mystery of the Visalia Ransacker won't go away after 41 years . Griswold . Lewis . March 4, 2017 . The Fresno Bee. McClatchy. Fresno, California. December 3, 2017 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004442/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/lewis-griswold/article136364438.html . November 7, 2017.
56. News: Was Visalia the training ground? . Smith . M.J. . March 25, 2015 . Visalia Times-Delta . Gannett. Visalia, California. December 3, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613021336/https://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/story/opinion/2015/03/25/visalia-training-ground/70406130/?from=new-cookie. June 13, 2018. en.
57. Book: I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer . McNamara . Michelle . Oswalt . Patton . Flynn . Gillian . HarperCollins . 2018 . 978-0-06-231980-7 . 88–91 . en . Michelle McNamara . Patton Oswalt . Gillian Flynn . March 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180330004329/https://books.google.com/books?id=yZAlDwAAQBAJ&dq=i%27ll+be+gone+in+the+dark . March 30, 2018 .
58. Web site: Ep. 13 VR = EAR? . en . April 23, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425103739/https://soundcloud.com/12-26-75/ep-13-vr-ear . April 25, 2018.
59. News: Romero . Sheyanne N. . 2021-05-07 . Tulare County DA collecting impact statements from community on Visalia Ransacker . The Visalia Times-Delta . en-US . 2021-10-15.
60. News: Large . Steve . February 28, 2018 . East Area Rapist linked to rash of Rancho Cordova cat burglaries . en . Sacramento, CA . cbslocal.com . June 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613021055/http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/02/28/east-area-rapist-linked-to-rash-of-rancho-cordova-cat-burglaries/ . June 13, 2018.
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61. News: Bowker . Michael . September 28, 2018 . Unsolved Mystery? . . Hour Media LLC . Sacramento, California . live . October 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201611/http://www.sacmag.com/Sacramento-Magazine/September-2018/Unsolved-Mystery/ . October 18, 2018.
62. Web site: The Visalia Ransacker – Incidents. www.visaliaransacker.com. April 21, 2018. April 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232404/http://www.visaliaransacker.com/incidents.php. live.
63. Web site: The Visalia Ransacker . www.visaliaransacker.com . April 21, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163358/http://www.visaliaransacker.com/ . April 21, 2018.
64. News: Alleged serial killer arrested in Sacramento also known as Visalia Ransacker, officials say . Haagenson . Gene . April 25, 2018 . ABC30 Fresno . April 25, 2018 . Courtney . Ricky . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426000131/http://abc30.com/alleged-serial-killer-arrested-in-sacramento-also-known-as-visalia-ransacker-officials-say/3390647/ . April 26, 2018.
65. Web site: Alleged Golden State Killer to be charged for his very first murder. Global News. en. August 14, 2018. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814041002/https://globalnews.ca/video/4384222/alleged-golden-state-killer-to-be-charged-for-his-very-first-murder/. live.
66. Web site: Police 'confident' Golden State Killer committed 1975 murder of Claude Snelling. Global News. en. August 13, 2018. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814042354/https://globalnews.ca/video/4385042/police-confident-golden-state-killer-committed-1975-murder-of-claude-snelling. live.
    Web site: California district attorney announces 1st degree murder charges against alleged Golden State Killer . Global News Videos. en. August 13, 2018. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814042358/https://globalnews.ca/video/4385041/california-district-attorney-announces-1st-degree-murder-charges/. live.
67. News: Man accused of being Golden State Killer pleads guilty to 1975 Visalia murder. KFSN. June 29, 2020. June 29, 2020. July 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703054233/https://abc30.com/man-accused-of-being-golden-state-killer-to-plead-guilty-in-sacramento-today/6280698/. live.
68. Web site: Ep. 8 The Visalia Ransacker, Part One. en. April 21, 2018. April 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425144521/https://soundcloud.com/12-26-75/ep-8-the-visalia-ransacker-part-one. live.
69. Web site: 12-26-75 - Golden State Killer. 12-26-75. en-US. April 21, 2018. April 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163457/https://12-26-75.com/back-to-the-beginning. live.
70. News: The Visalia Ransacker – list of stolen items . March 13, 2018 . True Crime Articles . April 22, 2018 . en-US . December 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230305/https://truecrimearticles.com/2018/03/13/visalia-ransacker-stolen-items/ . live.
71. Web site: Podcast VR Map -- A - Google My Maps. Google My Maps. 2018-04-21. October 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201012210655/https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?service=mapsengine&passive=1209600&continue=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid%3D1kN-IZWFvdFuX6QCthy5ceEifAEs%26ll%3D36.31882283002371,-119.31824319391274%26z%3D14. live.
72. Web site: Podcast VR Map B - Google My Maps. Google My Maps. April 21, 2018.
73. News: Stanton . Sam . Smith . Darrell . Read the warrant documents in the East Area Rapist case . 13 September 2020 . . 1 June 2018 . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910191345/https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article212377094.html . live .
74. Web site: The Visalia Ransacker - Basics. The Visalia Ransacker. April 21, 2018. April 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163452/http://www.visaliaransacker.com/basics.php. live.
75. News: Slayer of journalist sought by police. September 18, 1975 . The Rampage . January 19, 2018 . Fresno City College . Kent. Jane. Fresno, California. 8. January 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065950/https://www.therampageonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/75_F_01_Sep18.pdf . live.
76. News: Visalia Ransacker's victim speaks out for the very first time. James. Cory. 2018-04-27 . ABC7 San Francisco . 2018-05-01 . en-US . August 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200826041721/https://abc7news.com/visalia-ransackers-victim-speaks-out-for-the-very-first-time/3399578/. live.
77. News: The mystery of the Visalia Ransacker won't go away after 41 years . . 2017-12-03. en. November 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004442/http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/lewis-griswold/article136364438.html. live.
78. Web site: DeAngelo Redacted Search Warrant - page 130. 2018-06-30.
79. News: National network shining light on more than 40 year Visalia cold case . Rupe . Megan. 2018-03-16 . YourCentralValley.com . 2018-03-28. en-US. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152053/http://www.yourcentralvalley.com/news/national-network-shining-light-on-more-than-40-year-visalia-cold-case/1050830357. live.
80. News: Priestland . Anna . Case 53: The East Area Rapist – 1976 (Part 1) . 15 May 2017 . Casefile: True Crime Podcast . 2018-03-04 . en-US . March 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231822/http://casefilepodcast.com/case-53-east-area-rapist-1976-part-1/ . live.
81. News: Pedersen . Gary . December 11, 1975 . Prowler fires at officer, escapes . Visalia Times-Delta . December 3, 2017 . live . https://archive.today/20171203202139/https://questersite.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/vr_mcg01-2_zps52f827db.jpg . December 3, 2017.
82. News: . May 20, 1977 . Sacramento is up tight over rapist and threats . . 24 . dead . March 22, 2017 . https://archive.today/20171020223309/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19770520&id=npsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0OgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1635,3262765 . October 20, 2017.
83. News: Hear the Golden State Killer . McNamara . Michelle . Michelle McNamara. February 27, 2013 . . March 8, 2017 . https://archive.today/20171020223446/http://www.lamag.com/thejump/hear-the-golden-state-killer/ . October 20, 2017 . live.
84. News: Associated Press . March 25, 1977 . Rape fear hovers in Sacramento Valley . . Eureka, CA . 22 . Newspapers.com . dead . October 31, 2017 . https://archive.today/20171031230448/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11968401/206_ear_the_times_standard_eureka_ca/ . October 31, 2017 . The attacks are at a home where no man is present. Either the woman, usually under 35, lives alone, or her husband or family is away..
85. News: Fetherling . Dale . May 22, 1977 . Sacramento Area Rapist Sends Public into Streets . . 3, 25 . Newspapers.com . March 22, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170403205042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10011003/original_night_stalkereast_area_rapist/ . April 3, 2017.
86. News: City in Fear of Rapist's Kill Threat . May 19, 1997 . . October 31, 2017 . https://archive.today/20171031230813/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14808021/the_indiana_gazette/ . October 31, 2017 . dead . . 6 . Newspapers.com.
87. News: Packer . Bill . Sacramento rapist hits again – 27th time in 16 months . March 22, 2017 . Valley News . Newspapers.com . November 11, 1977 . 6 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170403200427/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10011007/valley_news/ . April 3, 2017.
88. News: $50K reward offered for 'Original Night Stalker' as 40th-anniversary nears . March 8, 2017 . . Associated Press . June 15, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004930/http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2016/06/50k_reward_offered_original_ni.html . November 7, 2017.
89. Web site: Golden State Killer's ex-fiancee joins long line of victims confronting him in court . 2020-08-19 . en-US . . 2021-12-22.
90. News: Suspect in Brutal 1983 Fairfield Murder Commits Suicide After Positive DNA Test . March 8, 2017 . CBS . San Francisco . March 5, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170308222552/http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/05/suspect-in-1983-fairfield-murder-commits-suicide-after-dna-test/ . March 8, 2017.
    News: . March 20, 1978 . East Area Rapist strikes second time in Stockton . . Newspapers.com . March 1, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164339/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17884510/the_los_angeles_times/ . March 1, 2018 . The rapist spent more than an hour in the house, ransacking it and taking articles of value, police said..
91. News: Rapist claims 25th victim . March 1, 2018 . . . Newspapers.com . October 22, 1977 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075833/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19562857/golden_state_killer_claims_25th_victim/ . April 26, 2018.
92. News: Man Hunted As Suspect in 8 Rapes . November 4, 1976 . . April 29, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425103622/http://www.coldcase-earons.com/1976-11-04.pdf . April 25, 2018.
93. News: East Area Rapist ... fear grips serene neighborhoods . November 10, 1976 . . April 29, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425103626/http://www.coldcase-earons.com/1976-11-10.pdf . April 25, 2018.
94. News: Rape victim turns tragedy into purpose, with California serial rapist never caught . April 7, 2017 . . October 6, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070038/http://wsav.com/2017/04/07/rape-victim-turns-tragedy-into-purpose-with-california-serial-rapist-never-caught/ . October 7, 2017.
95. News: Glenbrook Housewife is Raped . January 19, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213215/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-01-19.pdf . January 5, 2018.
96. News: Rapist Strikes Again, 14th time in 15 months . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008025903/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-01-24.pdf . October 8, 2017.
97. News: East Area Rapist Attacks? 15th Assault . February 7, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213454/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-02-07.pdf . January 5, 2018.
98. News: Lurker Shoots Youth . February 17, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213541/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-02-17.pdf . January 5, 2018.
99. News: Rape May Be Linked to Series . March 8, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213621/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-03-08.pdf . January 5, 2018.
100. News: 'East Side Rapist' suspected again . March 20, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213658/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-03-20b.pdf . January 5, 2018.
     News: Rapist hits 17th victim . March 20, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105213802/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-03-20a.pdf . January 5, 2018.
101. News: 18th Rape Victim in East Area . April 15, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030539/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-04-15.pdf . October 8, 2017.
102. News: East Area Rapist Attacks 20th Victim in Orangevale . . May 5, 1077 . January 5, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073151/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1977-05-05.pdf . January 6, 2018.
103. News: East Area Rapist Attacks 22nd Victim at Home . Assagai . Mel . May 15, 1977 . . January 5, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072652/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1977-05-15.pdf . January 6, 2018.
104. News: East Area Rapist Attacks No. 23 . May 17, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030324/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-05-17.pdf . October 8, 2017.
105. News: East Area Rapist Hits South: Victim 24 . Bell . Ted . May 29, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030808/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-05-29.pdf . October 8, 2017.
106. News: Police Certain East Area Rapist Struck in Stockton . Wilson . Wayne . September 7, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030246/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-09-07.pdf . October 8, 2017.
107. News: East Area Rapist Returns to District, Assaults Teen-Aged Girl in Duplex. . October 2, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030209/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-10-02.pdf . October 8, 2017.
108. News: Rapist Gets 25th Victim . Holloway . Warren . October 21, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . Akeman . Thom . B1–B2 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030206/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-10-21.pdf . October 8, 2017.
109. News: Couple Terrorized by East Area Rapist . Mapes . Paul . October 30, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030359/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-10-30.pdf . October 8, 2017.
110. News: East Area Rapist Attacks Girl, 13 . November 10, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008075937/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-11-10.pdf . October 8, 2017.
111. News: Hammarley . John . December 4, 1977 . Teen-age boys scare off rapist . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030723/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-12-04b.pdf . October 8, 2017.
     News: Noise May Have Curbed Rapist . December 4, 1977 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030205/https://coldcase-earons.com/1977-12-04a.pdf . October 8, 2017.
112. News: East Rapist Assaults Teen Sisters . Akeman . Thom . January 30, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030432/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-01-30.pdf . October 8, 2017.
     News: Two sisters latest victims of East Area Rapist . November 1, 2017 . . . January 30, 1978 . A4 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030243/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11969364/san_bernardino_county_sun_1301978/ . November 7, 2017.
113. News: East Rapist in Stockton . March 19, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030249/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-03-19.pdf . October 8, 2017.
114. News: East Rapist Kicks in Door, Attacks Sitter in South Area . April 16, 1978 . . January 5, 2018 . A1, A20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071852/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1978-04-16b.pdf . January 6, 2018.
115. News: East Area Rapist Strikes in Modesto . June 7, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030435/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-06-07b.pdf . October 8, 2017.
116. News: East Area Rapist Strikes Modesto . June 7, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030504/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-06-07a.pdf . October 8, 2017.
117. News: Rapist Accredited with 2 Attacks . June 27, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030534/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-06-27.pdf . October 8, 2017.
118. News: East Area Rapist Returns to Davis, Assaults Mother . Wilson . Bill . July 7, 1978 . . January 5, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106070906/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1978-07-07b.pdf . January 6, 2018.
119. News: Two Concord rapes in week ascribed to East Area Rapist . Assagai . Mel . October 14, 1978 . . January 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105211356/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1978-10-14b.pdf . January 5, 2018 . Diaz . Jaime.
120. News: Area rapist strikes in Concord . October 14, 1978 . . January 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105211004/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1978-10-14a.pdf . January 5, 2018.
121. News: Rape's aftermath raises issue of suburban safety . December 10, 1978 . The Contra Costa Times . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030701/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-12-10.pdf . October 8, 2017.
     News: Assault in San Ramon blamed on East Area Rapist . November 7, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030437/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-11-07.pdf . October 8, 2017.
     News: East Area Rapist blamed for attack . November 2, 1978 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008075828/https://coldcase-earons.com/1978-11-02.pdf . October 8, 2017.
122. News: Timeline: List of Golden State Killer attacks . April 25, 2018 . . April 29, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430181651/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/25/timeline-golden-state-killer-attacks/ . April 30, 2018.
123. News: All of the crimes tied to the East Area Rapist/Golden State Killer . April 25, 2018 . NBC KCRA 3 . April 29, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114612/http://www.kcra.com/article/all-of-the-crimes-tied-to-the-east-area-rapistgolden-state-killer/20065158 . April 30, 2018.
124. News: East Area Rapist Hits in Fremont . April 6, 1979 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030813/https://coldcase-earons.com/1979-04-06.pdf . October 8, 2017.
125. News: Walnut Creek teen rape survivor recalls crime, community's help . Fraley . Malaika . July 17, 2011 . . October 6, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070137/http://www.mercurynews.com/2011/07/17/walnut-creek-teen-rape-survivor-recalls-crime-communitys-help/ . October 7, 2017.
126. News: Danville Woman Latest Victim of Capital's East Area Rapist . June 13, 1979 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030725/https://coldcase-earons.com/1979-06-13.pdf . October 8, 2017.
127. News: East Area Rapist attacks 13 year-old . June 26, 1979 . . October 7, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008075830/https://coldcase-earons.com/1979-06-26.pdf . October 8, 2017.
128. Web site: East Area Rapist/Original Night Stalker . ear-ons.com . June 16, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617073815/http://www.ear-ons.com/crimes.html . June 17, 2016.
     Web site: Cold Case EARONS: The Attacks . May 24, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051005/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/attacks.php . September 23, 2017.
129. Web site: Help Us Catch the East Area Rapist . June 15, 2016 . FBI.gov . June 16, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160615162224/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2016/june/help-us-catch-the-east-area-rapist . June 15, 2016.
130. News: Mettler . Katie . After 40 years, 12 slayings, and 45 rapes, the 'Golden State Killer' still eludes police . January 2, 2018 . . June 16, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180102193017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/16/after-40-desperate-years-fbi-offers-50000-reward-for-information-about-one-of-californias-most-prolific-criminals/ . January 2, 2018.
131. Web site: Reward offered in 40 year-old California serial killer case . Thompson . Don . June 15, 2016 . September 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160808180636/http://www.salon.com/2016/06/15/reward_offered_in_40_year_old_california_serial_killer_case/ . August 8, 2016.
132. Web site: Joseph DeAngelo pleads guilty to killing Brian and Katie Maggiore . June 29, 2020 . Sacramento, CA . cbslocal.com . July 1, 2020 . live . July 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705070155/https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/video/4607790-joseph-deangelo-pleads-guilty-to-killing-brian-and-katie-maggiore/.
133. Web site: Suspected Golden State Killer, a former police officer, arrested on 'needle in the haystack' DNA evidence. Myers. Joseph Serna, Richard Winton, Sarah Parvini, Melanie Mason, John. Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2018 . January 1, 2019. January 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102051016/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-golden-state-killer-20180425-htmlstory.html. live.
134. News: Sheriff's Blotter . October 10, 1979 . Goleta Valley News . January 5, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106064502/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1979-10-10.pdf . January 6, 2018.
135. News: Lawyer, wife found slain in Ventura home . Rimer . Skip . March 17, 1980 . Ventura County Star . January 5, 2018 . Beamish . Rita . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106065913/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/1980-03-17b.pdf . January 6, 2018.
     News: Reward offered for elusive serial killer with links to Ventura couple . Thompson . Don . 2016 . Ventura County Star . August 29, 2017 . en . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010658/http://archive.vcstar.com/news/state/reward-offered-for-elusive-serial-killer-with-links-to-ventura-couple-35532af3-e3f3-30a6-e053-010000-383156921.html/ . August 30, 2017.
136. Web site: $50,000 reward offered in 40 year-old serial killer cold case – four O.C. deaths linked to unknown suspect . June 15, 2016 . Orange County Register . August 29, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830012118/http://www.ocregister.com/2016/06/15/50000-reward-offered-in-40-year-old-serial-killer-cold-case-four-oc-deaths-linked-to-unknown-suspect/ . August 30, 2017.
137. News: Alger . Tim . County slayings: Not all cases are closed . November 2, 2017 . . NewspaperArchive.com . January 3, 1982 . B1–B2 . September 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180918114028/https://newspaperarchive.com/anonymous-crime-clipping-jan-03-1982-445652/ . dead .
138. Web site: 1981 Goleta murders tied to unknown serial killer . Scroggin . Samantha . May 6, 2011 . Santa Maria Times . August 29, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830012441/http://santamariatimes.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/goleta-murders-tied-to-unknown-serial-killer/article_9c332d7e-77a3-11e0-bc2d-001cc4c002e0.html . August 30, 2017.
139. News: Motive and slayer sought in murders . November 2, 2017 . The San Bernardino Sun . . Newspapers.com . January 2, 1980 . A5 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020144/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5262433/the_san_bernardino_county_sun/ . November 7, 2017.
140. Book: Shelby, Richard. Hunting a Psychopath: The East Area Rapist / Original Night Stalker investigation – the original investigator speaks out . Booklocker . 2014 . 978-1-63263-508-2.
141. News: Slain attorney, wife were beaten to death . November 1, 2017 . . Associated Press . Newspapers.com . March 19, 1980 . A6 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5262482/the_san_bernardino_county_sun/ . November 7, 2017.
142. News: Hurst . John . 'Night Stalker' Theory Connecting Eight Southland Slayings Disputed . March 1, 2018 . . Newspapers.com . August 2, 1981 . A3, A24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164449/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17884686/the_los_angeles_times/ . March 1, 2018.
143. News: Barry . Dan . Arango . Tim . Oppel . Richard A. Jr. . April 28, 2018 . The Golden State Killer left a trail of horror with taunts and guile . en-US . . 0362-4331 . January 1, 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181128070942/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/28/us/golden-state-killer-joseph-deangelo.html . November 28, 2018.
144. Logan . Dan . Fingering a killer . . October 1988 . 14 . 10 . 122–128 . January 6, 2018 . 0279-0483 . June 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220906/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2EEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122 . live .
145. News: Leonard . Jack . Victims' relatives urge public to help solve serial killings . April 23, 2017 . . October 5, 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085721/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/05/local/me-31819 . April 24, 2017.
146. News: Chawkins . Steve . Santa Cruz . Nicole . May 6, 2011 . DNA testing sheds new light on Original Night Stalker case . . October 7, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124055733/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/06/local/la-me-original-night-stalker-20110506 . November 24, 2016.
147. News: Emery . Sean . 'Original Night Stalker' focus of new cable special . November 2, 2017 . Orange County Register . May 5, 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055141/http://www.ocregister.com/2009/05/05/ocs-original-night-stalker-focus-of-new-cable-special/ . November 7, 2017.
148. News: Chawkins . Steve . Santa Cruz . Nicole . DNA testing sheds new light on Original Night Stalker case . April 10, 2017 . . May 6, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124055733/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/06/local/la-me-original-night-stalker-20110506 . November 24, 2016.
149. News: Malnic . Eric . Tie hinted in pair of Goleta murders . March 1, 2018 . Los Angeles Times . Newspapers.com . July 29, 1981 . A20 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164525/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17884705/the_los_angeles_times/ . March 1, 2018.
150. Web site: ONS Attack No. 6 . Cold Case: East Area Rapist . November 2, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014001/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/ons6.php . November 7, 2017.
151. Web site: Murder 8 & 9 – Cheri Domingo & Greg Sanchez – Night Predator EAR/ONS Files – Goleta, 1981 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160623092751/http://www.thequesterfiles.com/murder_8___9_--_cheri_domingo_.html . June 23, 2016.
152. News: Macfadyen . William M. . Public's Help Sought with New Clue in 1981 Original Night Stalker Double Murder in Goleta . March 8, 2017 . Noozhawk . September 7, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160826002737/https://www.noozhawk.com/article/santa_barbara_news_original_night_stalker_case_201309 . August 26, 2016.
153. Web site: East Area Rapist/Original Night Stalker . April 23, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160504195634/http://www.ear-ons.com/investigate5.html . May 4, 2016.
154. Book: She Survived: Jane . Carson-Sandler . Jane . Phelps . M. William . Pinnacle Books . 2015 . 978-0-7860-3457-4 . 70–71 . M. William Phelps . October 7, 2017 . September 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190921005144/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKWRBAAAQBAJ . live .
155. Web site: Tulare DA: Golden State Killer not suspect in Exeter teen's 1975 murder. ABC 30. January 8, 2019. January 8, 2020. Brian. Johnson.
156. Web site: DNA clears Golden State Killer suspect in girl's murder. Old conviction stands. The Fresno Bee. January 8, 2019. January 8, 2020. Lewis. Griswold.
157. Web site: Tulare County Sheriff's cold case detectives say former Exeter police officer is a suspect in the murder of Jennifer Armour of Visalia. July 11, 2018. January 8, 2020. The Sun Gazette. Reggie. Ellis.
158. Web site: Framed by the Golden State Killer?. October 18, 2019. January 8, 2020. ABC 10. Lilia. Luciano.
159. News: He just got $21 million after 39 years wrongly locked up. He has one cop to thank for freeing him. Antonia Noori. Farzan. February 25, 2019 . The Washington Post.
160. Web site: Exonerated man now works to educate law enforcement. December 5, 2019. January 8, 2020. Thousand Oaks Acorn. Melissa. Simon.
161. News: Dowd . Katie . August 24, 2018 . Investigators reportedly sought links between Australia's 'Mr. Cruel' and the Golden State Killer . SFGate . September 20, 2021.
162. News: In Brief: Masked Bike Rider Eludes Police . December 12, 1977 . . McClatchy. Sacramento, California. https://archive.today/20171031003758/http://www.ear-ons.com/bike.html . October 31, 2017 . dead.
163. News: Original Night Stalker: Could O.C. clues lead to killer? . Koerner . Claudia . September 10, 2013 . . . Anaheim, California . March 22, 2017 . https://archive.today/20171031003910/http://www.ocregister.com/2013/09/13/original-night-stalker-could-oc-clues-lead-to-killer/ . October 31, 2017 . dead.
164. News: Case 53: The East Area Rapist 1978–1979 (Part 4) . June 3, 2017 . Casefile: True Crime Podcast . March 4, 2018 . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231838/http://casefilepodcast.com/case-53-east-area-rapist-1978-1979-part-4/ . March 4, 2018.
165. Web site: Winters . Kat . Attack #15 . coldcase-earons.com . January 13, 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425103537/http://www.coldcase-earons.com/15.php . April 25, 2018.
166. News: Case 53: The East Area Rapist – 1976 (Part 1) . May 14, 2017 . Casefile: True Crime Podcast . March 4, 2018 . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231822/http://casefilepodcast.com/case-53-east-area-rapist-1976-part-1/ . March 4, 2018.
167. Web site: Letters, Calls, and Sightings from December 1977 to January 1978 . May 24, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093818/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/december77.php . October 17, 2017.
168. News: Garcia . Ana . New details released in hunt for 'Golden State Killer' . July 11, 2018 . Crime Watch Daily . December 12, 2017 . July 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180712023434/https://crimewatchdaily.com/2017/12/12/new-details-released-in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer/ . live.
169. Web site: Pt. 2: New Clue in East Area Rapist Mystery . Chris . Hansen . December 12, 2017 . Crime Watch Daily . December 29, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425134508/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaeIJefSAX0 . April 25, 2018.
170. News: Police Debate Tie Between East Area Rapist, Killings . Wilson . Wayne . March 13, 1980 . . . Sacramento, California . October 7, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030636/https://coldcase-earons.com/1980-03-13.pdf . October 8, 2017.
     News: Link to East Area Rapist Probed in Couples' Slaying . Wilson . Wayne . February 26, 1980 . . . Sacramento, California . October 7, 2017 . B1 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030325/https://coldcase-earons.com/1980-02-16.pdf . October 8, 2017.
171. News: 30 year-old slayings of Goleta couple linked to serial killer . Chawkins . Steve . May 5, 2011 . . Los Angeles, California . October 7, 2015 . https://archive.today/20120710223106/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/05/goleta-slayings-serial-killer.html . July 10, 2012 . dead.
172. News: $50,000 reward for California's 'most prolific' serial killer 30 years on . Piggott . Mark . June 15, 2016 . . January 27, 2018 . en-UK . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004327/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fbi-renews-40-year-hunt-californias-most-prolific-serial-killer-by-offering-50000-reward-1565705 . January 29, 2018.
173. Web site: FBI Announces $50,000 Reward and National Campaign to Identify East Area Rapist/Golden State Killer . June 15, 2016 . FBI . June 16, 2016 . August 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821180815/https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/sacramento/news/press-releases/fbi-announces-50-000-reward-and-national-campaign-to-identify-east-area-rapist-golden-state-killer . live.
174. Web site: Stirling . Stephen . April 26, 2018 . How an N.J. pathologist may have helped solve the 'Golden State Killer' case . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180504014817/http://www.nj.com/data/2018/04/how_a_nj_pathologist_may_have_helped_solve_the_gol.html . May 4, 2018 . May 3, 2018 . NJ.com.
     News: Arrango . Tim . Goldman . Adam . Fuller . Thomas . April 27, 2018 . To Catch a Killer: A Fake Profile on a DNA Site and a Pristine Sample . . New York City . live . May 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180502192131/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/us/golden-state-killer-case-joseph-deangelo.html . May 2, 2018.
     News: Lillis . Ryan . Kasler . Dale . Chabria . Anita . April 27, 2018 . 'Open-source' genealogy site provided missing DNA link to East Area Rapist, investigator says . . . Sacramento, California . live . April 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183438/http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article209987599.html . April 27, 2018.
175. News: Murphy . Heather . August 29, 2018 . She helped crack the Golden State Killer case. Here's what she's going to do next . en . . New York City . live . September 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180904045704/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/science/barbara-rae-venter-gsk.html . September 4, 2018.
176. News: Jouvenal . Justin . April 30, 2018 . To find alleged Golden State Killer, investigators first found his great-great-great-grandparents . . . Washington, D.C. . live . May 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/to-find-alleged-golden-state-killer-investigators-first-found-his-great-great-great-grandparents/2018/04/30/3c865fe7-dfcc-4a0e-b6b2-0bec548d501f_story.html . May 1, 2018.
177. Web site: Search warrant . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180605033916/http://www.sacda.org/files/9415/2789/1272/P_v_DeAngelo_Redacted_Search_Warrant_Final.pdf . June 5, 2018 . June 7, 2018 . Sacramento County, California.
178. News: Scutti . Susan . What the Golden State Killer case means for your genetic privacy . . . Atlanta, Georgia . live . April 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025519/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/27/health/golden-state-killer-genetic-privacy/index.html . April 29, 2018.
     News: Molteni . Megan . May 27, 2018 . The Creepy Genetics Behind the Golden State Killer Case . en-US . . . New York City . live . April 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180427214045/https://www.wired.com/story/detectives-cracked-the-golden-state-killer-case-using-genetics/ . April 27, 2018.
179. Book: Shelby, Richard. Hunting a Psychopath . Booklocker.com, Inc.. St. Petersburg, Florida . 2015 . 978-1-63263-508-2 . 392–393.
180. News: Court says inmate must give DNA / Suspect in 20 year-old murders . Goodyear . Charlie . April 25, 2002 . . Hearst Publishing. San Francisco, California. December 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105214004/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Court-says-inmate-must-give-DNA-Suspect-in-2845640.php . January 5, 2018 . Hallissy . Erin.
181. News: DNA Tests Clear Convict in Ventura Killings Paul Schneider Didn't Kill Attorney Lyman Smith, Wife . Cason . Colleen . July 3, 2002 . . Gannett. Camarillo, California. August 29, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010353/https://www.coldcase-earons.com/2002-07-03.pdf . August 30, 2017.
182. Web site: Cason . Colleen . The Silent Witness . . Gannett. Camarillo, California. May 12, 2018 . November 28, 2002 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425103545/http://www.coldcase-earons.com/2002-Cason-SilentWitness.pdf . April 25, 2018.
183. Book: Shelby, Richard . Hunting a Psychopath . 2016 . B00P9UP3KS. Second . Booklocker.com, Inc.. Bradenton, Florida. 406.
184. News: . Gannett. Camarillo, California. October 8, 2000 . DNA Findings Throw New Light on Old Case By . Aron. Miller . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041636/http://www.coldcase-earons.com/2000-10-08.pdf . March 8, 2018.
185. News: Myers . Paul . April 25, 2018 . Sacramento Sheriff's Department arrests Visalia Ransacker, confirms he was an officer of the Exeter Police Department in 1973 . . . Williamsport, Pennsylvania . April 25, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426021847/http://www.thesungazette.com/article/news/2018/04/25/sacramento-sheriffs-arrest-visalia-ransacker-confirm-he-was-an-officer-of-the-exeter-police-department-in-1973/ . April 26, 2018.
186. Book: Holes, Paul . Unmasked: My Life Solving America's Cold Cases . Celadon Books . 2022 . 978-1-250-62279-2 . New York . 258.
187. News: Ex-Cop Arrested in Golden State Killer Case: 'We Found the Needle in the Haystack' . Fuller . Thomas . April 25, 2018 . . New York City . April 26, 2018 . Hauser . Christine . en-US . 0362-4331 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426005045/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/us/golden-state-killer-serial.html . April 26, 2018.
     News: Egel . Benjy . Who is the East Area Rapist? Police say it's this ex-cop who attended Folsom High . April 25, 2018 . . . Sacramento, California . April 25, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426003609/http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article209823959.html . April 26, 2018.
     News: Stanglin . Doug . Golden State Killer: Ex-cop Joseph James DeAngelo arrested as suspect in serial murder-rapes . April 25, 2018 . . . Mclean, Virginia . April 25, 2018 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425192646/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/04/25/golden-state-killer-joseph-james-deangelo-arrested/550544002/ . April 25, 2018.
188. News: Santa Barbara County DA files charges in murders believed connected to Golden State Killer . Megan . Diskin . May 10, 2018 . May 10, 2018 . . . Camarillo, California . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180517015404/https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/2018/05/10/santa-barbara-county-da-announces-golden-state-killer-murder-charges/595858002/ . May 17, 2018.
189. News: Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. pleads guilty to murders tagged to California's Golden State Killer . June 29, 2020 . . . Mclean, Virginia . June 29, 2020 . en-US . live . June 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200629192240/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/29/alleged-golden-state-killer-joseph-deangelo-set-plead-guilty-monday-sacramento/3279438001/ .
190. Evil . Man in the Window . 22 December 2022 . 5 June 2023 . Los Angeles Times .
191. Web site: Golden State Killer Trial: Joseph DeAngelo Case Could Last 10 Years. McDonell-Parry. Amelia. McDonell-Parry. Amelia. December 7, 2018. Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. New York City. en-US. January 12, 2019. January 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126134737/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/golden-state-killer-trial-10-years-766141/. live.
192. News: Golden State Killer suspect appears in court nearly one year after arrest. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California. April 10, 2019. April 11, 2019. April 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190411002722/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/joseph-deangelo-hearing-sacramento-trial-13757418.php/. live.
193. Web site: Golden State Killer one year later . April 24, 2019 . CNN . . Atlanta, Georgia . April 24, 2019 . April 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200321/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/us/golden-state-killer-one-year-later/index.html . live.
194. Web site: Hearing details ghastly crimes of Golden State Killer as he pleads guilty to killings . . . Mclean, Virginia. June 29, 2020 . July 17, 2020 . July 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200717203850/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/us/golden-state-killer-plea-expected/index.html . live.
195. News: Joseph DeAngelo pleads guilty in Golden State Killer cases . . June 29, 2020 . June 30, 2020 . June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630014044/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/us/golden-state-killer-joseph-deangelo.html . live.
196. Web site: Luke . Kenton . New documentary tells how an unsolved neighborhood murder in her childhood inspired the late true-crime author Michelle McNamara's journey to unmask the Golden State Killer . May 8, 2020 . June 14, 2020 . . June 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200630014714/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/new-documentary-tells-how-an-unsolved-neighborhood-murder-in-her-childhood-inspired-the-late-true-crime-author-michelle-mcnamaras-journey-to-unmask-the-golden-state-killer/ar-BB13L0vz#image=BB13L0vz_1%7C9 . live.
197. Web site: Suspected Golden State Killer seeks plea deal to avoid death penalty . . March 5, 2020 . March 9, 2020 . May 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510011533/https://www.wbtv.com/2020/03/05/suspected-golden-state-killer-seeks-plea-deal-avoid-death-penalty/ . live.
198. Web site: Shapiro . Emily . 'Golden State Killer' addresses the court: 'I'm truly sorry' . 2020-08-21 . . en . August 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200821171831/https://abcnews.go.com/US/living-witness-teen-dads-murder-confronts-golden-state/story?id=72473195 . live.
199. News: 'May you rot in prison': US 'Golden State Killer' victims speak out . . . 19 August 2020 . 23 October 2021.
200. News: US 'Golden State Killer' jailed for life for decade-long crime spree including murders and rapes . . . 22 August 2020 . 23 October 2021.
201. Web site: Golden State Killer arrives at prison to start life sentence. Los Angeles Times. November 3, 2020.
202. https://www.kget.com/news/state-news/cdcr-moves-golden-state-killer-to-protective-housing-at-corcoran-state-prison/ CDCR moves 'Golden State Killer' to protective housing at Corcoran State Prison