Ease of doing business index explained

The ease of doing business index was an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov, Michael Klein, and Caralee McLiesh, three leading economists at the World Bank Group, following the release of World Development Report 2002.[1] [2] [3] The academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Edward Glaeser, Oliver Hart, and Andrei Shleifer. Though the first report was authored by Djankov, Klein, and McLiesh, and they continue to be listed as "founders" of the report, some sources attribute the genesis of the idea to Djankov and Gerhard Pohl.[4] [5] Higher rankings (a low numerical value) indicated better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights. Empirical research funded by the World Bank to justify their work show that the economic growth effect of improving these regulations is strong.[6] Other researchers find that the distance-to-frontier measure introduced in 2016 after a decision of the World Bank board is not correlated with subsequent economic growth or investment.[7]

"World Development Report 2002", the basis of the research behind Doing Business, analyzes how to build effective institutions.[8] In understanding what drives institutional change, the report emphasizes the importance of history, highlighting the need to ensure effective institutions through a design that complements existing institutions, human capabilities, and available technologies. The study was guided by Joseph Stiglitz and Roumeen Islam with principal authors Simeon Dyankov and Aart Kraay. Several background papers, including by Nobel Prize winners Robert Shiller, Amartya Sen and Gabriel García Márquez, were published in academic journals or books.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

The report was discontinued by the World Bank on September 14, 2021 following an audit documenting how bank leadership pressured experts to manipulate the results of the 2018 and 2020 reports.[14] [15] [16] Several organizations have proposed replacements, including the Antigua Forum, the World Bank, and the Fraser Institute.[17] [18] [19] [20] In 2023 the Templeton Foundation extended a grant to Professor Robert Lawson at Southern Methodist University to propose a methodology for restarting the project in academia.[21]

The World Bank released the methodology for the replacement of the index in May 2023. For each of the twelve topic areas, the document provides the motivation, selected indicators, detailed questionnaires, benchmarking parameters, detailed scoring rules, and data collection sources. The World Bank conducted a series of methodology workshops worldwide. Their main purpose was to provide a detailed presentation on the project’s methodology, including overall scope and topic-specific information. The workshops also served to raise awareness about this new benchmarking initiative and disseminate its potential for reform advocacy, policy advice, and development research. The relaunch is scheduled for October 2024, after two delays.[22]

Methodology

The report was a benchmark study of regulation.[8] The survey consisted of a questionnaire designed by the Doing Business team with the assistance of academic advisers. The questionnaire centered on a simple business case that ensures comparability across economies and over time. The survey also based assumptions on the legal form of the business, size, location, and nature of its operations.[23] The ease of doing business index was meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and did not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation's proximity to large markets, quality of infrastructure, inflation, or crime.

The next step was gathering data surveys of over 12,500 expert contributors (lawyers, accountants, etc.) in 190 countries who deal with business regulations in their day-to-day work. These individuals interacted with the Doing Business team in conference calls, written correspondence, and visits by the global team. For the 2017 report, team members visited 34 economies to verify data and to recruit respondents. Data from the survey was subjected to several rounds of verification. The surveys were not a statistical sample, and the results were interpreted and cross-checked for consistency before being included in the report. Results were also validated with the relevant government before publication. Respondents filled out written surveys and provided references to the relevant laws, regulations, and fees based on standardized case scenarios with specific assumptions, such as the business being located in the largest business city of the economy.

A nation's ranking on the index was based on an average of 10 subindices:

The Doing Business project also offers information on the following datasets:

For example, according to the Doing Business (DB) 2013 report, Canada ranked third on the first subindex "Starting a business" behind only New Zealand and Australia. In Canada, there is 1 procedure required to start a business which takes on average 5 days to complete. The official cost is 0.4% of the gross national income per capita. There was no minimum capital requirement. By contrast, in Chad which ranked among the worst (181st out of 185) on this same subindex, there were 9 procedures required to start a business taking 62 days to complete. The official cost was 202% of the gross national income per capita. A minimum capital investment of 289.4% of the gross national income per capita is required.

While fewer and simpler regulations often imply higher rankings, this was not always the case. Protecting the rights of creditors and investors, as well as establishing or upgrading property and credit registries, may mean that more regulation is needed.

In most indicators, the case study referred to a small domestically owned manufacturing company—hence the direct relevance of the indicators to foreign investors and large companies is limited. DB uses a simple averaging approach for weighting sub-indicators and calculating rankings.[8] A detailed explanation of every indicator can be found through the DB website and a .xls archive that simulates reforms.

Some caveats regarding the rankings and main information presented have to be considered by every user of the report. Mainly:

The Doing Business report was not intended as a complete assessment of competitiveness or the business environment of a country and should rather be considered as a proxy of the regulatory framework faced by the private sector in a country.

History

The Doing Business report has its origins in a 2002 paper published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer under the title "The Regulation of Entry". The study presents data on the regulation of entry of start-up firms in 85 countries covering the number of procedures, official time and official cost that a start-up must bear before it can operate legally. The main findings of the paper are that: "Countries with heavier regulation of entry have higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, but no better quality of public or private goods. Countries with more democratic and limited governments have lighter regulation of entry." The paper became widely known, with over five thousand academic references, because it provides quantitative evidence that entry regulation benefits politicians and bureaucrats without adding value to the private sector or granting any additional protection.[24] [25]

Several countries have launched reforms to improve their rankings.[26] [27] These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, Doing Business highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. The Regulation of Entry was published, Simeon Djankov and Andrei Shleifer have published nine other academic studies, one for each set of indicators covered by the report.[9] [10] [11] [28] [29] [30] [31]

Over 18 years, 2003 to 2020, the reports recorded nearly 5,000 regulatory reforms implemented by 190 economies.

In 2014 Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2012 through May 2013 in 189 economies. Singapore was the first economy of the global ranking followed by Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, the United States, Denmark, Malaysia, South Korea, Georgia, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The UK's Confederation of British Industry (CBI) published a recommendation aiming to move the UK from tenth position to fifth by 2020.[32] For the first time data about Libya, Myanmar, San Marino, and South Sudan were collected for this report. 114 economies adopted 238 regulatory reforms during 2012/13: the reforms increased by 18% compared to the previous year.

In 2015, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2013 through June 2014 in 189 economies, including territories like Hong Kong.[33] For the first time this year, Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These economies include Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. The added city enables a sub-national comparison and benchmarking against other large cities.[34]

In 2021, the World Bank discontinued Doing Business, following allegations of data manipulation, undue influence, and unethical behavior by several staff including Djankov, including former World Bank vice-president Farid Belhaj, former World Bank research director Shanta Devarajan, former World Bank president Jim Yong Kim, and IMF managing director Kristalina Georgieva.[35] [36] [37] [38]

In October 2023, The Economist summarized the impact of the project, tracing its origins back to Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek. This Nobel-prize-winning economist and philosopher published the first volume of his magnum opus, “Law, Legislation and Liberty” in 1973, where he argued that the common-law approach is more amenable to freedom than its civil-law counterpart. Both Hayek and the Doing Business authors over-promised on the effects of regulatory reform.[39] A 2024 paper by scholars at the University of Torino however finds significant positive effects on economic growth from reforms associated with Doing Business.[40]

Research and influence

As stated in the report, "Empirical research is needed to establish the optimal level of business regulation—for example, what the duration of court procedures should be and what the optimal degree of social protection is. The indicators compiled in the Doing Business project allow such research to take place. Since the start of the project in November 2001, more than 3,000 academic papers have used one or more indicators constructed in Doing Business and the related background papers by its authors."[41] An example of such empirical research is a paper on business regulation and poverty, published in Economics Letters.

More than 3,000 academic papers used data from the index.[42] The effect of improving regulations on economic growth is claimed to be very strong. Moving from the worst one-fourth of nations to the best one-fourth implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth. Another 7,000 working papers in economics and social science departments use the data from the Doing Business report. The 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Oliver Hart is among the authors of such papers.

The various sub-components of the index in themselves provided concrete suggestions for improvement. Many of them may have been relatively easy to implement and uncontroversial (except perhaps among corrupt officials who may gain from onerous regulations requiring bribes to bypass). As such, the index has influenced many nations to improve their regulations. Several have explicitly targeted to reach a minimum position on the index, for example, the top 25 list. To consider the element of corruption and transparency in the economy, the index has also been combined with the Corruption Perceptions Index in the annual Best European Countries for Business publication.[43]

Somewhat similar annual reports are the Indices of Economic Freedom and the Global Competitiveness Report. They, especially the latter, look at many more factors that affect economic growth, like inflation and infrastructure. These factors may however be more subjective and diffuse, since many are measured using surveys and they may be more difficult to change quickly compared to regulations.

A November 2017 EconTalk podcast explains the lasting influence in academia and policy circles of the Doing Business report. Financial crises cyclically peak interest in research on insolvency, using the Doing Business data.[44]

Doing Business Report

The Doing Business Report (DB) was an annually published report which was developed by a team led by Djankov in 2003. It was published by the World Bank Group every year from 2003 to 2019 and aimed to measure the costs to firms of business regulations in 190 countries. The study was one of the flagship knowledge products of the World Bank Group in the field of private sector development and is claimed to have motivated the design of several regulatory reforms in developing countries. The study presented every year a detailed analysis of costs, requirements, and procedures a specific type of private firm is subject in all countries, and then, creates rankings for every country. The study is also backed up by broad communication efforts, and by creating rankings, the study spotlights countries and leaders that are promoting reforms.[45]

The DB was widely known and used by academics, policy-makers, politicians, development experts, journalists, and the business community to highlight red tape and promote reforms. As stated by the IEG study from the World Bank:

"For country authorities, it sheds a bright, sometimes unflattering, light on regulatory aspects of their business climate. For business interests, it has helped to catalyze debates and dialogue about reform. For the World Bank Group, it demonstrates an ability to provide global knowledge, independent of resource transfer and conditionality. The annual exercise generates information that is relevant and useful".
According to the DB, the regulation does matter for the development of the private sectors, and several reforms are suggested across the report to promote the development of the private sector and enable the business environment. Some highlighted findings of the DB are:

Contents

In 2017, the study contains quantitative measures of regulations for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, getting an electricity connection, and closing a business. As stated in the introduction of the study, "A fundamental premise of DB is that economic activity requires good rules. These include rules that establish and clarify property rights and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, rules that increase the predictability of economic interactions, and rules that provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse."

Evaluation

Doing Business was a controversial study, with passionate critics and devoted fans. As recognized by the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank, some have questioned the reliability and objectivity of its measurements while others doubt the relevance of the issues it addresses or fears it may unduly dominate countries reform agendas at the expense of more crucial development objectives. Attention given to the indicators may inadvertently signal that the World Bank Group values less burdensome business regulations more highly than its other strategies for poverty reduction and sustainable development.

Several limitations were present in the DB studies and have to be kept in mind when using the study:

Related studies

Published for seventeen years, the DB has originated a growing body of research on how performance on DB indicators, and reforms generated by the reports, related to specific development desirable outcomes. As stated by the DB 2010, about "405 articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals, and about 1143 working papers are available through Google Scholar".

DB was widely used as a study to measure competitiveness. However, regulation rather than competitiveness is the main objective in the DB. Other studies that are also used to measure competitiveness and recognized as business enabling environment ranking systems are the Global Competitiveness Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, among others.[46]

Controversies

2018 manipulation scandal

On 12 January 2018, Paul Romer, the World Bank's chief economist, announced that past releases of the index would be corrected and recalculated going back at least four years. Romer apologized to Chile, saying that the former director of the group responsible for the index had repeatedly manipulated its methodology, unfairly penalizing the country's rankings during the administration of left-wing President Michelle Bachelet. In response, Bachelet announced that Chile would formally request a complete investigation by the World Bank.[47] [48] The report revealed that there were more extensive data irregularities, specifically in China's data.[49] [50] The Economist claimed that the project's director Augusto Lopez Claros had pressed staff to not show improvements in the indicators during Michelle Bachelet's term in office.[51]

2020 data irregularities controversy

Several major newspapers – including the Financial Times, The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal – report that the data of China, Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia among others were suspected to be "inappropriately altered" in the 2020 Doing Business publication.[52] [53] [54] In light of the data irregularities, the World Bank announced on 27 August 2020 that it would pause the Doing Business publication while it conducts a review of data changes for the last five reports and an internal audit of data integrity.[55] [56]

Following these revelations, some organizations paused the use of Doing Business data, and supplemented these reports with data from alternative indicators measuring the same concepts.[57] On 16 December 2020, the World Bank released 3 reports about the conclusions of the reviews examining the data irregularities:[58]

These reviews found that, while the specific issues uncovered in this breach had been addressed, a culture where management pressured experts to manipulate data persisted: "The DB team members reported undue pressure, both directly and indirectly by Bank management to manipulate data in 2017 during the 2018 report production process and in 2019 during the 2020 report production process. The lack of a safe speak-up environment within the DB team led to a fear of retaliation for those who would escalate and report pressures to manipulate data. This contributed to the compromise of data integrity in the DB report."[59] These reports found that over half of Doing Business staff interviewed admitted to manipulating data.[60]

Other analytical projects at the World Bank, the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, were also revealed to be "vulnerable to the ordering of questions."[61]

"Our results indicate that of the 15 business environment obstacle ratings, only 4 show a statistically significant difference – political instability, corruption, electricity, and business licensing and permits. After using a regression analysis framework to account for several factors, only two business environment elements have a statistically significant difference across the two groups – business licensing and permits, and corruption."
[62]

Cancellation and Response

In September 2021, the World Bank discontinued the Doing Business report following the release of an independent report detailing the specifics of the 2020 and 2018 irregularities, including detailed explanations of how senior leaders at the bank manipulated data and pressured experts to change rankings and methodology to improve scores for certain countries.[63]

The report from WilmerHale provided details on the 2018 and 2020 manipulation scandals, implicating the then-president of the Bank Jim Yong Kim, the then-CEO of the Bank Kristalina Georgieva, and one of the founders of the report Simeon Djankov, in data manipulation for the purposes of raising the scores of some countries (China and Saudi Arabia) and reducing the scores of others (Azerbaijan). In 2018 in an effort to secure funding from China, Kim, Georgieva, and Djankov repeatedly pressured the team that creates the data to pursue multiple avenues to improve China's score, eventually resorting to having members of the team unlock the report and change three of China's data points after the scores had been finalized.[64] Georgieva issued a statement disagreeing with the characterization of her actions in the report.[65]

According to the report, in 2020 Djankov pressured the Doing Business team to change Saudi Arabia's score in an effort to rank better than Jordan due to extensive Reimbursable Advisory Services contracts between the Bank and Saudi Arabia. The change in methodology also lead to the UAE improving in score but not overall ranking. Also in 2020, Djankov ordered a review of three of Azerbaijan's data points, citing harassment of lawyers as the reason.[66] The team reviewed these data points and concluded that they were accurate. Djankov ignored these recommendations and changed Azerbaijan's score, also altering the overall methodology of the report to ensure that Azerbaijan scored lower, arguing that the government counterparts had pressured respondents.[67] [68]

Beyond these allegations, the report documents a culture of pressure from the highest levels of World Bank management, particularly under the leadership of Djankov.[69] According to the report

"nearly every Doing Business employee with whom we spoke described the environment on the Doing Business team under the management of Mr. Djankov to be, at best, deeply problematic, and, at worse, emotionally harrowing. Employees said that Mr. Djankov was a "bully" who instilled fear on the team; that he managed “by terror and intimidation”; that his management style constituted “psychological terrorism” that created a “toxic environment”; that he was a “larger than life fear factor” for everyone on the team; and that his management style was pompous and undiplomatic."
The report also documents the culture of fear that prevented employees from reporting these irregularities, with Djankov threatening retaliation against anyone that threatened his authority, and "dangled promotions in front of Doing Business leadership to incentivize compliance with his personal objectives."

Response to the WilmerHale Report

Following these reports, various agencies expressed concern about the allegations and their effect on the world's faith in data produced by the World Bank.[70] [71] US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen called for strong action to prevent misconduct and strengthen data integrity.[72] Other US agencies called the report "serious and troubling" and replaced data from the Doing Business report with other sources.[73] [74]

When these allegations came to light, Georgieva was serving as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund.[75] The IMF's board reviewed the allegations, but found that the report "did not conclusively demonstrate" that she engaged in data manipulation.[76] The US government refused to publicly support Georgieva, but did not call for her removal.

Response to Report Cancellation

The cancellation of the report led to a range of responses from academics and think tanks, with some claiming that its cancellation was overdue, and others arguing it was an overreaction.[39] According to the progressive Oakland Institute "Even before the extent of the data manipulation came to light and destroyed any credibility of the DBR, the rankings had been built on a flawed premise that rewards countries for reducing their labor standards, destroying the environment, and providing easy access for corporate pillaging and land grabs."[77] The director of policy and research for the Cicero Institute, noted that institutions like the World Bank are especially prone to corruption like this:

"Multilateral institutions like the World Bank are particularly susceptible to such forces. Their structures ensure that each government gets a say, while no one government is held accountable. When Georgieva thanked a data manipulator for doing his “bit for multilateralism,” she was more right than she knew. Like many supposedly not-for-profit international organizations, the World Bank also found ways to peddle its influence. It began selling “Reimbursable Advisory Services” to countries that wanted to improve their ranking on the index."[78]

Others criticized the cancellation of the report. Professor Robert Lawson, Fullinwider Chair in Economic Freedom at Southern Methodist University described this decision as "throwing the baby out with the bathwater."[79] According to Ian Vasquez, director for policy at the Cato Institute, a US-based libertarian think tank:

"It was a serious mistake for the World Bank to discontinue the Doing Business report. It did so out of concerns about data irregularities for two years affecting four countries. Instead of instituting sensible, new measures on process and methodology as recommended by the firm that conducted an independent review for the World Bank, the bank chose to scrap the Doing Business report altogether. From the outside, it very much looks like the decade‐long campaign by critics of market‐oriented policies finally triumphed."[80]

Reception

The Doing Business methodology regarding labor regulations was criticized by the International Trade Union Confederation because it favored flexible employment regulations.[81] In early reports, the easier it was to dismiss a worker for economic reasons in a country, the more its rankings improved. The Employing Workers index was revised in Doing Business 2008 to be in full compliance with the 188 International Labour Organization conventions. It has subsequently been removed from the rankings. The ITUC debuted the Global Rights Index in 2014 as a response to the Doing Business report.[82]

In 2008 the World Bank Group's Independent Evaluation Group, a semi-independent watchdog within the World Bank Group, published an evaluation of the Doing Business index.[83] The report, Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation, contained both praise and criticism of Doing Business. The report recommended that the index be clearer about what is and is not measured, disclose changes to published data, recruit more informants, and simplify the Paying Taxes indicator.

In April 2009 the World Bank issued a note with revisions to the Employing Workers index.[84] The note explained that scoring for the "Employing Workers" indicator would be updated in Doing Business 2010 to give favorable scores for complying with relevant ILO conventions. The Employing Workers indicator was also removed as a guidepost for Country Policy and Institutional Assessments, which help determine resources provided to IDA countries.

A study commissioned by the Norwegian government alleges methodological weaknesses, an uncertainty in the ability of the indicators to capture the underlying business climate and a concern that countries may find it easier to change their ranking in Doing Business than to change the underlying business environment.[85]

In 2013, an independent panel appointed by the President of the World Bank and headed by Trevor Manuel of South Africa issued a review expressing concern about the potential for the report and index to be misinterpreted, and the narrowness of the indicators and information base. It recommended that the report be retained, but that the aggregate rankings be removed and that a peer-review process is implemented (among other things). Regarding the topics of Paying Taxes and Employing Workers, it noted that "The latter has already been excluded from the report's rankings. While there is a persuasive case for paying attention to these aspects of doing business, the Bank will need to carefully consider the correct way to assess the regulation and legal environment of these areas if these indicators are to be retained."[86]

In 2018, another independent evaluation,[87] was commissioned by the World Bank Group. The evaluation praised the Doing Business report for its objectivity and focus on regulatory reform. It suggested adding peer-reviewed research papers behind every set of indicators. Subsequently, the World Bank has added one such research article, underlying the indicator on property registration.[88]

Ranking

The last published rankings came from the "Doing Business 2020" report. Ranking of economies was introduced in the "Doing Business 2006" report.[89]

New Zealand topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. Singapore topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2007–2016.[90]

One interesting fact is that although richer countries on average are ranked higher than poor countries, there are some remarkable exceptions, particularly oil-rich countries. For example, Kuwait (ranked 83), Qatar (ranked 77), Oman (ranked 68) Saudi Arabia (ranked 62). Compare to lower-income countries: India (ranked 63), Kenya (ranked 56), Colombia (ranked 67), Uzbekistan (ranked 69). Notable exceptions are Norway (ranked 9) and the United Arab Emirates (ranked 16).[91]

China's 2018 ranking, and 2020 rankings of the UAE and Saudi Arabia are alleged to have been artificially strengthened by an internal audit of the rankings. In contrast, Azerbaijan's 2019 ranking is alleged to have been artificially lowered.

scope=col Jurisdictionscope=col Classificationscope=col 2020scope=col 2019scope=col 2018scope=col 2017scope=col 2016scope=col 2015scope=col 2014scope=col 2013scope=col 2012scope=col 2011 scope=col 2010 scope=col 2009scope=col 2008scope=col 2007scope=col 2006
[92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106]
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy3 4 5 4 5 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 7
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy4 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 7 8
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy5 5 5 4 5 4 5 7 8 8 16 19 23 30 23
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy6 8 6 8 7 7 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy7 6 9 16 24 15 8 9 16 12 11 15 18 37 100
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy8 9 7 7 6 8 10 7 7 4 5 6 6 6 9
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy9 7 8 6 9 6 9 6 6 8 10 10 11 9 5
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy10 12 10 9 8 11 14 13 14 14 18 17 14 13 14
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy11 14 16 21 20 24 17 27 27 23 26 28 26 16 15
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy12 15 24 23 18 18 6 12 18 21 23 20 24 25 21
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy13 20 25 49 32 28 20 19 23 20 17 24 27 32 23
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy14 18 14 15 13 10 11 10 15 10 9 9 9 8 6
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy15 13 15 11 11 19 16 16 25 33 46 61 50 47 35
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy16 11 21 26 31 22 23 26 33 40 33 46 68 77 69
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy17 10 11 10 12 30 25 23 22 38 32 71 75 92 81
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy18 16 12 12 16 17 22 21 24 17 24 22 17 17 16
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy19 19 19 14 22 23 24 25 21 24 27 29 22 24 26
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy20 17 13 13 10 9 12 11 11 13 16 14 13 14 13
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy21 27 26 46 49 26 18 18 17 19 12 13 15 18 20
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy22 24 20 17 15 14 21 20 19 22 25 25 20 21 19
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy23 22 18 22 14 16 19 17 13 7 8 8 7 4 4
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy24 23 17 18 17 13 15 15 10 9 7 7 8 10 11
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy25 28 36 35 41 77 50 49 47 59 63 70 71 63 86
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy26 21 23 20 19 12 13 14 9 15 14 11 10 12 12
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy27 26 22 19 21 21 30 29 32 32 28 27 25 30 32
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy28 31 35 40 51 62 92 112 120 123 120 120 106 96 79
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy29 39 34 34 34 29 27 24 20 18 15 12 12 11 10
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy30 30 28 32 33 33 52 44 44 49 62 49 38 39 30
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy31 46 78 78 84*90 96 91 91 79 89 83 83 93 91
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy32 32 31 29 27 31 38 34 29 26 31 31 31 35 44
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy33 43 60 69 55 55 69 71 71 65 73 59 57 91 93
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy34 25 57 65 63 80 70 67 66 54 38 33 96 99 98
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy35 49 54 52 53 40 35 38 34 29 29 30 29 26 29
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy36 38 33 31 26 20 29 28 26 27 21 21 16 15 17
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy37 40 37 30 29*51 33 35 37 42 53 54 55 61 63
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy38 29 41 56 62 46 32 52 45 58 67 139 150 158 139
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy39 34 29 25 23 25 31 30 30 31 48 48 37 40 42
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy40 33 27 24 25 32 45 55 62 70 72 76 74 75 54
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy41 35 30 27 36 44 75 65 64 63 74 75 56 52 41
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy42 36 32 28 28 27 28 31 31 30 30 26 21 22 24
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy43 62 66 63 65 53 46 42 38 28 20 18
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy44 48 43 48 59 91 93 86 92 89 88 94 86 68 92**
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy45 42 39 33 29*37 49 46 48 41 42 36 32 36 37
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy46 45 52 42 43 42 36 33 28 25 22 19 19 20 18
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy47 41 47 38 35 45 37 32 55 48 43 44 39 34 46
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy48 47 44 44 52 63 78 83 81 90 94 103 92 103 83
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy49 37 38 37 44 57 63 58 69 68 58 85 110 129 106
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy50 50 42 51 46 36 44 51 56 66 71 90 81 70 92**
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy51 58 51 43 40 65 89 84 80 84 103 106 97 124 118
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy52 53 48 41 42 54 54 54 51 46 47 41 45 66 52
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Very Easy53 60 69 68 75 71 87 97 94 114 128 128 129 115 102
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy54 57 53 45 47 64 39 36 40 37 40
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy55 52 45 36 37 48 73 72 72 56 55 47 48 49 78
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy56 61 80 92 108 136 129 121 109 98 95 82 72 83 68
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy57 44 40 60 66 75 86 98 117 119 113
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy58 51 46 50 45 56 65 73 87 80 78 65 53 82 70
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy59 56 55 57 48 41 34 37 39 43 49 40 33 28 25
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy60 54 49 47 38* 39 53 48 53 35 51 56 44 43 73
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy61 59 50 39 38*38 58 66 59 51 44 45 46 54 62
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy629292 94 82 49 26 22 12 11 13 16 23 38 38
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy63 77 100 130 130 142 134 132 132 134 133 122 120 134 116
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy647176 80 83 96 112 137 152 145 142 145 139 128 124
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy65 64 64 55 57 47 40 41 43 47 35 35 28 19 22
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy66 55 56 72 84* 101 59 79 83 112 96 88 78
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy67 65 59 53 54 34 43 45 42 39 37 53 66 79 66
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy687871 66 70 66 47 47 49 57 65 57 49 55 51
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy697674 87 87 141 146 154 166 150 150 138 138 147 138
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Easy70 69 68 82 90 78 99 99 98 78 93 92 91 104 99
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scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium133121115 105 110 104*127 125 128 131 141 133 121 111 112
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium134134126 124 137 123 115 114 114 100 101 105 104 136 105
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium135125121 112 120 118 106 105 93 99 80 78 59 56
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scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium138135138 137 133 127 139 146 139 126 135 141 134 140 110
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium139140134 134 124 121 101 96 95 87 76 67 64 44
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scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium141144137 132 139 131 145 134 127 128 131 127 130 142 140
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium142132131 127 125 119 124 119 118 117 117 107 93 67 59
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scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Medium148139136 135 128 116 95 95 79 85 87 69 60 53 31
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average149145143 141 143*146 155 151 146 153 156 166 158 155 146
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average150153151 155 158 151 174 175 175 170 172 169 151 137 129
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average151156152 149 157 157 162 155 153 149 161 150 140 131 111
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average152151148 146 143*167 154 153 150 151 147 148 161 163 154
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average153148150 160 168 176 173 167 159 165 166 160 157 148 127
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average154150149 143 140 139 114 101 106 108 98 93 89 87 48
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average155154141 139 134 148 159 163 165 171 167 165 164 159 147
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average156149146 145 151 138 150 147 149 146 140 130 131 113
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average157152153 163 165 169 175 178 179 179 173 171 166 157 144
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average158157166 156 163 154 153 152 148 136 136 132 125 116 128
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average159160155 151 148 145 156 150 140 141 127 126 112 106 56
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average160159161 159 146 132 125 127 111 104 107 116 102 97 101
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average160164158 153 154 159 158 158 157 159 162 155 146 144
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average161161162 167 164 163 148 142 137 140 134 144 149 149 131
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average162165165 158 156 162 161 164 158 161 155 146 142 122
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average163163160 148 147 140 142 140 141 143 148 156 160 168 136
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average164158157 152 149 134 122 117 115 93 79 79 73 60 45
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average165172171 170 167 177 182
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average166168164 157 152 152 140 159 169 181 176 177 174 166 143
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average167166163 166 172 158 168 161 161 168 171 164 154 152 130
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average168176177 176 174 173 130 129 122 107 119 110 107 88 65
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average169169167 164 162 144 163 170 156 156 158 151 144 132
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average170170169 162 166 153 169 160 163 178 180 176 163 169 123
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average171162170 168 159 160 149 143 135 154 154 147 143 154 151
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average172171168 165 161 156 151 165 164 166 153 152 141 145 114
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average173167183 183 177 183 164 168 160 167 160 162 159 162 122
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average174175176 172 178 179 180 179 176 176 181 179 176 173
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average175174172 174 179 174 144 149 151 155 149 157 170
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average176179174 173 175 175 165 144 134 144 143 137 137 130 121
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average177173175 182 181 181 179 172 172 163 169 168 167 156 135
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average178177173 178 180 165 166 162 155 164 170 165 165 150
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average179182181 181 182 180 177 174 174 162 151 154 148 139 134
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average180180179 177 176 178 185 183 181 177 179 178 175 171 148
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average181178178 175 173 172 172 169 168 174 164 170 168 174 142
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average182181180 180 183 185 189 184 183 183 178 175 173 172 152
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average183184182 184 184 184 183 181 178 175 182 181 178 175 155
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average184183184 185 185 187 188 185 182 182 183 180 177 167 153
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average185185187 186 187 186 186
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average186186185 188 188 188 187
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average187187186 179 170 137 133 118 99 105 99 98 113 98 90
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average188188188 187 186 182 181 180 177 172 177 174 172 164 120
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average189189189 189 189 189 184 182 180 180 175 173 171 170 137
scope=row wrap style=text-align:center Below Average190190190 190

Note: Rankings at the time of annual report publication. Rankings are subject to revision.

See also

External links

Notes and References

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