List of earthquakes in Turkey explained

Turkey has had many earthquakes. This list includes any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. Overall, the population in major cities like Istanbul resides in structures that are a mix of vulnerable and earthquake resistant construction.

Tectonic setting

Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian Plate and both the African and Arabian Plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.

Seismic hazard

Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time.[1]

Buildings

List of notable earthquakes

Historical earthquakes in Turkey (before 1920)

DateTime‡PlaceLatLongdata-sort-type=number Deaths-->CommentsSources
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17 CEn/aPhiladelphia (Alaşehir)38.2128.31n/an/asee AD 17 Lydia earthquake
13 December 115Antioch36.136.1260,0007.5 Mssee 115 Antioch earthquake[2]
4 January 141 (or 142)Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese36.728.0n/aVIIITriggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake[3]
21 December 262South and west coasts of Anatolia36.527.8n/aIXDamaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake[4]
26 January 447NightBithynia, Thrace, Byzantine Empire41.00828.978UnknownIXDate uncertain, severely damaged the Theodosian walls in Constantinople see 447 Constantinople earthquake[5]
19 May 526Antioch250,000VIIIThe city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake[6]
15 August 554AnatoliaThe earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia earthquake[7]
14 December 557just before midnightConstantinople40.928.7n/aX (Intense)Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake
14 May 1269Cilicia, Anatolia37.535.560,000~7see 1269 Cilicia earthquake
10 September 1509Constantinople40.928.710,0007.2 Mwsee 1509 Constantinople earthquake
May 1598Amasya and Çorum40.635.460,0006.7 see 1598 Amasya–Çorum earthquake
23 February 1653Smyrna38.228.22,5007.5see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake[8]
17 August 1668Anatolia40368,0008see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake[9]
10 July 168811:45Smyrna38.426.916,0007.0 Mssee 1688 Smyrna earthquake[10]
22 May 176605:10Istanbul40.829.04,0007.1 see 1766 Istanbul earthquake[11]
5 August 1766Dardanelles40.627.05,0007.4 see 1766 Marmara earthquake[12]
23 July 1784Erzincan39.540.25,000–>10,0007.6 see 1784 Erzincan earthquake[13]
2 July 1840Ağrı39.644.110,0007.4 May have triggered the last eruption of Mount Ararat. Casualties associated with a large landslide on the volcano.
see 1840 Ahora earthquake
[14]
28 February 185501:00Bursa40.229.11,9006.7see 1855 Bursa earthquake[15]
2 June 185910:30Erzurum39.941.315,0006.1 Mssee 1859 Erzurum earthquake[16]
12 May 1866Bingöl39.241.0680+7.2 Mssee 1866 Bingöl earthquake
3 April 1872Hatay36.436.41,8007.2 Mssee 1872 Amik earthquake
Afyonkarahisar38.329.91,3006.77 see 1875 Dinar earthquake
3 April 188111:30Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı38.2526.257,8667.3 Mwsee 1881 Chios earthquake[17]
10 October 188313:30Çeşme, Izmir, Ayvalık38.326.253–1207.3 Mssee 1883 Çeşme earthquake[18]
10 July 189412:24Gulf of İzmit40.7329.251,3007.0see 1894 Istanbul earthquake[19]
20 September 189904:00Büyük Menderes Graben37.928.11,4707.1see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake[20]

1900–1999

DateTime‡PlaceLatLongdata-sort-type=number Deaths-->CommentsSources
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29 April 190301:46 local timeMalazgirt39.1442.656006.7 Mssee 1903 Manzikert earthquake[21] [22]
9 August 191203:29 local timeMürefte40.7527.22167.3 MSsee 1912 Mürefte earthquake
4 October 191400:07 local timeBurdur37.8230.272,3446.9 MSsee 1914 Burdur earthquake
18 November 191900:54 local timeBalıkesir39.1827.653,0007.0 see 1919 Ayvalık earthquake
13 September 192416:34 local timeHorasan40.042.1606.8see 1924 Pasinler earthquake
22 October 192621:59 local timeKars40.743.73606.0 Mssee 1926 Kars earthquake[23]
31 March 192802:29 local timeSmyrna38.528.0506.5 MSPossible M=6.2 foreshock previous day
18 May 192908:37 local timeSuşehri40.237.9646.1see 1929 Suşehri earthquake
7 May 193000:34 local timeHakkâri38.144.72,5147.2–7.5 Mssee 1930 Salmas earthquake[24]
4 January 193516:41 local timeErdek40.427.556.4 Ms
19 April 193812:59 local timeKırşehir39.134.01606.6 MSsee 1938 Kırşehir earthquake
22 September 193902:36 local timeDikili39.126.8606.6 MS
27 December 193901:57 local timeErzincan39.7739.5332,7007.8 Mwsee 1939 Erzincan earthquake
15 November 194219:01 local timeBigadiç39.228.2166.1 MS
20 December 194214:03Erbaa40.8736.473,0007.0 Mssee 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake[25]
20 June 194317:32 local timeHendek40.630.53366.6 MSsee 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake
26 November 194322:20Ladik40.8733.652,824–5,0007.5 Mwsee 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
1 February 194403:25Gerede40.832.23,9597.5see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake
6 October 194404:34 local timeAyvalık39.3726.53306.8 MSsee 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake
17 August 1949Karlıova39.5440.574506.8
13 August 195118:36Kurşunlu40.8832.87506.9see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake
3 January 195208:03 local timeHasankale39.941.7415.8see 1952 Hasankale earthquake
18 March 195321:06 local timeYenice40.0227.532657.2 MSsee 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake
16 July 195509:07 local timeSöke37.5527.05236.8 MS
22 February 195622:31 local timeEskişehir39.8930.4916.4
25 April 195704:25 local timeFethiye36.528.6677.1 MSsee 1957 Fethiye earthquakes
26 May 19576:36Abant40.6731.00527.1see 1957 Abant earthquake
6 October 196416:31 local timeManyas40.127.93237.0 MSsee 1964 Manyas earthquake
19 August 196612:23Varto39.1741.562,3946.8 Mwsee 1966 Varto earthquake
22 July 196716:56Mudurnu40.6730.69897.2see North Anatolian Fault
3 September 196810:19 local timeBartın41.7932.31296.5 MSsee 1968 Bartın earthquake
28 March 196903:48 local timeAlaşehir38.528.4536.5 MSsee 1969 Alaşehir earthquake
28 March 197023:02 local timeGediz39.229.51,0867.2 MSsee 1970 Gediz earthquake
12 May 197108:25 local timeBurdur37.529.9576.1 MS[26] [27]
22 May 197116:44Bingöl38.8340.527556.9 Mwsee 1971 Bingöl earthquake[28]
6 September 197512:20 local timeLice38.540.72,3116.6 MS
24 November 197614:22 local timeMuradiye39.1244.034,0007.5 MSsee 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake
25 March 1977Palu38.72840.088305.2 [29]
30 October 198307:12 local timeErzurum40.3342.191,3426.9 MS
13 March 199217.18Erzincan39.7039.694986.7 Mw[30]
1 October 199517:57 local timeDinar38.0630.13906.1 MSsee 1995 Dinar earthquake
27 June 199816:55 local timeCeyhan36.8835.311466.3 Mwsee 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake
17 August 199903:02 local timeİzmit40.773017,127–18,3737.6 Mwsee 1999 Gölcük earthquake
12 November 199918:57 local timeDüzce40.7531.168947.2 Mw(PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquakeUSGS

2000–present

DateTime‡PlaceLatLongdata-sort-type=number Deaths-->CommentsSources
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3 February 200207:11Afyon38.57331.271446.5 Mw(HRV); see 2002 Afyon earthquake[31]
27 January 200305:26Pülümür39.4639.7916.1 Mw(HRV, USGS)USGS
1 May 200300:27Bingöl39.0140.461776.4 Mw(HRV, USGS); see 2003 Bingöl earthquake[32]
2 July 200401:30Ağrı39.7144.02185.1 Mw(HRV); see 2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake[33]
8 March 201002:32Elazığ38.7940.03416.1 Mw(HRV); see 2010 Elazığ earthquake[34]
19 May 201123:15Kütahya39.1429.0725.8 Mw(HRV); see 2011 Kütahya earthquake[35]
23 October 201113:41Van38.6343.496047.2 Mw(HRV); see 2011 Van earthquakes[36]
9 November 201119:2338.4243.22405.6 Mw[37]
02014-05-2424 May 201412:25 local timeImbros40.3125.4506.9 Mw(HRV); see 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake[38]
21 July 201701:31 local timeBodrum36.9227.412 (in the Greek island of Kos)6.6 Mw(HRV); see 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake[39]
02019-09-2626 September 201913:59 local timeMarmara Region40.8928.1715.7 Mw(HRV); see 2019 Istanbul earthquake[40]
02019-09-2624 January 202020:55 local timeElazığ, Malatya38.39039.081416.7 Mw(HRV); see 2020 Elazığ earthquake[41]
02019-09-2623 February 202008:53 local timeIran–Turkey border38.394344.3405105.8 Mw(HRV); see 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes[42]
19:00 local time38.394344.34056.0 Mw[43]
14 June 202016:24 local timeBingöl39.4240.6715.9 Mwsee 2020 Bingöl earthquake[44]
30 October 202014:51 local timeAegean Sea37.91826.7901177.0 see 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake[45]
23 November 202204:08 local timeDüzce40.84730.96726.1 see 2022 Düzce earthquake[46]
6 February 202304:17 local timeKahramanmaraş37.11237.11962,013 (53,537 in Turkey, 8,476 in Syria)7.8 see 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes[47] [48]
13:24 local time 38.03637.2297.5-7.7 [49] [50]
20 February 202320:04 local timeDefne36.113336.08211 (6 in Turkey, 5 in Syria)6.3 [51]
27 February 202312:04 local timeYeşilyurt38.253538.293225.2 [52]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Comments for the Significant Earthquake. National Geophysical Data Center. 19 October 2011. 19 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170619133029/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=64&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  3. Web site: Comments for the tsunami event . . Significant Earthquake Database . 8 February 2015 . 6 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120153/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=5883&t=101650&s=18&d=99,91,95,93&nd=display . live .
  4. Web site: Turkey: S Coasts; Libya: Comments for the Earthquake Event . . Significant Earthquake Database . 4 October 2016 . . 10 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104624/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?EQ_0=31&t=101650&s=8&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display . live .
  5. Web site: Guidoboni . E. . Ferrari . G. . Mariotti . D. . Comastri . A. . Tarabusi . G. . Sgatoni . G. . Valensise . G. . Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) . INGV-SGA . 3 November 2021 . 3 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211103120547/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?M1180IT . live .
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  8. Web site: Comments for the 1653 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120216/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=986&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  9. Web site: Historic Worldwide Earthquakes . https://web.archive.org/web/20090825081330/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php/ . dead . 25 August 2009. United States Geological Survey. 27 September 2021.
  10. Web site: Comments for the 1688 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106173026/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1115&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  11. Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. N. N. Ambraseys. J. A. Jackson. en. Geophysical Journal International. 141. 3. June 2000. F1–F6. 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x. 2000GeoJI.141F...1A . free.
  12. Parsons . T. . Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 2004 . 109 . B5 . 10.1029/2003JB002667. 2004JGRB..109.5304P . free .
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  14. Haroutiunian . R. A. . Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года . Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences . 2005 . 58 . 1 . 27–35 . ru . 0515-961X . 2015-11-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151207231822/http://earth.asj-oa.am/3202/ . 2015-12-07 . live .
  15. Web site: Comments for the 1855 Earthquake. NGDC. 2 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120235/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1977&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  16. Web site: Comments for the 1859 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120246/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2036&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  17. Web site: Comments for the 1881 Earthquake. NGDC. 2 February 2011. 17 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065131/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2298&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
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  19. Ambraseys. N.. January 2001 . Journal of Seismology . 10.1023/A:1009871605267. The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999. 5. 1. 117–128 . 1573-157X . 2001JSeis...5..117A. 128657125.
  20. Kumsar . Halil . Aydan . Ömer . Şimşek . Celal . D’Andria . Francesco . Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey . Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment . 2016 . 75 . 2 . 519–536 . 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0 . 2016BuEGE..75..519K . 128049511 . 22 July 2022 . 22 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722161329/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/250317353.pdf . live .
  21. Web site: List of big earthquakes 1900–2004. Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC). tr. 2 February 2020. 13 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150513032109/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/deprem-bilgileri/buyuk-depremler/. live.
  22. Web site: IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page . 14 June 2009 . 21 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100721030928/http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html . live .
  23. Web site: Comments for the 1926 Earthquake. NGDC. 3 February 2011. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211105641/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3296&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  24. Web site: Comments for the 1930 Earthquake. NGDC. 3 February 2011. 3 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603032008/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3412&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
  25. Toksoz, M.N., Shakal, A.F. & Michael, A.J. 1979. Space-Time Migration of Earthquakes Along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Seismic Gaps. Pageophys, 117, 1258–1270. . 10.1007/BF00876218 . 186224522 . 12 February 2020 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172132/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00876218 . live .
  26. Web site: USGS event page . 2023-06-24 . earthquake.usgs.gov.
  27. Taymaz . Tuncay . Price . Simon . 1992-02-01 . The 1971 May 12 Burdur earthquake sequence, SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological and geological observations . Geophysical Journal International . 108 . 2 . 589–603 . 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1992.tb04638.x . 1992GeoJI.108..589T . 131244868 . 0956-540X.
  28. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/world_deaths.php USGS list of earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900
  29. Web site: International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography . ISC: On-Line Bulletin . International Seismological Centre . 1 September 2023.
  30. Web site: Bernard, P., Gariel, J-C. & Dorbath L. 1997. Fault location and rupture kinematics of the magnitude 6.8, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, Turkey, from strong ground motion and regional records. Bulletin Seismological Society of America, 87, 1230–1243. . 14 June 2009 . 24 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152447/http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/5/1230 . live .
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  32. Web site: Significant Earthquakes of the World 2003 . USGS . United States Geological Survey . 3 September 2017 . 4 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081004192018/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/significant/sig_2003.php . live .
  33. Web site: M 5.1 – eastern Turkey . USGS.com . United States Geological Survey . 8 October 2019 . 2004-07-01 . 9 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191009032115/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000czcr/executive . live .
  34. Web site: Magnitude 6.1 – eastern Turkey . USGS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311153614/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tpac/ . 2010-03-11 . United States Geological Survey .
  35. Web site: Magnitude 5.8 – WESTERN TURKEY. USGS. United States Geological Survey. 3 September 2017. 24 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110524231929/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0003j4a.php. live.
  36. Web site: Magnitude 7.2 – EASTERN TURKEY . USGS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111024062356/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb0006bqc.php . 2011-10-24 . United States Geological Survey .
  37. Web site: M 5.6 – eastern Turkey. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2020-01-28. 28 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128120227/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000jamz/executive. live.
  38. http://udim.koeri.boun.edu.tr/Depremler/onemliler/24052014_1225TSIKuzeyEgeDeniziDepremi_.pdf 24 MAYIS 2014 GÖKÇEADA AÇIKLARI – EGE DENİZİ DEPREMİ
  39. Web site: Magnitude 6.6 – WESTERN TURKEY. USGS. United States Geological Survey. 3 September 2017. 24 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111024062356/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb0006bqc.php. live.
  40. Web site: Istanbul earthquake: Magnitude 5.8 quake hits Turkey. independent.co.uk. 26 September 2019. 2019-09-26. 27 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142945/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/istanbul-earthquake-turkey-magnitude-today-latest-a9121261.html. live.
  41. News: Rescue efforts under way after deadly quake rattles east Turkey . 26 January 2020 . Aljazeera . 26 January 2020 . 26 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200426200737/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/rescue-efforts-deadly-quake-rattles-east-turkey-200125085253773.html . live .
  42. Web site: M 5.8 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2020-02-23. 23 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200223091841/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v29/executive. live.
  43. Web site: M 6.0 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200223171146/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v9g/executive . 23 February 2020 . 2020-02-23 . earthquake.usgs.gov.
  44. Web site: M 5.9 – 14 km E of Yedisu, Turkey. 2020-06-16. US Geological Survey. 17 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201017143654/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abnv/executive. live.
  45. Web site: M 7.0 – 15 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece. US Geological Survey. 30 October 2020. 30 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161600/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c7y0/executive. live.
  46. Web site: . M 6.1 – 16 km W of Düzce, Turkey . United States Geological Survey . 23 November 2022 . 23 November 2022 . 23 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221123012547/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000irp8/executive . live .
  47. Web site: . M 7.8 – Central Turkey . United States Geological Survey . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021003/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/executive . live .
  48. Web site: Son Depremler . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206102906/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lst9.asp . 6 February 2023 .
  49. Web site: Latest Earthquakes . 2023-02-06 . earthquake.usgs.gov . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172130/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?currentFeatureId=us6000jlqa&extent=25.16517,10.50293&extent=49.15297,63.94043 . live .
  50. News: Pettersson . Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik . The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why . 8 February 2023 . CNN . CNN . 7 February 2023 . en.
  51. News: Bilginsoy . Zeynep . Fraser . Suzan . New quake brings fresh losses to residents of Turkey, Syria . 21 February 2023 . AP News . 21 February 2023 . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221185518/https://apnews.com/article/2023-turkey-syria-earthquake-government-business-18c9a263e69c786e1f9eb77ff49d221b . live.
  52. News: 2 dead, 140 injured after 5.6 earthquake rocks Türkiye's Malatya . 27 February 2023 . Daily Sabah . 2 March 2023 . 1 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301073101/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/2-dead-140-injured-after-56-earthquake-rocks-turkiyes-malatya/news . live.