Providence (religious movement) explained

Christian Gospel Mission

Abbreviation:CGM
Main Classification:Christian new religious movement
Leader Title:Head Pastor
Leader Name:Jung Myung-seok
Headquarters:Wolmyeongdong
Founder:Jung Myung-seok
Founded Date:1980
Founded Place:Seoul, South Korea
Separated From:Unification movement
Methodism
Number Of Followers:-->
Christian Gospel Mission
Hangul:기독교복음선교회
Hanja:基督敎福音宣敎會
Rr:gidokgyobogeumseongyohoe
Mr:kidokkyobogŭmsŏn'gyohoe

Providence (officially Christian Gospel Mission;), better known as JMS (acronym of Jesus Morning Star),[1] [2] is a Christian new religious movement founded by Jung Myung-seok in 1980 and headquartered in Wol Myeong-dong, South Korea. Providence has been widely referred to by international media as a cult.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

In April 2009, the leader Jung Myung-seok (also transliterated as Jeong Myeong-seok) was convicted of rape by the Supreme Court of Korea and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Jung was released on 18 February 2018.[10] Following Jung's release from prison, the Korea Post reported that the Providence faith movement had reached more than 70 countries.[11]

Providence has also been called Setsuri, International Christian Association (ICA;), the Morning Star Church (MS Church), the Bright Moon Church, and Ae-chun Church .

History

In the 1970s, Jung was a member of the Unification Church (UC), whose teaching his resembles.[12] [13] [14] In 1980, Jung founded the Ae-chun Church, which was affiliated with the Methodist Church.[15] In 1983, Jung Myung-seok forged a diploma from the Korea Bible Correspondence School and joined the Jesus Korea Methodist Church, changing its name to Jesus Korea Methodist Aechun Church. In the same year, he launched the World Youth University MS Union and called himself JESUS MORNING STAR (JMS).[16]

The name was changed to the International Christian Association (Korean: 국제크리스천연합) in the mid-1980s. A rift occurred in the group in 1986, when the vice president of Providence attempted to act on the sex scandals surrounding the group, but he was shut out of the organizational system and Jung consolidated all power around himself.

In October 1999 the organization changed its name to Christian Gospel Mission (Korean: 기독교복음선교회).

Theology

Jung Myung Seok set up Providence in 1980 as a breakaway sect from the UC.[17] Providence's core teaching are found in a series of unpublished precepts called the 30 Lessons, which bear considerable resemblance to the "Divine Principle" of the Unification movement, which are partly inspired by teachings of, including his book The Fundamental Principles of Christianity (基督教根本原理 drafted March 2, 1946, published March 2, 1958).[18] [19] [20] According to Tahk Myeong-hwan, nine of the 30 lessons exhibit a "considerable level of resemblance" with the Divine Principle. The lessons are based on a numerological interpretation which identifies the sect's leader as the Second Coming of Christ.[21] [22]

One lesson implies that those who do not "meet" him will not go to Heaven; another that any who betray him are committing a grave crime. During the instruction of the advanced level of the 30 Lessons, it is taught that Jung is the Messiah, proven through the numerological interpretation of prophesied dates and times in the book of Daniel, although more recent statements from a representative seems to contradict this claim.[23]

Like the UC, Providence preaches the advent of the "Complete Testament Era" . Providence furthermore allegorize the relationship between God and man to that between the groom and bride, or two lovers. While both UC and Providence teach that original sin was caused by Eve's intercourse with the fallen angel, who turned into Satan. Providence teaches this can be redeemed by having sex with Jung Myung-seok. Jung was found to have forced female followers to have sex with him "as a religious behaviour meant to save their souls" in the Korean Court of Law. Former members have stated or testified that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as "sexual gifts", with whom he coercively engaged in sexual acts, which was explained to them as a purification rite.[24] [25]

Although some of the teachings are a carefully guarded secret within the sect, scholars such as who analyzed and summarized the sect's beliefs relied on documented testimonies as well as interviews with ex-members that included victims. He obtained notes from ex-members which were used in the "bible study", as instructions in the 30 lessons were conventionally called within the sect.

Recruitment

Initiates into the sect are initially approached by being invited into an "activity circle", i.e., sports or music clubs in school. The inductees learn only later when taken to "bible study" that religion constitutes part of the "circle" activity. In this manner, Providence forms non-religious organisations for the purpose of attracting young people without initially revealing the religious nature of the group or their real motives,[26] a practice ruled "fraudulent" under law by the Japanese Supreme Court.[27]

Outside of Korea

Christian Gospel Mission is proselytizing under different names in different regions. Providence or Providence Church in Europe and the US, Setsuri (Japanese for "providence") in Japan, the Bright Moon Church, the Morning Star Church, and Jesus Morning Star (JMS). Each church branch that follows Jung's teaching keeps its own name (e.g. Nak-seong-dae Church, Seoul Church, etc.).[28] While leader Jung Myung Seok was on the run since 1999, due to sexual assault exposes and civil lawsuits filed in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, Providence, then known mostly as JMS, continued publishing Jung's sermons online, providing telephone counseling and holding overseas events for their followers.[29] [30] During his incarceration between 2008 and 2018, Jung's sermons and directives were delivered through visitors to the prison and through his successor Kim Ji Seon.

Australia

Providence began operating in Australia during 1997. Members of Providence have reported to been actively recruiting for new members at the Australian National University. In April 2014, the Australian government-funded television network Special Broadcasting Service reported on their activities in Australia, including statements by former members that they sought young attractive women. Providence refused numerous requests for a spokesperson to be interviewed for the program in Australia and Korea. The organization's Chief of External Affairs denied in writing to answer specific questions about the group's Australian activities. He stated that it had charitable status for tax purposes.[31] [32]

In May 2016, Australian magazine Crikey revealed that an Australian Taxation Office (ATO) employee had been whitewashing the Wikipedia article on Providence. Operating from a work computer since August 2015, the lawyer had removed negative press coverage from the article and inserted glowing praise of Jung, while casting doubt on Jung's prison conviction. The woman, who denied it at first, eventually admitted that she had made the edits. The ATO's Fraud Prevention and Internal Investigations Unit declined to take any action.[33]

Seven News Australia reported in 2023 that two Australian women had been recruited and trafficked to South Korea where JMS members allegedly raped them. Maria Naselli, President of the Lord’s Hope Church of Providence in Sydney sent a video to Seven News stating "We want you to stop attacking us and to stop taking actions against us. If you do not heed this strong warning, we will hold a press conference against you".[34]

Hong Kong

Providence has been reported on in Hong Kong, where it is known as The Bright Moon Church (Chinese: 月明教會) or Setsuri (攝理教). In October 2006 a former member told Oriental Daily News that it has about 100 core members in Hong Kong, including many medical graduates and some assistant professors. Though it has been in Hong Kong for years, its slow development kept it fairly unknown until its media exposure. Providence temporarily created an organization to run various community activities, known as the United Culture and Arts Network (UCAN).[35] [36]

Japan

Providence became active in Japan around 1985 or 1987. In 2006 the national newspaper Asahi Shimbun reported that Providence is "causing serious social problems in Japan", labeling it as a "cult" and "sect". It also reported that the organization was pressuring members to live together, make regular donations, marry within the organization, and follow the strict guidance of its founder.

It has been reported that Providence, commonly referred to as Setsuri in Japan, hides their religious affiliation at a Japanese university and solicited students as cultural clubs,[37] specifically targeting students pursuing medical or legal professions and those who are interested in environmental issues, sustainable development goals and international contributions.[38] The movement is also known to recruit tall, fair-skinned and glamorous university students. It uses social media and student/workplace mentorship networking events to draw new members. It was estimated that the movement has increased its membership from about 2,000 to more than 6,000 followers in Japan between 2006 and 2022.

The group's church usually consisted of a single apartment room, where their religious studies occurred. Sometimes the church was where some of the faithful cohabited. There were some 40 such churches across Japanese cities as of 2006. Members as students working part-time jobs were expected to contribute a minimum of at weekly church service, and as full-salaried wage-earners, monthly tithes and bonus-time donations.[39] Believers were instructed to live frugally on cheap food and never indulge in alcohol. They were forbidden from dating, but at a suitable time married within the group in mass ceremonies.

Although the Supreme Court of Japan in 1996 ruled Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church was invalid, more than 300 Japanese members of Providence were wed in six mass ceremonies held between 1996 and 2006 modeled on the UC. While being wanted on rape charges, Jung at a July 2003 mass wedding urged the couples via a big-screen Internet connection to have babies to increase the number of Providence members.[40] [41]

In 2007, Japanese Police raided eight Providence facilities in Chiba on suspicion that a senior member illegally obtained residence status. They also searched a facility in the city's Chuo Ward.[42] The senior member, a Korean, was arrested for overstaying her visa. It was learned that Providence recruited "high class, high income" men and selected women for "style and looks".[43]

As of 2008, it has been said that over 100 women have fallen victim of Jung's sexual transgressions in Japan alone.

New Zealand

The New Zealand Herald reported that Providence is recruiting young women in universities, shopping centres and churches. The University of Auckland issued a warning to student groups, and a parent support group for those whose children have been recruited or impacted was established. The Presbyterian Church of Auckland stated that its members are also being targeted. A 22-year-old University of Auckland student said that while a member she participated in photoshoots, fashion shows, and a Bible study course which introduced Jung as the new messiah. A Providence leader was approached for comment, but failed to turn up to a meeting with Herald staff.[44]

Taiwan

Providence's earliest activity in Taiwan was in 1988.[45] It is commonly known as Jesus Morning Star Church (JMS), (Chinese: 攝理教 or Chinese: 攝禮教; shè lǐ jìao). Providence itself rejects these common names, officially registered as China Christian Youth Association (CCYA; Chinese: 中華基督教新時代青年會), and sometimes calls itself Providence Church (Chinese: 攝理教會).[46]

In November 2001 the Taiwanese version of Next Magazine published the article "Korean cult leader raped over one hundred Taiwanese female college students". Allegedly involved National Taiwan University, Fu Jen Catholic University, and National Chengchi University all denied the report, stated that there were no cult activities in their campuses at the time. NCCU acknowledged that there had been such activities many years ago. There had been similar reports in 1997.[47] [48] Taiwanese authorities investigated Jung for raping women, but he fled the country.[49] Members of EXODUS soon came to Taiwan and held a press conference with an involved woman.[50]

In October 2005 Apple Daily reported that many student clubs in National Central University and other campuses are recruiting for Providence Church. These clubs hold a wide variety of activities including the "Eagle Cup" soccer tournament in Taipei city and regular model training. The paper quoted an undisclosed former church member, that the church's "modeling department" is in fact a channel of recruiting sexual partners for Jung. The paper obtained three audio recordings of dialogs of some female members, which say that Jung have had sex with ten female members by mutual consent, most of them college students from the modeling department.[51]

Sexual abuse allegations in the media

Media exposes

The Providence sex scandal received wide public attention following Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)'s exposé, broadcast in March 1999, on its TV news magazine . Over 100 alleged victims were contacted for information in the making of this series. JMS, as Providence was known then, countered with lawsuits to suppress the broadcast, libel litigation, and an organized two-month barrage of phone calls, as many as 60,000 calls per day.

The broadcast resulted in Jung fleeing the country one day later. Jung lived freely outside of Korea for the next seven years, until apprehended by the Chinese authorities in 2006, and repatriated to Korea in 2007.[52]

Sexual abuse allegation continued to surface against Jung overseas, in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Japan, and other locations. The news show followed with additional episodes covering Jung's activities abroad. In one episode, SBS reported how female members of Providence had been flown to and held against their will at Jung's hideout in Anshan in the Chinese province Liaoning on the border to Korea. One 28-year-old Korean, who in April 2005 managed to escape, confided how she was sexually violated multiple times by Jung.[53] [54]

In Japan, there were 2,000 Providence members as of 2006, almost entirely students and graduates of prestigious colleges, and 60% women. During his sojourns in Japan, Jung summoned upwards of 10 women on an almost daily basis, and under the false pretext of running a "health check" would have improper sexual encounters with them. Jung's aides are said to have imposed strict secrecy of these encounters with Jung, threatening the women with condemnation to hell if they told anyone what he had done.[55] [56]

In Taiwan too, similar incidents have been reported, where many female members of his organization were ordered to undress for a "health check", be subjected various forms of sexual abuse, including having sex with him to wipe off their sins.[57]

The anti-Providence group EXODUS (founded in 1999) held a press conference in April 2006, in which four unidentified women wearing bucket hats and surgical masks covering their faces, accused Jung of organized sex crimes against themselves and other women, who required medical treatment.[58]

Jung denied the charges, his followers said.[59] In 2008, in response to the rape allegations, Providence pastor Bae Jae-yong said that it was a "distorted rumor that was created by the people who have slandered [Jung]" and that "all fundamental truth will be clarified by [Jung] at the prosecutor's office".[60]

According to allegations by ex-Providence members, as of 2012, some 500 to over 1,000 women members were still being groomed for future sexual exploitation by Jung. Known internally as the "Evergreens", these female members are said to comprise a "reserve corps" for "sex bribes", a term for sexual favors accorded to those exercising power. The "Evergreens" are educated and handled by 10 women in Providence's leadership. Jo Gyeong-suk, former head of the group's Seoul branch and herself an alleged victim, stated salvation through sexual union with Jung was part of its canon.

According to Jo, "not a few of those women committed suicide. They become severely depressed and receive psychiatric treatment, suffer various illnesses and social phobias as a result of the stress, and are unable to marry." The accusers added that Providence leader Jung, even while serving sentence in prison, is supplied with photograph profiles of female members, for him to make selections on which women would be inducted as "Evergreens".[61]

Netflix and MBC documentary

In the Name of God: A Holy Betrayal is a 2023 Netflix and MBC docuseries that described the founding of the religious movement, indoctrination of its members, illegal heckling of dissidents committed by the group as well detailing the multiple rapes committed by sect leader Jung with testimonials from former members.[62] Providence requested for a court injunction to prevent the Netflix series from airing. The request was denied as the South Korean court ruled that Netflix and MBC "appear to have made the program based on a considerable amount of objective and subjective materials backing its claim."[63]

After the broadcast, JMS filed approximately 40 lawsuits and complaints against sexual assault victims, Professor Kim Do-hyeong of Dankook University, and PD Cho Seong-hyun. On August 16, 2024, the Mapo Police Station in Seoul referred the case against PD Cho Seong-hyun to the Seoul Western District Prosecutor's Office, applying charges of violating the Special Act on Sexual Violence. The reason for the charges was the allegation that PD Cho distributed a nude video that could provoke sexual desire or humiliation through the documentary. In response, Professor Kim Do-hyeong questioned, "This law was established to punish bizarre sexual criminals like Jeong Myeong-seok and his accomplices. Is this law really applicable to PD Cho Seong-hyun, who exposed the reality of the grotesque sexual offender Jeong Myeong-seok and raised awareness in society?"[64]

Civil lawsuits and criminal conviction

Providence (then commonly known as JMS) leader Jung Myung-seok fled Korea in 1999 after Korean public broadcaster SBS reported on the rampant sexual abuse allegedly committed by Jung, and several civil lawsuits were subsequently filed against him. According to the Chinese and South Korean police, Jung had been on the run in Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, Mainland China and other countries between 1999 and 2007.[65]

In 2001, Jung Myung-seok was investigated by Taiwanese authorities on multiple charges of sexual assault, but he left the country without standing trial.[66] Taiwan Taipei District Prosecutor's Office then issued an arrest warrant for Jung in June 2003.[67] Jung, having been wanted by Interpol since 2002, was arrested in Hong Kong in July 2003 for overstaying his visa, but was released three days later on a (US$1.3 million) bail. When Hong Kong authorities approved extradition to Korea, Jung fled the extradition hearing.[68] [69] [70]

An Interpol Red Notice was issued on Jung in 2004.[71] In 2006, South Korean authorities put Jung on an international wanted list on rape charges,[72] and after learning that Jung had fled to China, the South Korean government officially asked China in November 2006 to extradite him. In February 2007, Interpol requested for the fingerprints of Jung from South Korea, who was then thought to be in Costa Rican territories under false documentation.[73]

According to Korean investigative magazine SisaIN, Jung was hiding in Qianshan near Anshan, Liaoning Province, China after escaping Hong Kong in 2003.[74] After about 8 years on the run,[75] Chinese Ministry of Public Security announced that Jung had been arrested in Beijing by Chinese police on May 1, 2007.[76] [77] ruled in September 2007 to extradite Jung, a decision upheld by the Supreme People's Court.[78] [79] He was extradited back to South Korea to stand charges on February 20, 2008. Jung was also charged with fraud and embezzlement of church funds.

A South Korean woman and a Japanese woman filed a criminal suit in 2003 against Jung for raping them.[80] In January 2008, the Supreme Court of Korea awarded the two females (US$52000) and (US$10400) in damages for rape. The court said Jung forced the followers to have sex with him, saying that it is a religious behavior meant to save their souls.[81] [82] Providence followers started riots outside of newspapers that reported the court's verdict, broke into the Seoul office of the leading newspaper The Dong-a Ilbo trashing office furniture, and demanded the removal of articles critical of Jung.[83] [84] [85]

In the criminal case heard by the, former members told the court that Jung was provided with female members of his sect as "gifts", and he would then have sex them on a religious pretext. Reportedly Jung would be shown photographs of female members of his church, and once he chooses his "sexual gift", she would be conveyed to his place of stay outside Korea.

In August 2008, Jung was convicted for raping female followers and sentenced by the Seoul Central District court to six years imprisonment.[86] [87] [88] [89] On February 10, 2009, the added four years to the district court's sentence of six years, overturning one of the lower court's acquittals and finding Jung guilty on a total of four counts of rape.[90] [91] Jung appealed his 10 years imprisonment sentence to the Supreme Court of Korea, but the sentence was upheld in April 2009.[92] [93]

One of the sexually assaulted women subsequently filed a civil lawsuit against Jung. In its verdict in November 2009 ruled that "the plaintiff's right to bodily integrity was violated and she suffered psychological pain as a result of the sexual violence of defendant... The defendant is obligated to compensate plaintiff for her pain." and that Jung should pay in compensation.[94] [95] [96]

Jung Myung-seok was subsequently released from jail on February 18, 2018.[97]

On October 4, 2022, Jung Myung-seok was arrested by the Daejeon District Court on charges of sexually assaulting two women of Hong Kong and Australian nationalities. The alleged rapes were said to have occurred between 2018 and 2021 at JMS’s Wolmyeongdong Sanctuary in Geumsan. He is charged and due to stand trial.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 2008-08-12 . South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape . en . Reuters . 2023-03-07 . December 19, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219031716/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-korea-sect-idUSSEO9345720080812 . live .
  2. Web site: 2022-10-05 . South Korean religious leader accused of 'quasi-raping' Hong Kong woman . 2023-03-07 . South China Morning Post . en . December 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219141957/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3194868/south-korea-arrests-77-year-old-religious-leader-quasi-raping-hong . live .
  3. Web site: 2018-11-22 . On a mission from God: South Korea's many cults . 2023-03-07 . France 24 . en . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114908/https://www.france24.com/en/20181122-mission-god-south-koreas-many-cults . live .
  4. Web site: Ser . Myo-ja . 2008-08-12 . JMS cult leader is convicted of rape . 2023-03-07 . . en . March 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307111547/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2008/08/12/socialAffairs/JMS-cult-leader-is-convicted-of-rape/2893596.html . live .
  5. Web site: 2008-02-21 . Cult Leader Extradited to Korea . 2023-03-07 . . en . March 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307111550/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/03/113_19368.html . live .
  6. News: 2017-12-10 . Sex, cults and the bizarre world of Providence leader Jeong Myeong-seok . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-03-07 . August 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814160536/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-11/the-bizarre-world-of-providence-cult-and-its-leader-jms/9224564 . live .
  7. Web site: Sect targets Kiwi brides for rapist . 2023-03-07 . . en-NZ . November 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221122222326/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/kiwi-women-targeted-by-religious-group-hunting-brides-for-convicted-rapist/YBK4FUMYSIHXSOIVWLL7MJSL5Y/ . live .
  8. Web site: 2007-05-23 . 韩国邪教教主郑明析在华落网 . Korean Cult Leader Zheng Mingxi Arrested in China . 2023-03-07 . . March 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307111553/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/2007-05/23/content_878161.htm . live .
  9. Web site: 2016-11-04 . South Korea: A cult history . 2023-03-07 . TODAY . en . August 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220815102231/https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/south-korea-cult-history . live .
  10. News: The cult that's infiltrated NZ schools, campuses and churches. NOTED. 7 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181007183612/https://www.noted.co.nz/currently/social-issues/cults-nz-providence-infiltrate-nz/. October 7, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  11. Web site: 2020-02-14. VISIT WOLMYEONGDONG, THE CENTER OF PROVIDENCE, GOD'S NEW HISTORY. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621210144/http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20307. June 21, 2020. 2020-06-19. The Korea Post. ko.

  12. "On y apprend que JMS est un ancien adepte de la 'secte Moon'".

  13. Web site: After the Moon sect: South Korea and indoctrination through the sacred game of football. CNRS. Luca. Nathalie. Nathalie Luca. March 2002. February 27, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20051019143435/http://www.cnrs.fr/Cnrspresse/n400/html/en400foot03.htm. October 19, 2005. dead. mdy-all.

  14. " (From 1975 to 1978 he was involved with the Unification Church. For this reason, Providence's teachings resemble the Unification Church quite closely.)"

  15. News: . ja:監禁、傷害での立件視野]. "世界基督教統一神霊協会（統一教会）を脱会した韓国人の鄭明析教祖が1980年ごろに設立した宗教集団. ja. Foreseeable indictment on confinement and bodily harm. Chunichi Shimbun. February 17, 2007. http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/00/sya/20070217/eve_____sya_____001.shtml . https://web.archive.org/web/20070225213503/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/00/sya/20070217/eve_____sya_____001.shtml. February 25, 2007. April 6, 2015.
  16. News: Yang. Song Hee. 검사, 의사까지 몽땅 홀려… '미혹 만렙' JMS 해부. Prosecutors, Doctors, All Enchanted... 'Alluring Master' JMS Under Scrutiny. 11 July 2024. Nocut News Jeonbuk. 17 March 2023.
  17. Web site: On a mission from God: South Korea's many cults . November 22, 2018 . September 29, 2020 . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114908/https://www.france24.com/en/20181122-mission-god-south-koreas-many-cults . live .
  18. Web site: 2021-09-10 . 김백문의 기독교근본원리 연재 1 – 국역 서론 . 2022-08-09 . 기독교포털뉴스 . ko.
  19. Web site: 교회와신앙 . 2022-08-09 . www.amennews.com.
  20. https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001449787-00 "淫教のメシア・文鮮明伝" 萩原遼編
  21. News: Cheung Chi-fai. Wanted cult leader may be repatriated to South Korea. South China Morning Post. July 31, 2003. March 1, 2014. Mr Jung founded the so-called Ae-Chun Church in 1980 and it became affiliated with the Methodist Church. The church was later expelled from the Christian body and he changed its name to the International Christian Association. Mr Jung also wrote the '30 lessons', which criticise Christian teachings and beliefs and end with his adopting the role of Jesus Christ at the second coming.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140308033810/http://www.scmp.com/article/423407/wanted-cult-leader-may-be-repatriated-south-korea. March 8, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  22. News: Chong. Sin-dae (Korean: 총신대 ) . http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=13006 . ko:정명석에 대한 신학적 비판 . ko . Theological critique of Jeongmyeongseok . Cult Research Committee . Christian Portal News . July 4, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150316092909/http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=13006 . March 16, 2015 . August 24, 2015 .
  23. Web site: Tozer. Joel. Extracts of Correspondence With Providence Representative in South Korea. Scribd.com. April 9, 2014. August 31, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150831134650/http://www.scribd.com/doc/217192865/Extracts-of-Correspondence-With-Providence-Representative-in-South-Korea. August 31, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  24. News: Kang. Shin-who. Suspect of Cult Founder Arrested in China. The Korea Times. May 13, 2007. February 27, 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20070913080827/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/05/117_2823.html. September 13, 2007.
  25. News: Herskovitz. Jon. South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape. Reuters. August 12, 2008. December 18, 2013. A South Korean court yesterday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said. ... Former members have told the Seoul court that young and attractive women were presented to Jung as "gifts" and he forced them into sex as a part of a purification ritual.. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219031716/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-korea-sect-idUSSEO9345720080812. December 19, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  26. News: Smiling a serious business in South Korea. Taipei Times. September 5, 2015. September 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160119041105/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2002/06/13/0000140221. January 19, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  27. News: Cult aimed at elite in 50 universities. https://web.archive.org/web/20131227161228/http://www.icsahome.com/view_document.asp?ID=38296. Asahi Shimbun. July 31, 2006. December 27, 2013. April 6, 2014. Ex-members say recruiting on campus started on Jung's orders in the mid-1990s. "It's a fraudulent activity, as they conceal the group's identity in luring members," a lawyer said. An ex-member in his 30s said he and other cultists were deprived of sleep--forced to work late into the night and then wake up early to listen to Jung's videotaped preaching..
  28. Sin . Ho-cheol (신호철) . April 23, 2006 . ko:검사가 정명석 돕고 있다? . Is prosecution assisting Jung Myeong-suk? . http://m.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32628 . live . 시사 저널 (Sisa Journal) . ko . 862 . 142–149 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925154419/http://m.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32628 . September 25, 2015 . September 14, 2015 . mdy-all.
  29. News: May 22, 2007 . zh:韩国"淫乱教主"郑明析中国落网 . zh-hans . South Korean 'promiscuous guru' Jung Myung-seok to be apprehended in China . . http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-05/22/content_6135125.htm . dead . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151101052154/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-05/22/content_6135125.htm . November 1, 2015 . mdy-all.
  30. Web site: 2018-02-21 . Cult Leader Jung Myung-seok Released After Serving Full 10-Year Sentence . 2023-03-08 . . en.
  31. Web site: http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12929 . ko:"성폭행범이 이끄는 한국의 밀교" - 기독교포털뉴스. Kportalnews.co.kr. April 10, 2014. August 31, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160119041105/http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12929. January 19, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  32. Web site: Tozer. Joel. Inside Providence: The secretive Korean church led by a convicted rapist. Sbs.com.au. April 9, 2014. August 31, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20141024223658/http://www.sbs.com.au/thefeed/blog/2014/04/09/inside-providence-secretive-korean-church-led-convicted-rapist. October 24, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  33. Web site: ATO employee whitewashed Providence Jeong Myeong-seok's Wikipedia. Crikey. May 2, 2016. 2016-05-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20160502124537/http://www.crikey.com.au/2016/05/02/wikipedia-page-rapist-cult-whitewashed-inside-ato/. May 2, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  34. News: 7NEWS Spotlight: World-first look inside the cult targeting Australian women . 12 July 2023 . 7NEWS . 2 July 2023 . en.
  35. News: http://hk.news.yahoo.com/061001/10/1tyax.html . https://web.archive.org/web/20061116072023/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/061001/10/1tyax.html. Hong Kong. Oriental Daily News. zh-hk. zh:韓邪教港核心成員逾百. Korean cult core members reach 100 in Hong Kong. October 2, 2006. November 16, 2006. November 16, 2006.
  36. News: Fan . Wai Kit (范偉潔) . http://www.hket.com/eti/article/52087622-324c-432d-abdc-c77f4657e59e-574309 . zh:韓邪教襲港 吸大學尖子 變身「月明教會」 醫科生家人求助 . Korean cult attacks Hong Kong, recruits elites at university, transformed 'Wol Myeong Church' aids med student families . . zh-hk . September 20, 2006 . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909190821/http://www.hket.com/eti/article/52087622-324c-432d-abdc-c77f4657e59e-574309 . September 9, 2015 . dead . mdy-all.
  37. Web site: 摂理＝キリスト教福音宣教会 SDGsで大学生を勧誘する手法で信者が16年前の3倍｜検証 令和の新興宗教 . 2023-03-08 . 日刊ゲンダイDIGITAL. August 19, 2022 .
  38. Web site: 國府田英之 . 2021-09-15 . 社会問題化した宗教団体「摂理」がコロナ禍で有名大学で勧誘を活発化 SNSを駆使した巧妙な手口〈dot.〉 . 2023-03-08 . AERA dot. (アエラドット).
  39. News: ja:「摂理」献金年間１億円超、教祖の逃亡資金にも. Providence contributions exceed 100 million yen, some funds used to assist leader's flight. ja. Asahi Shimbun. July 31, 2006. http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0731/OSK200607310029.html . May 8, 2014. Alt URL
  40. News: Japan court rules marriage invalid – UPI Archives. Upi.com. May 8, 1996. September 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160119041105/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/05/08/Japan-court-rules-marriage-invalid/8165831528000/. January 19, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  41. News: Guru said to have raped prospective brides before mass weddings. August 3, 2006. September 11, 2015.
  42. News: Setsuri cult facilities raided over immigration suspicions. The Japan Times. January 20, 2007. December 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219022952/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/01/20/news/setsuri-cult-facilities-raided-over-immigration-suspicions/. December 19, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  43. News: ja:カルトSEX教団に強制捜査...教祖にせっせと女性貢ぐ. Cultic sex religious group raided by investigators.. women assiduously feed money to founder. ja. January 19, 2007. http://www.zakzak.co.jp/top/2007_01/t2007011901.html . https://web.archive.org/web/20070226172509/http://www.zakzak.co.jp/top/2007_01/t2007011901.html. February 26, 2007. September 1, 2015.
  44. News: Kiwi women targeted by religious group hunting brides for convicted rapist. Lincoln. Tan. 19 May 2017. The New Zealand Herald. 19 December 2017. www.nzherald.co.nz. https://web.archive.org/web/20111111081401/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1. November 11, 2011. live. mdy-all.
  45. Web site: http://www.ccya.org.tw/history07.php . zh:海外宣教. Foreign missionary work. April 22, 2006. 中華基督教新時代青年會CCYA(攝理教會). https://web.archive.org/web/20060328012607/http://www.ccya.org.tw/history07.php. March 28, 2006. Chinese: 台灣的宣教活動自從1988年開始 . zh.
  46. Web site: Loading. zh:立案證書. Application certificate. 中華基督教新時代青年會CCYA(攝理教會). zh. February 7, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070427204620/http://ccya.21ccea.org/files/ccya-id.html. April 27, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  47. News: http://210.69.89.131/cnaweb/showframe.asp?recordnum=12&RltIndex=11&database=1,&user=321&databaseNum=12,&pagenum=1&ID=862821&P=中央日報&D=90/11/09&T=8 . zh:宗教染指 上百女生受害？某周刊指韓國攝理教會教主涉嫌引誘非禮 遭點名臺大、政大、輔大否認 . Religion infiltrates, upwards of 100 female student victims? Certain weekly magazine alleges Korean Providence leader with indecent assault, naming National Taiwan University, National Chengchi University, Fu Jen University who all deny . . Lee . Mei-hua (李美嬅) . Chen . Luo-wei (陳洛薇) . November 9, 2001 . 8 . zh.
  48. News: S Korean religious figure faces sexual assault accusations. Taipei Times. November 12, 2001. March 1, 2014. Chung Myung-seok (Chinese: 鄭明析), founder of the South Korean Jesus Morning Star Church (Chinese: 南韓攝理教會), is suspected of sexually assaulting his female followers. A Chinese-language magazine said Chung had sexually assaulted the women, many of them students from National Taiwan and National Chengchi universities, telling them it was part of a religious ceremony. The accusation prompted the police to investigate. . https://web.archive.org/web/20140301141016/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/11/12/111168 . March 1, 2014 . live . mdy-all.
  49. News: http://www.tvbs.com.tw/news/news_list.asp?no=keri20030622123441 . https://archive.today/20130418205504/http://www.tvbs.com.tw/news/news_list.asp?no=keri20030622123441. dead. April 18, 2013. zh:攝理教主鄭明析 性侵女教友遭通緝. Providence leader Jung Myung Seok wanted for sexual assault of female parishioners. TVBS. June 2, 2006. September 10, 2015. zh.
  50. Web site: http://www.ettoday.com/2001/12/10/218-1234524.htm . zh:攝理教韓受害女性控訴教主 記者會火爆口角衝突. Prividence's Korean female victims file appeal suit against leader, press club clashes with heated debate. Chen. Zhidong (陳志東). ETtoday.com. December 10, 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20081008035158/http://www.nownews.com/2001/12/10/218-1234524.htm. October 8, 2008. April 6, 2015. zh. dead. mdy.
  51. News: http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20051013/2124471/ . zh:踢爆邪教魔爪校園再現. Blowing whistle on the cult's demonic clutches reappearing on campuses. Huang. Pai-hsüeh (黃白雪). Apple Daily. zh. October 13, 2005. August 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150824134305/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20051013/2124471/. August 24, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  52. Web site: China extradites SKorea cult leader . . February 21, 2008 . February 27, 2008 . September 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917095641/https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/ . live.
  53. News: 신호철 . http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32634 . ko:정명석, '황제 도피' 즐긴다 . ko . Jung Myung-Suk enjoys being a runaway emperor? . . Sisa Press . April 23, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052607/http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=32634 . December 3, 2013 . August 24, 2015.
  54. News: Kim. Dae-won (김대원). http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=185646 . ko:SBS "정명석, 중국에서도 성폭행 혐의". ko. SBS "Jeongmyeongseok, sexual assault allegations in China.". Christian Today. June 4, 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20071009122902/http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=185646. October 9, 2007. August 24, 2015.
  55. News: ja:韓国カルト、日本で２千人 若者勧誘、教祖が性的暴行. Korean Cult numbering 2000 in Japan solicits youths in Japan, cult leader commits sexual violence. ja. Asahi Shimbun. July 27, 2006. http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0727/OSK200607270231.html . https://web.archive.org/web/20060813184736/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0727/OSK200607270231.html. August 13, 2006. April 7, 2015.
  56. News: 2,000 Japanese join cult led by suspected sex offender on the run from Interpol. https://web.archive.org/web/20080120215531/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200607290185.html. Asahi Shimbun. July 29, 2006. January 20, 2008. April 6, 2015.
  57. News: World News Quick Take. Taipei Times. May 17, 2007. March 1, 2014. He fled an extradition hearing but was detained by Chinese authorities early this month. Former members, mostly young girls, have told police they were told to undress for a "health check" and to have sex with him to wipe out their sins.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072427/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/05/17/2003361326. April 7, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  58. News: http://www.cnbnews.com/news/article.html?no=5993 . Kim. Min-hui (김민희). ko:'JMS 정명석 성폭행 계속...정부 뭐하나' 울분. ko. JMS's Jung Myung Seok assaults continuing; outrage over government inaction. September 14, 2015. CNB News. April 18, 2006. (Victims held a press conference at 4 pm today in the Nukinamu Cafe in Anguk Dong demanding the exposure and investigation into the JMS corruption case and more fully clarifying events surrounding the Jung Myung Seok sexual assaults that had recently been reported in the media.) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205051/http://www.cnbnews.com/news/article.html?no=5993 . September 23, 2015 . live . mdy-all.
  59. News: Associated Press Television News. February 20, 2008. February 29, 2008. South Korean fugitive cult leader Jung extradited back to Seoul. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021005820/http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/view/7f51b2b481ecfc4cc98ff70932bd2783?subClipIn=00:00:00&subClipOut=00:00:00. October 21, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  60. Web site: February 20, 2008 . South Korean religious sect leader extradited from China to face rape charges . https://web.archive.org/web/20080604164157/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/20/asia/AS-GEN-SKorea-Cult-Leader.php . June 4, 2008 . February 27, 2008 . International Herald Tribune, AP.
  61. News: October 24, 2013 . ko:JMS 교주 정명석 수감생활 특혜 의혹 . JMS leader Jung Myung seok's prison life raises suspicion of favoritism . Nocutnews.co.kr . http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/1119706 . live . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926214813/http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/1119706 . September 26, 2015 . mdy-all.
  62. Web site: Frater . Patrick . 2023-03-03 . Sex Cult Expose: Netflix Defeats Injunction, Airs 'In the Name of God: A Holy Betrayal' Documentary on Korean Religious Leaders . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230303125135/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/korea-religious-cult-netflix-in-the-name-of-god-a-holy-betrayal-documentary-1235541909/ . March 3, 2023 . 2023-03-07 . Variety . en-US.
  63. Web site: 심 . 선아 . 2023-03-02 . Religious group's request for court injunction to block release of Netflix documentary rejected . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230303145255/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230302008500315 . March 3, 2023 . 2023-03-07 . . en.
  64. News: Park. In Jae. 다큐 ‘나는 신이다’ 제작이 불법이면 시청한 모든 사람 처벌받는 모순 발생한다. If the Documentary 'In the Name of God' is Illegal, Punishing All Viewers Would Be a Contradiction. 19 August 2024. Amen News. 17 August 2024.
  65. News: February 21, 2008 . Cult boss extradited to face sex raps . . November 4, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172736/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2886496 . July 18, 2011 . Jung was taken directly to the Seoul Central Public Prosecutors' Office from the airport. Prosecutors began questioning Jung after his arrival regarding nine complaints filed against him on charges that include embezzlement and sexual assault..
  66. News: Founder of cult captured in China after eight years. Korea JoongAng Daily. May 17, 2007. August 31, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925161545/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2875640. September 25, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  67. Web site: 聯合新聞網 . 2023-03-06 . 南韓「攝理教主」遭爆性侵上百名台灣女大生 北檢通緝至2027年 . South Korea's Setsurin sect leader sexually assaulted hundreds of female college students from Taiwan. Wanted by the Taipei District Prosecutor until 2027 . 2023-03-08 . . zh-Hant-TW.
  68. News: Asian Cult Leader Arrested. May 15, 2007. The Australian. https://web.archive.org/web/20141010100430/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/asian-cult-leader-arrested/story-e6frg6so-1111113538594. October 10, 2014. Jung, wanted by Korean police for rape, fraud and embezzlement, escaped South Korea in 1999 and was later placed on the Interpol wanted list. He next surfaced in Hong Kong in 2003, where he was charged with being an illegal immigrant, granted bail and fled again – apparently to China. He was caught by police in Anshan, in Liaoning, the Chinese province that borders North Korea. It is believed he has also, while on the run, lived in Italy and Taiwan.. August 24, 2015. dead.
  69. Web site: Ask the Police. https://web.archive.org/web/20081009220613/http://www.npa.go.kr/eng/visitor/visitorView.jsp?seq=167. October 9, 2008. Korean National Police Agency. September 21, 2003. November 21, 2006. Seoul Interpol requested the suspect's deportation to Hongkong Interpol on 1 July 2003. The suspect was arrested for illegal stay in Hongkong, China by Hongkong Immigration Department on 9 July 2003 but released on bail after 3 days. Hongkong Immigration Department approved the exit order for Korea against Myung Sok JUNG. However, the suspect disappeared since he appealed dissatisfaction to Immigration Department on 1 August 2003. Hongkong police cancelled the bail against the suspect and are searching for him after registering the suspect on watching lists..
  70. News: Accused rapist cult leader faces extradition to Korea. January 2, 2008. February 27, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080115174612/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22998981-23109%2C00.html. January 15, 2008. dead.
  71. News: Cult Leader Extradited to Korea. The Korea Times. February 21, 2008. February 27, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080401134040/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/02/113_19368.html. April 1, 2008. live. He'd been on Korean wanted lists since 1999 (and the Interpol Red Notice since 2004) after fleeing the country after charges of rape emerged. While overseas, he made constant headlines for allegedly raping female devotees in various countries..
  72. News: Lawyers eye cult rape accusations. The Japan Times. July 31, 2006. August 31, 2015. South Korean authorities have put Jung, 61, on an international wanted list on rape charges. Watanabe said the head of Setsuri persuaded Japanese women to join the cult, introduced them to Jung and took them to Jung's hideout. Jung allegedly raped the women, Watanabe said, while they were under mind control.. https://web.archive.org/web/20150828143349/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/07/31/national/lawyers-eye-cult-rape-accusations/. August 28, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  73. Web site: 2007-02-08 . Interpol solicitó a Corea del Sur huellas dactilares de líder prófugo de secta religiosa . Interpol asked South Korea for fingerprints of fugitive religious sect leader . 2023-03-08 . La Nación . es.
  74. Web site: Shin . Ho-cheol . 2007-10-09 . 중국 지방 공안이 정명석 비호했다 . Chinese provincial public security guarded Jeong Myung-seok . 2023-03-09 . SisaIN . ko.
  75. News: February 21, 2008 . China extradites chief of alleged S. Korean rapist cult . China Post . AFP, China Post . Taiwan . live . February 27, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110612011929/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/2008/02/21/143806/China-extradites.htm . June 12, 2011 . mdy-all.
  76. News: May 16, 2007 . Alleged South Korean Rape Cult Leader Arrested in China . . Associated Press . dead . February 27, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071228122405/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272712,00.html . December 28, 2007 . mdy-all.
  77. News: May 17, 2007 . Jeong Myeong-seok Arrested in China . . live . February 28, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140304144223/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2007051777138 . March 4, 2014 . Hwang Chul-kyu, who is in charge of international crime cases in Ministry of Justice, announced on May 16 that, "Chinese police informed us that a man caught in Beijing on May 1 turned out to be Jeong Myeong-seok after comparing fingerprints." . mdy-all.
  78. News: 등록 . February 22, 2008 . ko:정명석 제이엠에스 총재 . Jung Myung-seok the JMS leader detained . . http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/religious/271485.html . live . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925210444/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/religious/271485.html . September 25, 2015 . mdy-all.
  79. News: October 2, 2007 . ko:8년 도피 행각 JMS 정명석, 한국 인도 결정 . 8 years on the run, decision to send JMS's Jung Myung-seok back to Korea . Christian Today . http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=187853 . live . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925214711/http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=187853 . September 25, 2015 . mdy-all.
  80. News: S. Korean sect leader facing rape charges. United Press International. February 23, 2008. August 31, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150828183633/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/02/23/S-Korean-sect-leader-facing-rape-charges/81811203796166/. August 28, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  81. News: Religious sect leader formally arrested on rape charges. Yonhap. February 23, 2008. February 27, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080305014211/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2008/02/23/56/0302000000AEN20080223001200315F.HTML. March 5, 2008. live. mdy-all.
  82. News: http://nuri.donga.com/nurinews/view.php?k_id=200801110239&m=2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080215060441/http://nuri.donga.com/nurinews/view.php?k_id=200801110239&m=2. February 15, 2008. Donganuri News. ko:JMS 정명석씨, 신도 성폭행 6천만원 위자료 확정. ko. Court upholds compensation for JMS's raped followers in the amount of 60 million won. January 11, 2008. January 27, 2008. . (Two female followers received compensation for sexual assault and rape by Leader Jung Myung Soek.).
  83. News: Cult Followers Break into Dong-A Ilbo Office. The Dong-a Ilbo. January 15, 2008. March 1, 2014. Members of the religious cult JMS broke into the editorial office of the Dong-A Ilbo Monday morning. They smashed the glass entrance on the 13th floor to enter the daily's office, demanding the removal of articles on the cult's founder Jeong Myeong-seok. Jeong is reportedly hiding in China after being accused by former women followers of committing sexual assault and rape.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140304170158/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2008011523598. March 4, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  84. News: http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/01/17/2008011701088.html . ko:언론계에 'JMS 공포'. ko. JMS terror in the world of media. Chosun Ilbo. January 17, 2008. . (The press reported on the 17th that on the 14th, 40 followers of JMS forced their way into the editorial department on the 13th floor of the Dong-a Ilbo Building in Gwanghwamun Seoul, demanded the paper recall articles about Jung Myung-seok, and created a general disturbance for several hours.) . January 16, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131023041924/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/01/17/2008011701088.html . October 23, 2013 . live . mdy-all.
  85. News: http://news.donga.com/3/all/20080724/8606939/1 . ko:검찰, 본사난입 JMS 신도 7명 기소. Prosecutors raid JMS headquarter, indicting 7. ko. The Dong-a Ilbo. July 24, 2008. March 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140304173013/http://news.donga.com/3/all/20080724/8606939/1. March 4, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  86. News: Herskovitz. Jon. South Korean religious sect leader jailed for rape. National Post. May 22, 2014. August 31, 2015. A South Korean court on Tuesday sentenced Jung Myung-seok, the leader of a fringe religious sect, to six years in jail for raping female followers, a court official said. Jung, 63, the leader of the Jesus Morning Star sect (JMS), fled to China from South Korea in 2001 where he had been charged with selecting followers from photographs and then forcing them to have sex with him..
  87. News: Cult Leader Gets 6-Year Prison Term. The Korea Times. August 12, 2008. February 28, 2014. Notorious cult leader Jung Myung-seok received Tuesday a six-year prison sentence for raping and sexually abusing his female followers.. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185747/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/12/117_29224.html. September 25, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  88. News: http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/12/2008081201759.html . ko:정명석 JMS총재 징역 6년 선고. ko. JMS leader Jung Myung-Seok sentenced to six years in prison. Chosun Ilbo. August 13, 2008. October 29, 2013. . (The Seoul Central District Court No. 26 Criminal Division (Justice Bae Ki-yeol) delivered a prison sentence of six years to JMS President Jung Myung-seok, 63, who had been arrested and charged with raping 12 female followers.) . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081109/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/12/2008081201759.html . November 5, 2013 . live . mdy-all.
  89. News: 송. 경호 (Song Gyeong-ho). http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=200699 . ko:성폭행 혐의 정명석, 항소심 선고 10일로 연기. Jung Myung-seok sexual assault allegations, asks appeal court to postpone decision 10th. Christian Today 크리스천투데이. February 5, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090207130926/http://christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=200699. February 7, 2009. September 10, 2015.
  90. News: Cult head jailed for sex crimes. https://web.archive.org/web/20101115020432/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_336458.html. Singapore. The Straits Times. Agence France-Presse. February 10, 2009. November 15, 2010. October 29, 2013.
  91. News: Cult head gets harsh new sentence. Ser. Myo-ja. Korea JoongAng Daily (JoongAng Ilbo). February 11, 2009. August 23, 2015. The Seoul High Court ruled yesterday that Jung is guilty of a total four counts of rape, overturning one acquittal and handing down a heavier punishment.. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171141/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2900886. September 25, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  92. News: http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/society/2009/04/23/0702000000AKR20090423068400004.HTML . ko:JMS 정명석 징역 10년 확정. ko. Jung Myung-Seok's 10-year prison sentence upheld. Yonhap. April 23, 2009. October 29, 2013. . https://web.archive.org/web/20131102092227/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/society/2009/04/23/0702000000AKR20090423068400004.HTML . November 2, 2013 . live . mdy-all.
  93. News: Court Upholds 10-Yr Sentence on Cult Leader. The Korea Times. April 23, 2009. March 1, 2014. The Supreme Court upheld a 10-year-imprisonment sentence on Jung Myung-suk, the leader of the JMS (Jesus Morning Star) religious cult Thursday for the rape and sexual assault of five Korean female followers. Jung was indicted for sexually assaulting the victims between 2003 and 2006 in Hong Kong, Malaysia and China. A lower court convicted him on three counts sentencing him to a six-year-prison term, but a high court extended this to 10 years convicting him on all five counts.. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185436/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/04/117_43718.html. September 25, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  94. News: Schwartzman, Nathan. South Korean cult leader hit by new judgment. Asian Correspondent. November 18, 2009. September 20, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150109090340/http://asiancorrespondent.com/24930/cult-leader-hit-by-new-judgment/. January 9, 2015. live. mdy-all.
    original article: News: http://news.joins.com/article/616/3877616.html? . https://web.archive.org/web/20091119202840/http://news.joins.com/article/616/3877616.html. November 19, 2009. ko:법원, JMS 정명석 5천만원 배상 판결. ko. Court rules 50 million won damages against JMS's Jung Myeong-suk. JoongAng Ilbo. Yonhap News. November 16, 2009. dead.
  95. News: http://sports.hankooki.com/lpage/lifenjoy/200911/sp2009111619423394470.htm . ko: 법원, JMS 정명석 5천만원 배상 판결. Court orders JMS's Jung Myung Seok to pay 50 million won restitution. Hankook Ilbo. November 16, 2009. 2015-08-18. ko. https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141428/http://sports.hankooki.com/lpage/lifenjoy/200911/sp2009111619423394470.htm. December 23, 2015. live. mdy-all.
  96. News: MBN News . 13 January 2015 . [correction press] religious group resisting investigation...'fled to the foreign country' [정정보도문] 과거 종교집단 수사 저항...교주 '해외도피' ]. MBN NewsTV . live . 14 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200421155923/https://mbn.co.kr/news/society/2165825 . April 21, 2020.
  97. Web site: 2023-03-07 . "정명석에 성폭행 당한 전여친…통화 들킬까봐 영어로 대화" . 2023-03-08 . . ko.

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