Treaties of the European Union explained

Document Name:	Treaties of the European Union
Location Of Document:	Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Purpose:	Establishing the laws and principles under which the European Union is governed

The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis. They establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and objectives. The EU can only act within the competences granted to it through these treaties and amendment to the treaties requires the agreement and ratification (according to their national procedures) of every single signatory.

Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992, The Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community i.e. The Treaty of Rome), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first signed. The consolidated version of the two core treaties is regularly published by the European Commission.

Despite the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the bloc in 2020, its name remains officially on some of the treaties (the SEA, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon and all accession treaties between 1972 and 2011) as it was part of the consultation and ratification process as a member state at the time those treaties were drawn up, though the country is no longer legally bound by them itself. This can only be altered by a future amendment to the treaties.

Content

The two principal treaties on which the EU is based are the Treaty on European Union (TEU; Maastricht Treaty, effective since 1993) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; Treaty of Rome, effective since 1958). These main treaties (plus their attached protocols and declarations) have been altered by amending treaties at least once a decade since they each came into force, the latest being the Treaty of Lisbon which came into force in 2009. The Lisbon Treaty also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding, though it remains a separate document.

Treaty on European Union

See main article: Treaty on European Union. Following the preamble the treaty text is divided into six parts.

Title 1, Common ProvisionsThe first deals with common provisions. Article 1 establishes the European Union on the basis of the European Community and lays out the legal value of the treaties. The second article states that the EU is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities". The member states share a "society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail".

Article 3 then states the aims of the EU in six points. The first is simply to promote peace, European values and its citizens' well-being. The second relates to free movement with external border controls are in place. Point 3 deals with the internal market. Point 4 establishes the euro. Point 5 states the EU shall promote its values, contribute to eradicating poverty, observe human rights and respect the charter of the United Nations. The final sixth point states that the EU shall pursue these objectives by "appropriate means" according with its competences given in the treaties.

Article 4 relates to member states' sovereignty and obligations. Article 5 sets out the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality with respect to the limits of its powers. Article 6 binds the EU to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 7 deals with the suspension of a member state and article 8 deals with establishing close relations with neighbouring states.

Title 2, Provisions on democratic principlesArticle 9 establishes the equality of national citizens and citizenship of the European Union. Article 10 declares that the EU is founded in representative democracy and that decisions must be taken as closely as possible to citizens. It makes reference to European political parties and how citizens are represented: directly in the parliament and by their governments in the council and European Council – accountable to national parliaments. Article 11 establishes government transparency, declares that broad consultations must be made and introduces provision for a petition where at least 1 million citizens may petition the commission to legislate on a matter. Article 12 gives national parliaments limited involvement in the legislative process.

Title 3, Provisions on the institutionsArticle 13 establishes the institutions in the following order and under the following names: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors. It obliges co-operation between these and limits their competencies to the powers within the treaties.

Article 14 deals with the workings of Parliament and its election, article 15 with the European Council and its president, article 16 with the council and its configurations and article 17 with the commission and its appointment. Article 18 establishes the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and article 19 establishes the Court of Justice.

Title 4, Provisions on enhanced cooperationsTitle 4 has only one article which allows a limited number of member states to co-operate within the EU if others are blocking integration in that field.

Title 5, General provisions on the Union's external action and specific provisions on the Common Foreign and Security PolicyChapter 1 of this title includes articles 21 and 22. Article 21 deals with the principles that outline EU foreign policy; including compliance with the UN charter, promoting global trade, humanitarian support and global governance. Article 22 gives the European Council, acting unanimously, control over defining the EU's foreign policy.

Chapter 2 is further divided into sections. The first, common provisions, details the guidelines and functioning of the EU's foreign policy, including establishment of the European External Action Service and member state's responsibilities. Section 2, articles 42 to 46, deal with military cooperation (including Permanent Structured Cooperation and mutual defence).

Title 6, Final provisions

Article 47 establishes a legal personality for the EU. Article 48 deals with the method of treaty amendment; specifically the ordinary and simplified revision procedures. Article 49 deals with applications to join the EU and article 50 with withdrawal. Article 51 deals with the protocols attached to the treaties and article 52 with the geographic application of the treaty. Article 53 states the treaty is in force for an unlimited period, article 54 deals with ratification and 55 with the different language versions of the treaties.

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

See main article: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union goes into deeper detail on the role, policies and operation of the EU. It is split into seven parts.^[1] ^[2]

Part 1, PrinciplesIn principles, article 1 establishes the basis of the treaty and its legal value. Articles 2 to 6 outline the competencies of the EU according to the level of powers accorded in each area. Articles 7 to 14 set out social principles, articles 15 and 16 set out public access to documents and meetings and article 17 states that the EU shall respect the status of religious, philosophical and non-confessional organisations under national law.^[2]

Part 2, Non-discrimination and citizenship of the UnionThe second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the EU will "combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it;^[3] to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections, right to petition Parliament and the European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years.^[2]

Part 3, Union policies and internal actionsPart 3 on policies and actions is divided by area into the following titles: the internal market; the free movement of goods, including the customs union; agriculture and fisheries; free movement of people, services and capital; the area of freedom, justice and security, including police and justice co-operation; transport policy; competition, taxation and harmonisation of regulations (note Article 101 and Article 102); economic and monetary policy, including articles on the euro; employment policy; the European Social Fund; education, vocational training, youth and sport policies; cultural policy; public health; consumer protection; Trans-European Networks; industrial policy; economic, social and territorial cohesion (reducing disparities in development); research and development and space policy; environmental policy; energy policy; tourism; civil protection; and administrative co-operation.^[2]

Part 4, Association of the overseas countries and territoriesPart 4 deals with association of overseas territories. Article 198 sets the objective of association as promoting the economic and social development of those associated territories as listed in annex 2. The following articles elaborate on the form of association such as customs duties.^[2]

Part 5, External action by the UnionPart 5 deals with EU foreign policy. Article 205 states that external actions must be in accordance with the principles laid out in Chapter 1 Title 5 of the Treaty on European Union. Article 206 and 207 establish the common commercial (external trade) policy of the EU. Articles 208 to 214 deal with cooperation on development and humanitarian aid for third countries. Article 215 deals with sanctions while articles 216 to 219 deal with procedures for establishing international treaties with third countries. Article 220 instructs the High Representative and Commission to engage in appropriate cooperation with other international organisations and article 221 establishes the EU delegations. Article 222, the Solidarity clause states that members shall come to the aid of a fellow member who is subject to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or man-made disaster. This includes the use of military force.^[2]

Part 6, Institutional and financial provisionsPart 6 elaborates on the institutional provisions in the Treaty on European Union. As well as elaborating on the structures, articles 288 to 299 outline the forms of legislative acts and procedures of the EU. Articles 300 to 309 establish the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Articles 310 to 325 outline the EU budget. Finally, articles 326 to 334 establishes provision for enhanced co-operation.^[2]

Part 7, General and final provisionsPart 7 deals with final legal points, such as territorial and temporal application, the seat of institutions (to be decided by member states, but this is enacted by a protocol attached to the treaties), immunities and the effect on treaties signed before 1958 or the date of accession.^[2]

Protocols, annexes and declarations

There are 37 protocols, 2 annexes and 65 declarations that are attached to the treaties to elaborate details, often in connection with a single country, without being in the full legal text.^[1]

Protocols;^[4]

1: on the role of National Parliaments in the European Union
2: on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality
3: on the statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union
4: on the statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank
5: on the statute of the European Investment Bank
6: on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, offices, agencies and departments of the European Union
7: on the privileges and immunities of the European Union
8: relating to Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union on the accession of the Union to the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
9: on the decision of the Council relating to the implementation of Article 16(4) of the Treaty on European Union and Article 238(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union between 1 November 2014 and 31 March 2017 on the one hand, and as from 1 April 2017 on the other
10: on permanent structured cooperation established by Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union
11: on Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union
12: on the excessive deficit procedure
13: on the convergence criteria
14: on the Euro Group
15: on certain provisions relating to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
16: on certain provisions relating to Denmark
17: on Denmark
18: on France
19: on the Schengen acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union
20: on the application of certain aspects of Article 26 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to the United Kingdom and to Ireland
21: on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of freedom, security and justice
22: on the position of Denmark
23: on external relations of the Member States with regard to the crossing of external borders
24: on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union
25: on the exercise of shared competence
26: on services of general interest
27: on the internal market and competition
28: on economic, social and territorial cohesion
29: on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States
30: on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom
31: concerning imports into the European Union of petroleum products refined in the Netherlands Antilles
32: on the acquisition of property in Denmark
33: concerning Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
34: on special arrangements for Greenland
35: on Article 40.3.3 of the Constitution of Ireland

36: on transitional provisions
37: on the financial consequences of the expiry of the ECSC treaty and on the Research fund for Coal and Steel

Annexes^[5]

Annex I lists agricultural and marine produce covered by the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy.
Annex II lists the overseas countries and territories associated with the EU.

Declarations^[6] There are 65 declarations attached to the EU treaties. As examples, these include the following. Declaration 1 affirms that the charter, gaining legal force, reaffirms rights under the European Convention and does not allow the EU to act beyond its conferred competencies. Declaration 4 allocates an extra MEP to Italy. Declaration 7 outlines Council voting procedures to become active after 2014. Declaration 17 asserts the primacy of EU law. Declaration 27 reasserts that holding a legal personality does not entitle the EU to act beyond its competencies. Declaration 43 allows Mayotte to change to the status of outermost region.

Euratom

As well as the two main treaties, their protocols and the Charter of Fundamental Rights; the Treaty Establishing a European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) is still in force as a separate treaty.

Title one outlines the tasks of Euratom. Title two contains the core of the treaty on how cooperation in the field is to take place. Title three outlines institutional provisions and has largely been subsumed by the European Union treaties. Title four is on financial provisions and title five on the general and title six is on final provisions.^[7]

Amendment and ratification

The treaties can be changed in three different ways. The ordinary revision procedure is essentially the traditional method by which the treaties have been amended and involves holding a full inter-governmental conference. The simplified revision procedure was established by the Treaty of Lisbon and only allows for changes which do not increase the power of the EU. While using the passerelle clause does involve amending the treaties, as such, it does allow for a change of legislative procedure in certain circumstances.

The ordinary revision procedure for amending treaties requires proposals from an institution to be lodged with the European Council. The President of the European Council can then either call a European Convention (composed of national governments, national parliamentarians, MEPs and representatives from the Commission) to draft the changes or draft the proposals in the European Council itself if the change is minor. They then proceed with an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which agrees the treaty which is then signed by all the national leaders and ratified by each state.^[8]

While this is the procedure that has been used for all treaties prior to the Lisbon Treaty, an actual European Convention (essentially, a constitutional convention) has only been called twice. First in the drafting of the Charter of Fundamental Rights with the European Convention of 1999–2000. Second with the Convention on the Future of Europe which drafted the Constitutional Treaty (which then formed the basis of the Lisbon Treaty). Previously, treaties had been drafted by civil servants.

The simplified revision procedure, which applies only to part three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and cannot increase the powers of the EU, sees changes simply agreed in the European Council by a decision before being ratified by each state.^[8] The amendment to article 136 TFEU makes use of the simplified revision procedure due to the small scope of its change.

Any reform to the legal basis of the EU must be ratified according to the procedures in each member state. All states are required to ratify it and lodge the instruments of ratification with the Government of Italy before the treaty can come into force in any respect. In some states, such as Ireland, this is usually a referendum as any change to that state's constitution requires one. In others, such as Belgium, referendums are constitutionally banned and the ratification must take place in its national parliament.

On some occasions, a state has failed to get a treaty passed by its public in a referendum. In the cases of Ireland and Denmark a second referendum was held after a number of concessions were granted. However, in the case of France and the Netherlands, the treaty was abandoned in favour of a treaty that would not prompt a referendum. In the case of Norway, where the treaty was their accession treaty, the treaty (hence, their membership) was also abandoned.

Treaties are also put before the European Parliament and while its vote is not binding, it is important; both the Belgian and Italian Parliaments said they would veto the Nice Treaty if the European Parliament did not approve it.^[9]

Minor amendments not requiring ratification

See main article: Passerelle Clause. The treaties contain a passerelle clause which allows the European Council to unanimously agree to change the applicable voting procedure in the Council of Ministers to QMV and to change legislation adoption procedure from a special to the ordinary legislative procedure, provided that no national parliament objects. This procedure cannot be used for areas which have defence implications.^[8]

The fourth amendment procedure is for changing status of some of the special member state territories. The status of French, Dutch and Danish overseas territories can be changed more easily, by no longer requiring a full treaty revision. Instead, the European Council may, on the initiative of the member state concerned, change the status of an overseas country or territory (OCT) to an outermost region (OMR) or vice versa.^[10] This provision doesn't apply to special territories of the other member states.

Legend for below table: [Amending] – [Membership]

European Council decision type	Established/Amended	Agreed in	Agreed on	Effective from	Ceased
Changing status of French territory^[11]	Withdrawal of Saint-Barthélemy (OMR to OCT)	Brussels, BE			in force
Changing status of French territory^[12]	Enlarged to Mayotte (OCT to OMR)	Brussels, BE			in force

Ratified treaties

Legend for below table: [Founding] – [Amending] – [Membership]

Treaty	Established/Amended	Signed in	Signed on	Effective from	Ceased
ECSC Treaty ^{source text}	European Coal and Steel Community	Paris, FR			^[13]
Treaty amending the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community^[14]		Luxembourg, LU		^[15]	^[16]
EEC Treaty (Treaty of Rome) ^{source text}	European Economic Community	Rome, IT			in force
Euratom Treaty ^{source text}	European Atomic Energy Community	Rome, IT			in force
Convention on certain institutions common to the European Communities^[17]		Rome, IT			^[18]
Netherlands Antilles Convention ^{source text}	OCT status for the Netherlands Antilles	Brussels, BE			in force
Merger Treaty ^{source text}		Brussels, BE
First Budgetary Treaty		Luxembourg, LU			in force
Treaty of Accession 1972	Enlarged to Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom	Brussels, BE			in force
Treaty amending certain provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank^[19]		Brussels, BE			in force
Second Budgetary Treaty		Brussels, BE			in force
Treaty of Accession 1979	Enlarged to Greece	Athens, GR			in force
Greenland Treaty ^{source text}	Withdrawal of Greenland	Brussels, BE			in force
Treaty of Accession 1985	Enlarged to Spain and Portugal	Madrid, ES Lisbon, PT			in force
Single European Act ^{source text}		Luxembourg, LU The Hague, NL			in force
Treaty of Maastricht ^{source text} (Treaty on European Union)		Maastricht, NL			in force
Act amending the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank empowering the Board of Governors to establish a European Investment Fund^[20]	Established the European Investment Fund	Brussels, BE			in force
Treaty of Accession 1994	Enlarged to Austria, Finland and Sweden	Corfu, GR			in force
Treaty of Amsterdam ^{source text}		Amsterdam, NL			in force
Treaty of Nice ^{source text}		Nice, FR			in force
Treaty of Accession 2003		Athens, GR			in force
Treaty of Accession 2005	Enlarged to Bulgaria and Romania	Luxembourg, LU			in force
Treaty of Lisbon ^{source text}		Lisbon, PT			in force
Protocol on European Parliament seats ^{source text}		Brussels, BE		^[21]	in force
TFEU ESM amendment ^{source text}		Brussels, BE		^[22]	in force
Treaty of Accession 2011 ^{source text}	Enlarged to Croatia	Brussels, BE		^[23]	in force
Irish protocol on the Lisbon Treaty	Formalising the Irish guarantees	Brussels, BE	– 13 June 2012^[24]	^[25]	in force
Brexit Agreement	Withdrawal of the United Kingdom	Brussels, BE London, UK		^[26]	in force

Abandoned treaties

1972 and 1994 Treaties of Accession of NorwayNorway applied to join the European Communities/Union on two occasions. Both times a national referendum rejected membership, leading Norway to abandon their ratification of the treaty of accession. The first treaty was signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972 and the second in Corfu on 24 June 1994.

Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (the European Constitution)The European Constitution was a treaty that would have repealed and consolidated all previous overlapping treaties (except the Euratom treaty) into a single document. It also made changes to voting systems, simplified the structure of the EU and advanced co-operation in foreign policy. The treaty was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 and was due to come into force on 1 November 2006 if it was ratified by all member states. However, this did not occur, with France rejecting the document in a national referendum on 29 May 2005 and then the Netherlands in their own referendum on 1 June 2005. Although it had been ratified by a number of member states, following a "period of reflection", the constitution in that form was scrapped and replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon.

Related treaties

Although not formally part of European Union law, several closely related treaties have been signed outside the framework of the EU and its predecessors between the member states because the EU lacked authority to act in the field. After the EU obtained such autonomy, many of these conventions were gradually replaced by EU instruments.

Following on from the success of the Treaty of Paris, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, efforts were made to allow West Germany to rearm within the framework of a common European military structure. The Treaty instituting the European Defence Community was signed by the six members on 27 May 1952,^[27] but it never entered into force as it was not ratified by France and Italy.^[28] ^[29] ^[30] ^[31] The Common Assembly also began drafting a treaty for a European Political Community to ensure democratic accountability of the new army, but it was abandoned when the Defence Community treaty was rejected.

Other early examples include the Statute of the European School of 1957,^[32] the Naples Convention of 1967 on customs cooperation,^[33] the Brussels Convention of 1968 on jurisdiction in civil matters,^[34] the Convention setting up a European University Institute on 1972^[35] ^[36] and the amending Convention of 1992 to the EUI Convention,^[37] ^[38] the Agreement on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1979,^[39] the Rome Convention of 1980 on contractual obligations,^[40] the Convention on double jeopardy of 1987,^[41] the Agreement on the application of the Council of Europe Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons of 1987,^[42] the Convention abolishing the legalization of documents of 1987,^[43] the Agreement on the simplification and modernization of extradition requests of 1989,^[44] the Dublin Convention of 1990 on asylum,^[45] the Arbitration convention of 1990 on double taxation,^[46] the Maintenance Convention of 1990,^[47] the Transfer of Criminal Proceedings Agreement of 1990,^[48] the Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences of 1991,^[49] the Eurovignette Agreement of 1994,^[50] and the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools of 1994.^[51] Additionally, the convention on mutual recognition of companies and legal persons was signed in 1968 but never entered into force.^[52] ^[53] ^[54] ^[55] ^[56] Likewise, the Community Patent Convention of 1975^[57] and the Agreement relating to Community patents of 1989,^[58] which amended the 1975 Convention never entered into force.^[59] ^[60]

Article K.3 of the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force in 1993, authorised the European Communities to "draw up conventions which it shall recommend to the Member States for adoption in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements" under the newly created Justice and Home Affairs pillar, which was organised on an intergovernmental basis. Concluded under these provisions were the Naples II Convention of 1997 on customs cooperation,^[61] the conventions on simplified extradition procedures of 1995,^[62] the Europol Convention of 1995 establishing Europol,^[63] the PFI Convention of 1995 on fraud,^[64] the Customs Information System Convention of 1995,^[65] the Insolvency Convention of 1995, the Convention relating to extradition of 1996,^[66] the convention on the fight against corruption of 1997,^[67] the Service Convention of 1997 on the service of documents,^[68] the convention on matrimonial matters of 1998,^[69] the convention on driving disqualifications of 1998,^[70] and the convention on mutual assistance in criminal matters of 2000.^[71] ^[72] ^[73] Numerous protocols to these agreements have also been concluded.^[74] ^[75] The JHA was integrated into the EC structures as the area of freedom, security and justice with the Lisbon Treaty's entry into force in 2009, which has allowed a number of these Conventions to be replaced by EU Regulations or Decisions.

Finally, several treaties have been concluded between a subset of EU member states due to a lack of unanimity. The Schengen Treaty and Convention of 1985 and 1990 respectively were agreed to in this manner, but were subsequently incorporated into EU law by the Amsterdam Treaty with the remaining EU member states that had not signed the treaty being given an opt-out from implementing it. Others agreements signed as intergovernmental treaties outside the EU legal framework include the EU status of forces agreement of 2003,^[76] the EU claims agreement of 2004,^[77] the Treaty of Strasbourg of 2004 establishing the Eurocorps,^[78] ^[79] the Treaty of Velsen of 2007 establishing the European Gendarmerie Force,^[80] ^[81] the Prüm Convention of 2005 on the fight against terrorism, the convention on centralised customs clearance of 2009,^[82] the Agreement on the protection of classified information of 2011,^[83] the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism of 2012 establishing the European Stability Mechanism, the European Fiscal Compact of 2012 on fiscal rules in the eurozone, the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 2013 establishing the Unified Patent Court, and the Single Resolution Fund Agreement of 2014 establishing the Single Resolution Fund. However, all these agreements are open to accession by EU member states. The text of the Prum Convention, Fiscal Compact and Single Resolution Fund Agreement state that the intention of the signatories is to incorporate the treaty's provisions into EU structures and that EU law should take precedence over the treaty. A TFEU amendment was ratified which authorises the creation of the ESM, giving it a legal basis in the EU treaties.

An updated EMU reform plan issued in June 2015 by the five presidents of the council, European Commission, ECB, Eurogroup and European Parliament outlined a roadmap for integrating the Fiscal Compact and Single Resolution Fund agreement into the framework of EU law by June 2017, and the intergovernmental European Stability Mechanism by 2025.^[84] Proposals by the European Commission to incorporate the substance of the Fiscal Compact into EU law and create a European Monetary Fund to replace the ESM were published in December 2017.^[85] ^[86] On 30 November 2020 the finance ministers at the Eurogroup agreed to amend the treaties establishing the ESM and Single Resolution Fund,^[87] to be ratified in 2021 by all Eurozone member states. The reform proposal was blocked for months because of the veto of the Italian government.^[88] The proposed amendments include:^[89]

The establishment of the ESM as a "backstop" to the Single Resolution Fund (SRF).
Reform of ESM Governance
The precautionary financial assistance instruments
Clarifications and expansions of the ESM mandate on economic governance;

Title 3 of the Fiscal Compact was incorporated into EU law as part of the economic governance framework reforms (Regulation (EU) 2024/1263, Council Directive (EU) 2024/1265 and Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1264) which entered into force as of 4 April 2024.

List

Legend for below table: [in force] – [replaced]

Ratified treaties

Ratified treaties
Treaty	Subject matter	Signed in	Signed on	Parties	Effective from	Status
Statute of the European School	European Schools	Luxemburg, LU		13 EU states		Repealed
Naples Convention	Customs cooperation	Rome, IT		13 EU states^[90]		Repealed
Brussels Convention (Protocol^[91])	Jurisdiction in civil matters	Brussels, BE		15 EU states^[92] ^[93] ^[94] ^[95]		in force
Convention setting up a European University Institute	European University Institute	Florence, IT		24 EU states^[96] ^[97] EU non-party: HR, CZ, HU, LT		in force
Rome Convention	Contractual obligations	Rome, IT		27 EU states^[98] ^[99] ^[100] ^[101]		in force
Schengen Agreement	Established open borders	Schengen, LU		26 EU states^[102] EU non-party: IE, UK		in force, integrated as Union law
Dublin Convention	Asylum	Dublin, IE		23 EU states^[103]		Replaced
Schengen Convention^[104]	Implemented the Schengen Agreement	Schengen, LU		26 EU states^[105] EU non-party: IE, UK		in force, integrated as Union law
Arbitration convention	Elimination of double taxation	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states^[106] ^[107]		in force
Convention revising the Convention setting up a European University Institute	European University Institute	Florence, IT		24 EU states EU non-party: HR, CZ, HU, LT		in force
Eurovignette Agreement	Vignette	Brussels, BE		4 EU states^[108]		in force
Convention on the European Schools	European Schools	Luxemburg, LU		All 28 EU states^[109] ^[110]		in force
Europol Convention	Europol	Brussels, BE		27 EU states		Replaced
PFI Convention	Fraud	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states		Replaced
Customs Information System Convention	Customs cooperation	Brussels, BE		27 EU states		Replaced
Convention relating to extradition	Extradition	Dublin, IE		21 EU states		Replaced
Convention on the fight against corruption	Corruption	Brussels, BE		27 EU states EU non-party: MT		in force
Naples II Convention	Customs cooperation	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states		in force
Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters	Cooperation on criminal matters	Brussels, BE		26 EU states EU non-parties: HR, GR		in force
EUCARIS Treaty	EUCARIS	Luxemburg, LU		9 EU states^[111]		in force
EU SOFA	Status of forces agreement	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states		in force
Treaty of Strasbourg	Eurocorps	Brussels, BE		5 EU states		in force
Prüm Convention ^{source text}	Terrorism	Prüm, DE		14 EU states	^[112]	in force
Treaty of Velsen	European Gendarmerie Force	Velsen, NL		7 EU states		in force
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ^{source text}	Human rights	Strasbourg, FR		26 EU states EU non-party: PL, UK		in force, integrated as Union law
Convention on centralised customs clearance	Customs clearance	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states		in force
Agreement on the protection of classified information	Classified information	Brussels, BE		All 28 EU states		in force
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ^{source text} (Amendment^[113])	European Stability Mechanism	Brussels, BE	^[114]	All 20 eurozone states	^[115] ^[116]	in force
European Fiscal Compact ^{source text}	Fiscal rules in the eurozone	Brussels, BE	^[117]	27 EU states EU non-party: UK	^[118]	in force
Single Resolution Fund Agreement (Amendment^[119])	Single Resolution Fund	Brussels, BE	21 May 2014^[120]	24 EU states^[121] (all 20 eurozone states)		in force
Agreement for the Termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties	Bilateral investment treaty	Brussels, BE	5 May 2020^[122]	23 EU states EU non-party: AT, FI, IE, SE, UK		in force
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court ^{source text} (Protocols^[123] ^[124])	Unified Patent Court	Brussels, BE	19 February 2013^[125] ^[126]	Signatories		in force

Signed treaties

Signed treaties
Treaty	Subject matter	Signed in	Signed on	Ratification (of signatories)	Status
Treaty establishing the European Defence Community	European Defence Community	Paris, FR	27 May 1952		Abandoned
Convention on mutual recognition of companies and legal persons (Protocol^[127])	Recognition of companies and legal persons	Brussels, BE	^[128]		Abandoned
Community Patent Convention (Protocol^[129])	Patents	Luxembourg, LU	^[130]		Replaced
Agreement on the Suppression of Terrorism	Terrorism	Dublin, IE			Replaced
Convention on double jeopardy	Double jeopardy	Brussels, BE	^[131] ^[132] ^[133]		Replaced
Convention abolishing the legalization of documents	Legalization of documents	Brussels, BE	^[134] ^[135]		Replaced
Agreement on the application of the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons	Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons	Brussels, BE	^[136] ^[137]		Replaced
Agreement on the simplification and modernization of extradition requests	Extradition	San Sebastian, ES	^[138] ^[139]		Replaced
Agreement relating to Community patents	Patents	Luxembourg, LU			Abandoned
Maintenance Convention	Child maintenance	Rome, IT	^[140]		Replaced
Transfer of Criminal Proceedings Agreement	Transfer of criminal proceedings	Rome, IT			Abandoned
Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences	Criminal sentences	Brussels, BE	^[141]		Replaced
Convention on simplified extradition procedure	Extradition	Brussels, BE	^[142]		Replaced
Convention on Insolvency Proceedings	International insolvency	Brussels, BE	^[143]	^[144] ^[145] ^[146]	Replaced
Service Convention	Service of documents	Brussels, BE	^[147]		Replaced
Convention on matrimonial matters	Divorce and child custody	Brussels, BE	^[148]		Replaced
Convention on driving disqualifications	Driving disqualifications	Brussels, BE			Repealed
EU claims agreement	Claims for damages during EU crisis management operations	Brussels, BE			Under ratification
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ^{source text}	European Stability Mechanism	Brussels, BE	^[149]		Replaced

References

Sources

P. Craig & G. de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (4th edn OUP 2008).

External links

Constitution of the European Union
Summary of EU treaties – Europa
Full texts of EU treaties – EUR-Lex (Europa)

Notes and References

C 115 . EUR-Lex . 1725-2423 . Official Journal of the European Union . 51 . 9 May 2008 . 1 June 2014.
Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. EUR-Lex . Official Journal of the European Union . C 115 . 51 . 9 May 2008 . 2015-05-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131204184818/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0047:0199:EN:PDF . Dec 4, 2013 .
EU founding treaties have created, unlike ordinary international treaties, a new legal order, whose actors are not only states, but also theirs citizens: Buonomo. Giampiero. Le corti europee tra diritti e sanzioni. Golem Informazione. 2015. 13 April 2016. 1 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89427321. dead.
Web site: Archived copy . eur-lex.europa.eu . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090307190231/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0201:0328:EN:PDF . 7 March 2009 . dead.
Web site: Archived copy . eur-lex.europa.eu . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090307190236/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0329:0334:EN:PDF . 7 March 2009 . dead.
Web site: Archived copy . eur-lex.europa.eu . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090307190242/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0335:0359:EN:PDF . 7 March 2009 . dead.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:084:0001:0112:EN:PDF CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (2010/C 84/01)
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/62/6206.htm Select Committee on European Union Tenth Report: CHAPTER 3: SIMPLIFIED TREATY REVISION AND PASSERELLES
Web site: European Parliament may reject the Nice Treaty . Euobserver.com . 2015-04-15 . 2015-05-20.
The provision reads:
Web site: Decisions : European Council Decision : amending the status with regard to the European Union of the island of Saint-Barthélemy . EUR-Lex . 2015-05-20.
Web site: Decisions : European Council Decision : amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union . EUR-Lex . 2015-05-20.
Expired due to 50-year limit included in Treaty, absorbed by EC via Treaty of Nice.
Web site: Vertrag zur Abänderung des Vertrages über die Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl.
Web site: UN Treaty Series.
Expired with the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.
Web site: Treaty establishing the EEC – Convention on certain institutions common to the European Communities (Rome, 25 March 1957) – CVCE Website . Cvce.eu . 1957-03-25 . 2015-05-20.
Replaced by Amsterdam Treaty
Web site: Treaty amending certain provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank.
Web site: Act amending the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank empowering the Board of Governors to establish a European Investment Fund.
Web site: Agreement – Consilium . Consilium.europa.eu . 2015-05-20.
Web site: Agreement – Consilium . Consilium.europa.eu . 2015-05-20.
Web site: Council of the European Union. 2 March 2013. Treaty of Accession 2011 details.
Web site: Council of the European Union. Protocol on the concerns of the Irish people on the Treaty of Lisbon details. 2 March 2013.
Web site: Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della cooperazione internazionale). COMUNICATO: Entrata in vigore del Protocollo concernente le preoccupazioni del popolo irlandese al Trattato di Lisbona, fatto a Bruxelles il 13 giugno 2012. (14A09644) (GU Serie Generale n.292 del 17-12-2014). 17 December 2014.
Web site: Council of the European Union. Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community. 2 March 2013.
Web site: Treaty instituting the European Defence Community (Paris, 27 May 1952). 18 December 2013. 2017-11-04. Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe.
Web site: TRA19520108. 2018-05-24. Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs.
Web site: The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty. 2018-05-24. CVCE.eu.
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Web site: Questions and Answers: the Future of European Defence. 2017-06-07. 2017-11-04. European External Action Service.
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Web site: Convention between Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on the Provision of Mutual Assistance by their Customs Authorities. 2018-07-09. Government of the United Kingdom.
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Web site: Convention revising the Convention setting up a European University Institute. 2019-02-10. Government of the Netherlands.
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Web site: Agreement concerning the Application of the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism among Member States. 2019-01-26. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. 2014-11-06. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on Double Jeopardy (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium). 2018-07-20. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement on the application between the Member States of the European Communities of the Council of Europe Convention on the transfer of sentenced persons (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium). 2018-07-21. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention abolishing the legalization of documents in the Member States of the European Communities. 2018-12-23. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification and modernization of methods of transmitting extradition requests (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Spain). 2018-06-03. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Deposited with the Government of Ireland). 2014-11-08. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises (arbitration convention). 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification of procedures for the recovery of maintencance payments. 2019-01-06. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Member States (of the European Communities) on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters. 2019-02-09. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences. 2018-06-03. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement on the levying of charges for the use of certain roads by heavy goods vehicles. 2019-01-16. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Convention defining the Statute of the European schools. 2019-03-23. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons. 2018-05-24. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Bodies Corporate. 1968-02-29. 2015-06-27. Bulletin of the European Communities.
Book: Santa Maria, Alberto. European Economic Law. 2009. Wolters Kluwer. 9–10. 9789041125361.
Book: Borg-Barthet, Justin. The Governing Law of Companies in EU Law. 2012. Bloomsbury Publishing. 7. 9781847319265.
Book: Vossestein, G. J.. Modernization of European Company Law and Corporate Governance: Some Considerations on Its Legal Limits. 2010. Wolters Kluwer. 164–166. 9789041125927.
Convention for the European patent for the common market. 1976-01-26. 2015-06-27. Official Journal of the European Communities. L. 17/1.
Agreement relating to Community patents. 1989-12-30. 2015-06-27. Official Journal of the European Communities. L. 401/1.
Web site: Agreement relating to Community Patents. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Book: The Unitary EU Patent System. 2015. Justine. Pila. Christopher. Wadlow. Bloomsbury Publishing. 33–35. 9781782255062.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation between Customs Administrations. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on simplified extradition procedure between the Member States of the European Union. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention). 2014-11-06. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the use of information technology for customs purposes. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union relating to Extradition between the Member States of the European Union. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3(2)(c) of the Treaty on European Union on the fight against corruption involving officials of the European Communities or officials of Member States of the European Union. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the service of Member States of the European Union of Judicial and Extrajudicial documents in Civil and Commercial matters. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in matrimonial matters. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on Driving Disqualifications. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention, established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union. 2015-06-27. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Mutual assistance in criminal matters: accession of Croatia to the 2000 Convention and 2001 Protocol thereto. 2017-06-18. European Parliament.
Web site: Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway on the application of certain provisions of the Convention of 29 May 2000 on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union and the 2001 Protocol thereto. 2015-06-28. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Protocol drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the interpretation, by way of preliminary rulings, by the Court of Justice of the European Communities of the Convention on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests. 2015-08-21. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Protocol, established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, to the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union. 2015-08-21. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Member States of the European Union concerning the status of military and civilian staff seconded to the institutions of the European Union, of the headquarters and forces which may be made available to the European Union in the context of the preparation and execution of the tasks referred to in Article 17(2) of the Treaty on European Union, including exercises, and of the military and civilian staff of the Member States put at the disposal of the European Union to act in this context (EU SOFA). 2018-06-14. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Member States of the European Union concerning claims introduced by each Member State against any other Member State for damage to any property owned, used or operated by it or injury or death suffered by any military or civilian staff of its services, in the context of an EU crisis management operation. 2018-06-16. Council of the European Union.
Web site: TRA20040219. 2018-05-23. Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs.
Web site: Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations. 2009. 2018-05-23. United Nations.
Eurogendfor.org, Treaty establishing the European Gendarmerie Force, accessed on 24 January 2014
Web site: Treaty between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Portuguese Republic, establishing the European Gendarmerie Force EUROGENDFOR. 2018-05-23. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Convention on centralised customs clearance, concerning the allocation of national collection costs retained when traditional own resources are made available to the EU budget. 2018-06-16. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Member States of the European Union, meeting within the Council, regarding the protection of classified information exchanged in the interests of the European Union. 2018-06-14. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union: Report by Jean-Claude Juncker in close cooperation with Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi and Martin Schulz. European Commission. 21 June 2015.
Web site: Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE laying down provisions for strengthening fiscal responsibility and the medium-term budgetary orientation in the Member States. 2017-12-06. 2017-12-29. European Union.
Web site: Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION on the establishment of the European Monetary Fund. 2017-12-06. 2018-01-29. European Union.
Web site: Statement of the Eurogroup in inclusive format on the ESM reform and the early introduction of the backstop to the Single Resolution Fund. 2020-12-08. www.consilium.europa.eu. en.
News: 2020-11-30. Italy's economy minister signals he is ready to back ESM reform. en. Reuters. 2020-12-08.
Web site: The proposed amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism – Think Tank. 2020-12-08. www.europarl.europa.eu. en.
Web site: Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of France, the Republic of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on mutual assistance between the respective customs administrations. 2018-05-24. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Protocol on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters. 2022-01-01. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice. 2018-05-24. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2018-05-24. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic. 2018-05-24. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, by the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic and by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic. 2018-05-24. Council of the European Union.
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Web site: Slovakia becomes 24th contracting state to the EUI. 2019-12-09. 2020-02-08. European University Institute.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980. 2018-05-25. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980. 2018-05-25. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, and to the First and Second Protocols on its interpretation by the Court of Justice. 2018-05-25. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Convention on the Accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the Convention on the Law applicable to Contractual Obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, and to the First and Second Protocols on its interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities. 2018-05-25. Council of the European Union.
Web site: Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Convention on the determination of the State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged with one of the Member States of the European Communities. 2009-12-18. 2018-07-10. Government of the Netherlands.
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Web site: Convention on the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic to the Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises. 2018-06-03. Council of the European Union.
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Web site: Convention defining the Statute of the European Schools. 2019-03-23. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Report of the Secretary-General to the Board of Governors of the European Schools for the year 2013. 2014-04-08. 2019-03-23. European Schools. Croatia acceded to the European School Convention as the 28th Member State.
Web site: Treaty Concerning a European Vehicle and Driving Licence Information System (EUCARIS). 2024-05-18. Government of the Netherlands.
Web site: Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria concerning the intensification of cross-border cooperation, particularly in the fight against terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration. Federal Law Gazette 2006 II p. 626. 30 January 2012. 14 April 2012.
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The treaty entered in force for 16 of the original signatories on 27 September 2012, and for Estonia on 4 October 2012.
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Web site: ACCORD RELATIF A L'APPLICATION, ENTRE LES ETATS MEMBRES DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, DE LA CONVENTION DU CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE SUR LE TRANSFEREMENT DES PERSONNES CONDAMNEES, FAIT A BRUXELLES LE 25 MAI 1987. 2018-07-21. Government of Belgium.
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Web site: Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences. 2018-06-03. Government of the Netherlands.
Book: Szarek-Mason, Patrycja. The European Union's Fight Against Corruption: The Evolving Policy Towards Member States and Candidate Countries. 2010. Cambridge University Press. 108–109. 9780521113571.
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