EU three explained

The EU three, also known as EU big three, EU triumvirate, EU trio or simply E3, refers to France, Germany and Italy, a group that consists of the three large founding members of the European Union.[1] [2] [3]

It had also been used to refer to the grouping of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, especially during the negotiations with Iran from 2003.[4] [5] [6]

EU-3 (EU founding states)

Activities

Germany, France and Italy were part of the original Inner Six founders of the EU along with Benelux nations.

Negotiations for greater integration in the EU

Determined to keep the European project intact in the wake of the UK's vote to leave the European Union in 2016, France, Germany and Italy called for greater integration in various trilateral summits in Berlin, Paris and Ventotene.[7] [8] [9] More recently France, Germany and Italy have agreed a common position about the Paris climate agreement[10] they have led a draft EU law to restrain Chinese acquisitions of European firms and technologies[11] and they lead the EU sanctions on North Korea.[12]

Statistics

EU Big Three
CountryPopulationVotes in the Council (pre-Brexit)Contribution to EU budgetMEPsNATO QuintG7/G8/G20P5G4 nationsUniting for Consensus
66,616,41613.05%17,303,107,85916.44%74
80,716,00016.06%22,218,438,94121.11%96
60,782,66812.00%14,359,479,15713.64%73

EU-3 (largest economies in the EU until UK left)

The UK joined the European communities in 1973 and voted to leave in 2016, formally withdrawing from the EU in 2020.

Negotiations with Iran

In 2003, France, Germany and the UK launched negotiations attempting to limit the Iranian nuclear program, which led to the Tehran Declaration of 21 October 2003 and the voluntary Paris Agreement of 15 November 2004.[13] [14] [15]

EU 3 + 3, more commonly referred to as the E3+3,[16] refers to a grouping which includes the EU-3 and China, Russia, and the United States. It was coined when these states joined the EU diplomatic efforts with Iran in 2006. In the United States and Russia, it is more commonly known as P5+1, which refers to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany.[17]

Italy took part in a number of these meetings between 2006 and 2007.[18] [19] In 2014, under the request of the Italian PM Matteo Renzi, Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini was named High Representative of the EU as the negotiations approached a conclusion and came to an end with the elaboration of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015.[20]

See also

External links

E3 meaning for 3 strongest countries in European Union : France, Germany and UK (left in 2020 by Brexit)

Notes and References

  1. News: Herszenhorn . David M. . 16 June 2022. Rhetoric and reality collide as France, Germany, Italy back Ukraine’s EU bid . Politico. 19 August 2022.
  2. Web site: EU divided on answer to Brexit 'wake up call'. 17 June 2017.
  3. News: Brexit: Germany, France, Italy vow no talks before Britain makes formal decision on EU - Brexit: UK EU Referendum - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). ABC News. 27 June 2016. 17 June 2017.
  4. Book: Bretherton, Charlotte. John Vogler. The European Union as a Global Actor. Routledge. 2006. 174. 9780415282451.
  5. Book: Jovanovic, Miroslav. European Economic Integration: Limits and Prospects. 11 September 2002. Routledge. 9781134866571. 17 June 2017. Google Books.
  6. Book: Capet, A.. Britain, France and the Entente Cordiale Since 1904. 10 October 2006. Springer. 9780230207004. 17 June 2017. Google Books.
  7. Web site: Merkel besucht Renzi Wie das Europa-Tandem zum Trike wurde. FAZ.NET. 31 August 2016. 17 June 2017.
  8. Web site: Europe Is Already Plotting A Future Without Britain. BuzzFeed. 17 June 2017.
  9. Web site: Italy joins Europe's big league, but is it primed to fail?. 1 September 2016. 17 June 2017.
  10. Web site: Germany, France, Italy: Paris Agreement 'cannot be renegotiated'. June 1, 2017. Evening Standard.
  11. Web site: EU drafting law to restrain Chinese takeovers | DW | 28.01.2018. DW.COM.
  12. Web site: Germany, France, Italy seek tougher EU sanctions on North Korea. Johan Stavers. says. September 4, 2017.
  13. Web site: IAEA Board Welcomes EU-Iran Agreement: Is Iran Providing Assurances or Merely Providing Amusement? . Peter Crail, Maria Lorenzo Sobrado . NTI . 1 December 2004 . 3 April 2015.
  14. Book: 94–97 . European Union and Strategy: An Emerging Actor . Kjell Engelbrekt, Jan Hallenberg . Routledge . 2010 . 9781134106790 . 3 April 2015.
  15. Book: The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor . Joachim Koops, Gjovalin Macaj . Palgrave Macmillan . 2014 . 9781137356864 . 3 April 2015.
  16. Web site: Nuclear talks between Iran and E3+3 to continue in November . Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 16 October 2013 . 8 November 2013.
  17. Web site: You say P5+1, I say E3+3. 17 June 2017. 5 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140905064612/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/09/30/p51_or_e33. dead.
  18. Web site: Perché l'Italia non partecipa ai negoziati con l'Iran?. October 16, 2013. Linkiesta.
  19. Web site: ...such meetings took place in Berlin and New York....
  20. Book: Rapporto sulla politica estera italiana: il governo Renzi: Edizione 2016. Ettore. Greco. Natalino. Ronzitti. September 30, 2016. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. 9788868127138. Google Books.

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