PDIA3 explained

Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as glucose-regulated protein, 58-kD (GRP58), is an isomerase enzyme encoded by the autosomal gene PDIA3 in humans.[1] [2] [3] [4] This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin (CNX) to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. It is thought that complexes of lectins and this protein mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates.[5]

Structure

The PDIA3 protein consists of four thioredoxin-like domains: a, b, b′, and a′. The a and a′ domains have Cys-Gly-His-Cys active site motifs (C57-G58-H59-C60 and C406-G407-H408-C409) and are catalytically active.[6] [7] The bb′ domains contain a CNX binding site, which is composed of positively charged, highly conserved residues (K214, K274, and R282) that interact with the negatively charged residues of the CNX P domain. The b′ domain comprises the majority of the binding site, but the β4-β5 loop of the b domain provides additional contact (K214) to strengthen the interaction.[7] A transient disulfide bond forms between the N-terminal cysteine in the catalytic motif and a substrate, but in a step called "escape pathway", the bond is disrupted as the C-terminal cysteine attacks the N-terminal cysteine to release the substrate.[6]

Function

The PDIA3 protein is a thiol oxidoreductase that has protein disulfide isomerase activity.[4] [6] PDIA3 is also part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide loading complex, which is essential for formation of the final antigen conformation and export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.[6] [8] This protein of the endoplasmic reticulum interacts with lectin chaperones such as calreticulin and CNX in order to modulate the folding of proteins that are newly synthesized. It is believed that PDIA3 plays a role in protein folding by promoting the formation of disulfide bonds, and that CNX facilitates the positioning substrates next to the catalytic cysteines.[5] [6] This function allows it to serve as a redox sensor by activating mTORC1, which then mediates mTOR complex assembly to adapt cells to oxidative damage. Thus, PDIA3 regulates cell growth and death according to oxygen concentrations, such as in the hypoxic microenvironment of bones. Additionally, PDIA3 activates cell anchorage in bones by associating with cell division and cytoskeleton proteins, such as beta-actin and vimentin, to form a complex which controls TUBB3 folding and proper attachment of the microtubules to the kinetochore. PDIA3 also plays a role in cytokine-dependent signal transduction, including STAT3 signaling.[9]

PDIA3 may also participate in Vitamin D (specifically, calcitriol) signaling as a membrane-bound receptor.[10]

Clinical significance

It has been demonstrated that the downregulation of ERp57 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in early-stage cervical cancer.[11] It has also been demonstrated that ERp57/PDIA3 binds specific DNA fragments in a melanoma cell line.[12] PDIA3 is also involved in bone metastasis, which is the most common source of distant relapse in breast cancer.[9] In addition to cancer, overexpression of PDIA3 is linked to renal fibrosis, which is characterized by excess synthesis and secretion of ECM leading to ER stress.[13]

Interactions

It has been demonstrated that PDIA3 interacts with:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Symbol report for PDIA3. 7 February 2024. HGNC. HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
  2. Bourdi M, Demady D, Martin JL, Jabbour SK, Martin BM, George JW, Pohl LR . cDNA cloning and baculovirus expression of the human liver endoplasmic reticulum P58: characterization as a protein disulfide isomerase isoform, but not as a protease or a carnitine acyltransferase . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics . 323 . 2 . 397–403 . Nov 1995 . 7487104 . 10.1006/abbi.1995.0060 . free .
  3. Hirano N, Shibasaki F, Sakai R, Tanaka T, Nishida J, Yazaki Y, Takenawa T, Hirai H . Molecular cloning of the human glucose-regulated protein ERp57/GRP58, a thiol-dependent reductase. Identification of its secretory form and inducible expression by the oncogenic transformation . European Journal of Biochemistry . 234 . 1 . 336–42 . Nov 1995 . 8529662 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.336_c.x .
  4. Koivunen P, Helaakoski T, Annunen P, Veijola J, Räisänen S, Pihlajaniemi T, Kivirikko KI . ERp60 does not substitute for protein disulphide isomerase as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase . The Biochemical Journal . 316 . 2. 599–605 . Jun 1996 . 8687406 . 1217390 . 10.1042/bj3160599. 316 .
  5. Web site: Entrez Gene: PDIA3 protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 3.
  6. Dong G, Wearsch PA, Peaper DR, Cresswell P, Reinisch KM . Insights into MHC class I peptide loading from the structure of the tapasin-ERp57 thiol oxidoreductase heterodimer . Immunity . 30 . 1 . 21–32 . Jan 2009 . 19119025 . 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.018 . 2650231.
  7. Kozlov G, Maattanen P, Schrag JD, Pollock S, Cygler M, Nagar B, Thomas DY, Gehring K . Crystal structure of the bb' domains of the protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 . Structure . 14 . 8 . 1331–9 . Aug 2006 . 16905107 . 10.1016/j.str.2006.06.019 . free .
  8. Garbi N, Tanaka S, Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ . Impaired assembly of the major histocompatibility complex class I peptide-loading complex in mice deficient in the oxidoreductase ERp57 . Nature Immunology . 7 . 1 . 93–102 . Jan 2006 . 16311600 . 10.1038/ni1288 . 5857455 .
  9. Santana-Codina N, Carretero R, Sanz-Pamplona R, Cabrera T, Guney E, Oliva B, Clezardin P, Olarte OE, Loza-Alvarez P, Méndez-Lucas A, Perales JC, Sierra A . A transcriptome-proteome integrated network identifies endoplasmic reticulum thiol oxidoreductase (ERp57) as a hub that mediates bone metastasis . Molecular & Cellular Proteomics . 12 . 8 . 2111–25 . Aug 2013 . 23625662 . 10.1074/mcp.M112.022772 . 3734573 . free .
  10. Gaucci E, Raimondo D, Grillo C, Cervoni L, Altieri F, Nittari G, Eufemi M, Chichiarelli S . 6 . Analysis of the interaction of calcitriol with the disulfide isomerase ERp57 . Scientific Reports . 6 . 37957 . November 2016 . 27897272 . 10.1038/srep37957 . 5126700 . 2016NatSR...637957G .
  11. Chung H, Cho H, Perry C, Song J, Ylaya K, Lee H, Kim JH . Downregulation of ERp57 expression is associated with poor prognosis in early-stage cervical cancer . Biomarkers . 18 . 7 . Nov 2013 . 23957851 . 10.3109/1354750X.2013.827742 . 573–9. 23970844 .
  12. Aureli C, Gaucci E, Arcangeli V, Grillo C, Eufemi M, Chichiarelli S . ERp57/PDIA3 binds specific DNA fragments in a melanoma cell line . Gene . 524 . 2 . Jul 2013 . 23587917 . 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.004 . 390–5. 11573/516861 .
  13. Dihazi H, Dihazi GH, Bibi A, Eltoweissy M, Mueller CA, Asif AR, Rubel D, Vasko R, Mueller GA . Secretion of ERP57 is important for extracellular matrix accumulation and progression of renal fibrosis, and is an early sign of disease onset . Journal of Cell Science . 126 . Pt 16 . 3649–63 . Aug 2013 . 23781031 . 10.1242/jcs.125088 . free .
  14. Leach MR, Cohen-Doyle MF, Thomas DY, Williams DB . Localization of the lectin, ERp57 binding, and polypeptide binding sites of calnexin and calreticulin . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 . 33 . Aug 2002 . 12052826 . 10.1074/jbc.M202405200 . 29686–97. free .
  15. Alanen HI, Williamson RA, Howard MJ, Hatahet FS, Salo KE, Kauppila A, Kellokumpu S, Ruddock LW . ERp27, a new non-catalytic endoplasmic reticulum-located human protein disulfide isomerase family member, interacts with ERp57 . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 . 44 . 33727–38 . Nov 2006 . 16940051 . 10.1074/jbc.M604314200 . free.

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