| EOC 12-inch L/23.5 | |
| Origin: | United Kingdom |
| Type: | Naval artillery |
| Is Ranged: | yes |
| Is Explosive: | yes |
| Is Artillery: | yes |
| Used By: | None (prototype) |
| Designer: | Elswick Ordnance Company |
| Manufacturer: | Elswick Ordnance Company |
| Production Date: | 1877 |
| Number: | 1 |
| Mass: | 39lt |
| Length: | 282inches L/23.5 |
| Caliber: | 12inches |
| Velocity: | 1650ft/s |
The EOC 12-inch L/23.5 or '39-ton breechloading gun' or '40-ton breechloading gun', was an experimental breechloading gun designed and manufactured by the Elswick Ordnance Company also known as Armstrong. The gun was made to profit from recent discoveries about how gunpowder behaved. These required longer guns and made muzzleloading troublesome. The gun seems to have been a failure.
See main article: RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun. The development of the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 gun, took place at about the same time as experiments with a muzzle-loading gun of almost the same weight, the RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun. This was basically a RML 12-inch 35-ton gun that had been given a slightly higher caliber and was significantly lengthened to make better use of new kinds of gunpowder. Initial results were very good. In October 1876, the 12.5-inch 38-ton RML was then tested against armor at Shoeburyness. With a charge of 130lb, a 800lb Palliser shell was fired. It went through the target, which consisted of 19.5inches of iron and 10inches of teak. Velocity was estimated at 1420ft/s. This was again a very good result and plans were made to widen the chamber of the gun.
At the time, 'chambering' a gun meant that its chamber got a diameter that was significantly wider than its caliber. For the 12.5-inch gun this resulted in a chamber diameter of 14inches. A test in March 1877 (i.e. after the below test of our L/25.5 gun) proved that this allowed an increased charge of 200lb of pebble powder. The projectile weighed 812lb, of which 12lb was the gas check. With regard to loading the gun through the muzzle, there were challenges. The first charge could not be rammed down and had to be blown out. The second charge could not be fit in the chamber and stuck out a bit, which negatively impacting the velocity. This was still 1540ft/s. The gun later reached 1560ft/s with an 812lb projectile.
Meanwhile, the Elswick Ordnance Company (EOC) had been working on creating a new breechloading mechanism. This was based on the interrupted screw system used by the French navy. The obturation method differed. For this the EOC used a steel cup or saucer attached to the end of the breech screw. When the charge exploded, it expanded this cup, which then came to fit on a copper ring in the chamber, forming a seal against escaping gas.
Development of the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 started in 1875. It weighed about the same as the RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun. However, its length of bore of 264inches or L/22 showed that it was based on very different ideas than those behind the RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun with its length of bore of only 198inches or L/16. The similarity between the charges of the guns was as deceiving as their weight. In February 1877 (below), the EOC gun fired with a charge of 180lb, one month later the chambered Woolwich gun fired with a charge of 200lb (above).
The deceivingly similar charges can be explained by the fact that it was possible to chamber the RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun without changing the rest of the gun. On the other hand, the EOC gun could get a longer chamber, because its longer barrel was able to 'consume' the energy of slower burning gunpowder. Both circumstances led to the EOC gun using a high charge without chambering the gun. I.e. the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 was not chambered.
In February 1877, the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 and a smaller 4.75inches EOC gun were tested at the Elswick proof ground, some forty miles north of Newcastle. Among those present were: General Campbell, director-general of Artillery and Stores; Colonel Younghusband, Superintendant of the Royal Gun Factory; the naval attachés of: France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Brazil; Captain Jessen Director of Danish Naval Ordnance; Captain Müllertz sent by Denmark; Captain Garcia of the Spanish Naval Commission; as well several others.
The tests involved three shots with the 12-inch L/23.5 with measurements of velocity and peak gas pressures. The projectile that was fired weighed 700lb. With a charge of 160lb velocity measurement failed, peak pressures were 15.0 tons per square inch (2,286 atm) at the top of the chamber and 15.1 tons at the bottom. With a charge of 170lb, velocity was 1563ft/s and pressures were 17.1 at the top and 18.3 ton at the bottom. With a 180lb charge, velocity was 1615ft/s and pressures were 18.6 at the top and 18.7 ton per square inch (2,850 atm) at the bottom. One can compare these results with the test of the Krupp 30.5 cm MRK L/25 in 1878.
As the news showed, the tests were not only about the power of the gun, but also about using the Armstrong breech on heavy guns. After the test, it was said that this 'worked perfectly, the breech being easily opened without assistance of any sort, by one man, and with great rapidity. The escape of gas was entirely prevented'.
The results were very promising. However, they said nothing about the endurance of the gun or the breech. For that a durability test (prolonged firing) was required.
Shortly after 1878, the British War Office received an official comparison of guns with a caliber of about 12-inch. The comparison had been brought about by Krupp successfully testing three heavy artillery pieces in Meppen in July 1878. The Krupp 30.5 cm MRK L/25 was important for the report. The EOC 12-inch L/23.5 was also mentioned, as were a French 12.6 inch 38-ton breechloader, an Italian breechloader, and a 12-inch Russian one of 40-tons. The overview concluded that the short, but chambered RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun mark II made by the Royal Arsenal, was the most powerful of these guns. I.e. considered only in terms of the energy given to the projectile, the chambered muzzle-loading gun triumphed over 'long guns' like the EOC 12-inch L/23.5.
Meanwhile, smaller guns that were both chambered and long had been made. An August 1878 overview of powerful modern British guns mentioned an Elswick breechloading gun of 6-inch which fired a 70lb projectile with the enormous speed of 2000ft/s. It also mentioned an Elswick 8-inch 11.5 tons gun firing a 180lb projectile with the same velocity.
It was a matter of time before heavier guns would become both chambered and long. During the August 1879 Meppen tests, Krupp demonstrated its prototype 24 cm MRK L/25.5 of 18 ton. It created a sensation, because it was just as powerful as the above 12-inch guns. Only the most recent British guns, like: The BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII naval gun then under development; the EOC 8-inch 11.5-ton gun; and the EOC 9-inch 18-ton gun, were of comparable efficiency.
When both developments, i.e. the need for longer guns and the advantages of 'chambering' a gun, became clear, the British artillery establishment had to change its stance on breechloading. An obvious reason to do this was that muzzleloaders longer than the 38-ton gun could not be handled in existing works, because they had to be brought in to reload.
Within a few years of first getting tested, the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 had become obsolete because it was not chambered and was not very long. However, this was not the end of the story. A somewhat later lecture about the Meppen tests primarily focused on a comparison between the 40 cm MRK L/25 and the Elswick 100-ton gun. In the audience Stuart Rendel then referrred to the EOC 12-inch L/23.5 breechloader made almost five years earlier.
On the 1877 engraving, the gun is called a 39-ton gun. Later on, it was called a 40-ton gun, because this was more convenient.
The 12-inch L/23.5 had a caliber of 12inches. The barrel had a length of 282inches or L/23.5 with a length of bore of 264inches or L/22. The gun weighed 39lt. There were 45 grooves of the polygroove type. The twist rate was progressive, increasing from L/100 to L/45, meaning that at the muzzle, the projectile made a turn on its axis every 45feet. (Really every 45 calibers, with the caliber happening to be one foot)
The gun fired a 700lb projectile. This used copper driving bands and a copper centration bourrelet. The driving band was an attached gas-check, which was pushed into the grooves by the force of the explosion. With charges of 170lb and 180lb of pebble powder, this reached a mean velocity of 1606ft/s and 1650ft/s.