ECT2 explained

Protein ECT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ECT2 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a transforming protein that is related to Rho-specific exchange factors and yeast cell cycle regulators. The expression of this gene is elevated with the onset of DNA synthesis and remains elevated during G2 and M phases. In situ hybridization analysis showed that expression is at a high level in cells undergoing mitosis in regenerating liver. Thus, this protein is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner during liver regeneration, and is thought to have an important role in the regulation of cytokinesis.^[3]

Interactions

ECT2 has been shown to interact with PARD6A.^[4]

Further reading

• Takai S, Long JE, Yamada K, Miki T . Chromosomal localization of the human ECT2 proto-oncogene to 3q26.1-->q26.2 by somatic cell analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization . Genomics . 27 . 1 . 220–2 . 1995 . 7665179 . 10.1006/geno.1995.1033 .
• Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, Bonaldo MF, Chiapelli B, Chissoe S, Dietrich N, DuBuque T, Favello A, Gish W, Hawkins M, Hultman M, Kucaba T, Lacy M, Le M, Le N, Mardis E, Moore B, Morris M, Parsons J, Prange C, Rifkin L, Rohlfing T, Schellenberg K, Bento Soares M, Tan F, Thierry-Meg J, Trevaskis E, Underwood K, Wohldman P, Waterston R, Wilson R, Marra M . Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags . Genome Res. . 6 . 9 . 807–28 . 1996 . 8889549 . 10.1101/gr.6.9.807 . free .
• Kimura K, Tsuji T, Takada Y, Miki T, Narumiya S . Accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA during cytokinesis and a critical role of ECT2 in this accumulation . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 23 . 17233–6 . 2000 . 10837491 . 10.1074/jbc.C000212200 . free .
• Wennerberg K, Ellerbroek SM, Liu RY, Karnoub AE, Burridge K, Der CJ . RhoG signals in parallel with Rac1 and Cdc42 . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 49 . 47810–7 . 2002 . 12376551 . 10.1074/jbc.M203816200 . free .
• Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, Muramatsu S, Matsuzaki O, Nagano Y, Doi T, Shimotohno K, Harada T, Nishida E, Hayashi H, Sugano S . Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways . Oncogene . 22 . 21 . 3307–18 . 2003 . 12761501 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1206406 . 38880905 .
• Saito S, Tatsumoto T, Lorenzi MV, Chedid M, Kapoor V, Sakata H, Rubin J, Miki T . Rho exchange factor ECT2 is induced by growth factors and regulates cytokinesis through the N-terminal cell cycle regulator-related domains . J. Cell. Biochem. . 90 . 4 . 819–36 . 2003 . 14587037 . 10.1002/jcb.10688 . 1295995 .
• Hara T, Ishida H, Raziuddin R, Dorkhom S, Kamijo K, Miki T . Novel kelch-like protein, KLEIP, is involved in actin assembly at cell-cell contact sites of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells . Mol. Biol. Cell . 15 . 3 . 1172–84 . 2004 . 14668487 . 363103 . 10.1091/mbc.E03-07-0531 .
• Liu XF, Ishida H, Raziuddin R, Miki T . Nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 interacts with the polarity protein complex Par6/Par3/protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) and regulates PKCzeta activity . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 24 . 15 . 6665–75 . 2004 . 15254234 . 444862 . 10.1128/MCB.24.15.6665-6675.2004 .
• Kim JE, Billadeau DD, Chen J . The tandem BRCT domains of Ect2 are required for both negative and positive regulation of Ect2 in cytokinesis . J. Biol. Chem. . 280 . 7 . 5733–9 . 2005 . 15545273 . 10.1074/jbc.M409298200 . free .
• Oceguera-Yanez F, Kimura K, Yasuda S, Higashida C, Kitamura T, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T, Narumiya S . Ect2 and MgcRacGAP regulate the activation and function of Cdc42 in mitosis . J. Cell Biol. . 168 . 2 . 221–32 . 2005 . 15642749 . 2171585 . 10.1083/jcb.200408085 .
• Yüce O, Piekny A, Glotzer M . An ECT2-centralspindlin complex regulates the localization and function of RhoA . J. Cell Biol. . 170 . 4 . 571–82 . 2005 . 16103226 . 2171506 . 10.1083/jcb.200501097 .
• Niiya F, Xie X, Lee KS, Inoue H, Miki T . Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 induces cytokinesis without chromosome segregation in an ECT2 and MgcRacGAP-dependent manner . J. Biol. Chem. . 280 . 43 . 36502–9 . 2005 . 16118207 . 10.1074/jbc.M508007200 . free .
• Zhao WM, Fang G . MgcRacGAP controls the assembly of the contractile ring and the initiation of cytokinesis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 102 . 37 . 13158–63 . 2005 . 16129829 . 1201590 . 10.1073/pnas.0504145102 . 2005PNAS..10213158Z . free .
• Hara T, Abe M, Inoue H, Yu LR, Veenstra TD, Kang YH, Lee KS, Miki T . Cytokinesis regulator ECT2 changes its conformation through phosphorylation at Thr-341 in G2/M phase . Oncogene . 25 . 4 . 566–78 . 2006 . 16170345 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1209078 . free .
• Niiya F, Tatsumoto T, Lee KS, Miki T . Phosphorylation of the cytokinesis regulator ECT2 at G2/M phase stimulates association of the mitotic kinase Plk1 and accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA . Oncogene . 25 . 6 . 827–37 . 2006 . 16247472 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1209124 . 28079334 .
• Nishimura Y, Yonemura S . Centralspindlin regulates ECT2 and RhoA accumulation at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis . J. Cell Sci. . 119 . Pt 1 . 104–14 . 2006 . 16352658 . 10.1242/jcs.02737 . 14865639 .

Notes and References

1. Miki T, Smith CL, Long JE, Eva A, Fleming TP . Oncogene ect2 is related to regulators of small GTP-binding proteins . Nature . 362 . 6419 . 462–5 . Apr 1993 . 8464478 . 10.1038/362462a0 . 1993Natur.362..462M . 722736 .
2. Tatsumoto T, Xie X, Blumenthal R, Okamoto I, Miki T . Human ECT2 is an exchange factor for Rho GTPases, phosphorylated in G2/M phases, and involved in cytokinesis . J. Cell Biol. . 147 . 5 . 921–8 . Dec 1999 . 10579713 . 2169345 . 10.1083/jcb.147.5.921 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: ECT2 epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene.
4. Liu XF, Ishida H, Raziuddin R, Miki T . Nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 interacts with the polarity protein complex Par6/Par3/protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) and regulates PKCzeta activity . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 24 . 15 . 6665–75 . Aug 2004 . 15254234 . 444862 . 10.1128/MCB.24.15.6665-6675.2004 .