| Family 1 | |
| Manufacturer: | General Motors |
| Production: | 1979–present[1] |
| Predecessor: | Vauxhall OHV Opel OHV Opel CIH |
| Oilsystem: | Wet sump |
| Coolingsystem: | Water-cooled |
| Block: | Cast iron |
| Head: | Aluminium |
The GM Family I is a straight-four piston engine that was developed by Opel, a former subsidiary of General Motors and now a subsidiary of PSA Group, to replace the Vauxhall OHV, Opel OHV and the smaller capacity Opel CIH engines for use on small to mid-range cars from Opel/Vauxhall. The engine first appeared in the Opel Kadett D in 1979, and shortly afterwards in its Vauxhall badged sister – the Vauxhall Astra Mk.1 in 1980. Despite this, the previous Opel OHV engine continued to be sold in entry level versions of the Opel Kadett/Astra and Corsa throughout the 1980s.
The Family I is informally known as the "small block", since it shares its basic design and architecture with the larger Family II unit (correspondingly known as the "large block"), which covers the mid range and higher engine capacities up to 2400cc.
Originally produced at the Aspern engine plant, production was moved to the Szentgotthárd engine plant in Hungary[2] with the introduction of the DOHC version. GM do Brasil at São José dos Campos,[3] GMDAT at Bupyeong and GM North America at Toluca also build these engines. The Family II units, by contrast were manufactured by Holden in Australia.
The Family 1 engines are inline-four cylinder engines with belt-driven single or double overhead camshafts in an aluminum cylinder head with a cast iron engine block. GM do Brasil versions were also capable of running on ethanol. These engines share their basic design with the larger Family II engine – for this reason some consider the Family I and Family II to be the same series and instead use the terms 'small block' and 'large block' to distinguish between the two. Over the years there has been overlap between the two types as the smallest capacities of the Family II have also been manufactured with larger capacity versions of the Family I block.
Early build versions of the engine gained a notorious reputation for camshaft and follower failure – this was largely due to a special lubricant being used in the engine during the running in period, which would be changed for conventional oil at the first service. Many owners (familiar with the servicing requirements of the older overhead valve units that the Family I/II replaced) would often exacerbate the problem by changing the oil themselves within the running in period. Opel solved the problem by improving the metallurgy of the camshaft and followers, and changing the lubrication specification. Another issue (also common to the Family II),revolved around the water pump, which sits in an eccentric shaped housing and doubles as the timing belt tensioner. If poor quality antifreeze (or if no antifreeze was used), corrosion would jam the water pump in its housing making it impossible to tension the belt. Later versions of the engine incorporate a separate tensioning/jockey pulley for tensioning the belt.
GM do Brasil specializes in SOHC, petrol-powered and FlexPower (powered with ethanol and/or petrol, mixed in any percentage) engines. GM Brasil also made 16-valve versions of the 1.0 engine. The 1.0 L 16v was available in the Corsa line-up from 1999 to 2001.
| SOHC | |
| Production: | 1979–present |
| Valvetrain: | Single overhead cam |
the first versions of the Family I appeared in the Opel Kadett D in 1979, and the corresponding Vauxhall Astra Mk.1 in the spring of 1980.
The 999cc version has a 71.1mm bore and a 62.9mm stroke.
| Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10YEH (VHC) | at 6400 rpm | 86Nm at 3000 rpm | Multec | |||||
| X10YFL (Flexpower Classic) | at 6400 rpm | 86- at 5200 rpm | 12.6:1 | Multec FR4 | Higher outputs when using ethanol | |||
| X10YFH (VHC Flexpower) | at 6400 rpm | 91- at 3200 rpm | 12.6:1 | Motronic 7.9.9 | Higher outputs when using ethanol | |||
| N10YFH (VHC-E Flexpower) | at 6400 rpm | 93- at 3200 rpm | 12.6:1 | Multec MT27E | Higher outputs when using ethanol |
There are two iterations of the 1.2-liter Family 1 engine. As originally introduced it was called the 12ST (also A12ST and S12ST in versions for the Austrian, Swiss, and Swedish markets), it used a bore and a stroke to produce a displacement of . This version, only carburetted, was used in the Opel Corsa.[4] In around 1990 a new, version with bore and stroke, a narrower bore version of the existing 1.3-litre version, displacing, replaced the original design. This was also available with single-point fuel injection and with catalytic converters.
| Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Cat. | Applications | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1196 cc, | |||||||
| A12ST | at 5600 rpm | 88Nm at 2200 rpm | 9.2:1 | Carburetor | – | Opel Corsa A (Austria) | |
| 12ST/S12ST | at 5600 rpm | 90Nm at 2200 rpm | 1982–1988 | ||||
| 1195 cc, | |||||||
| 12NV | at 5800 rpm | 86Nm at 2600 rpm | 9.1:1 | Carburetor | – | 1990–1992 | |
| 12NZ | at 5000 rpm | 88Nm at 2800 rpm | 9.4:1 | Single-point fuel injection | 1993–1995 | ||
| C12NZ | at 5000 rpm | 88Nm at 2400 rpm | align=center rowspan=2 | ● | 1990–1993 1993–1995 | ||
| X12SZ | at 4600 rpm | 88Nm at 2800 rpm | 10.0:1 | 1995–1997 | |||
The 1297cc version has a 75mm bore and a 73.4mm stroke.
| Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13N | at 5800 rpm | 94- at 3800 rpm | ||||
| 13Nb | at 5800 rpm | 96Nm at 3200 rpm | Opel Corsa A | |||
| 13S | at 5800 rpm | 96- at 3800–4600 rpm | ||||
| 13SB | at 5800 rpm | 101Nm at 3800–4200 rpm | Opel Corsa A | |||
| 13SH | at 5800 rpm | 108Nm at 4200 rpm | 9,5:1 | Multi-point fuel injection | Bosch LE-Jetronic | Opel Corsa A (Irmscher) |
The 1389cc version has a 77.6mm bore and a 73.4mm stroke.
| Engine[5] | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14NV | at 5600 rpm at 5600 rpm | 106Nm at 3000 rpm | 9.4:1 | Pierburg 2E3 twin barrel carburettor | ||
| C14NZ | at 5600 rpm | 101Nm at 2800 rpm | 9.4:1 | Single-point fuel injection | ||
| C14SE | at 5800 rpm | 116Nm at 3400 rpm | 9.8:1 | Multi-point fuel injection | ||
| Chevrolet Kalos/Aveo | ||||||
| X14YFL | 12.4:1 | Multi-point fuel injection | ||||
| X14YFH | at 6000 rpm | at 2800 rpm | ||||
| at 6200 rpm | at 2800 rpm | 2013–2019 Chevrolet Prisma Mk II | ||||
| N14YF | 97- at 6000 rpm | 126Nm132Nm at 3200 rpm |
The 15981NaN1 version has a 79mm bore and an 81.5mm stroke.
| Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C16NZ | 72- at 5200 rpm | 125Nm at 2800 rpm | 9.2:1 | Single-point Fuel Injection | ||||
| C16SE | 100hp at 5800 rpm | 135Nm at 3400 rpm | 9.8:1 | multi-point fuel injection | ||||
| C16SEI | 98hp at 5600 rpm | 132Nm at 3400 rpm | Opel Corsa A | |||||
| E16SE | 100hp at 5800 rpm | 135Nm at 3400 rpm | Opel Corsa A | |||||
| L73 | 74hp at 5600 rpm | 90abbr=onNaNabbr=on at 2800 rpm | 8.6:1 | throttle-body fuel injection | ||||
| G16SF | 92 hp (68 kW) at 5600 rpm | throttle-body fuel injection | GM Multec Central | 1988–1993 Pontiac LeMans LS1988–1991 Passport Optima | ||||
| Z16SE | 64kW at 5400 rpm | 133Nm at 2600 rpm | 9.6:1 | multi-point fuel injection | ||||
| L91 | 79kW at 6400 rpm | 143Nm at 3800 rpm | 10.8:1 | multi-point fuel injection | ||||
| X16SZ | 52 kW (72 hp) at 5000 rpm | 128Nm at 2800 rpm | 10.0:1 | Single-point fuel injection | Multec-SZ | Opel Vectra AOpel Astra F | ||
| 16SV | 82 bhp@5400 | 130 N⋅m (96 lb⋅ft) @ 2600 rpm | Carburettor | Vauxhall Cavalier MK3MK2 Astra |
The 17961NaN1 version has an 80.5mm bore and an 88.2mm stroke.
| Engine | Power | Torque | Compression Ratio | Fuel Delivery | Engine Management | Applications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N18XFH | 106- at 5600 rpm | 161- at 3200 rpm | 10.5:1 | Multi-point fuel injection | |||
| F18S2 | 98-102 hp at 5200 rpm | 146-149 Nm at 2800 rpm | multi-point fuel injection | Chevrolet RezzoDaewoo TacumaDaewoo Leganza |
Applications:
The SPE / 4 or (Smart Performance Economy 4 cylinders) engines are an evolution of the Econo.Flex engines that were made in Brazil at the Joinville plant. There are two available displacements: 1.0 L and 1.4 L. They feature an SOHC head with 2-valves per cylinder, and is fed by a multi-point fuel injection system, which allows it to run on either E100 (pure ethanol) or E25 gasoline (standard in Brazil). Major differences between previous engines include reduced friction, lowered weight, individual coil-near-plug ignition, and a new cylinder head design.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 L (999 cc) | 71.11NaN1 | 62.91NaN1 | 12.4:1 | ||||
| 1.4 L (1389 cc) | 77.61NaN1 | 73.41NaN1 |
| DOHC | |
| Production: | (1.4, 1.6L engines):1992-present, (1.8L x18xe1):1999-2000, (1.8L z18xe):2000-2008 |
| Valvetrain: | Dual overhead cam |
This was the first engine in this family, featuring a Lotus-developed 16-valve cylinder head and a cast-iron cylinder block which was essentially the same as in Opel's 8-valve engines. C16XE was available only in Corsa GSi, model years 1993 and 1994. C16XE was not yet badged Ecotec, and for later model Corsas and Opel Tigras it was replaced with X16XE Ecotec engine. The main difference between C16XE and X16XE Ecotec is emission control, C16XE lacks EGR and AIR-system, although the cylinder head is designed to enable these features. Other differences between C16XE and later versions of the engine include intake manifold, C16XE has a plastic upper intake manifold, which was replaced with a cast aluminium manifold, and fuel injection system, C16XE uses Multec fuel injection with MAF sensor and later models used Multec fuel injection with MAP sensor. Also, while C16XE had its own exhaust front section design, for X16XE it was replaced with a front section used also in Opel Astra, probably as a cost-saving measure.
Applications:
The first generation Ecotec engines are belt-driven 16-valve DOHC engines, with cast-iron cylinder blocks and aluminum cross-flow cylinder heads. They feature sodium-filled exhaust valves, a cast steel crankshaft, and a spheroidal graphite flywheel. They also feature exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), secondary air injection, and Multec M engine control with sequential multiport fuel injection. The 1.6 L version was also exported for use in the Brazilian Corsa GSi.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X14XE | 1.4 L (1389 cc) | 77.61NaN1 | 73.41NaN1 | 10.5:1 | 66kW | 125Nm |
| X16XEL | 1.6 L (1598 cc) | 791NaN1 | 81.51NaN1 | 74kW | 150Nm | |
| X16XE | 78kW | |||||
| X18XE1 | 1.8 L (1796 cc) | 80.51NaN1 | 88.21NaN1 | 85kW | 167Nm |
Applications:
Updated version introduced from 2000, with lighter cast-iron cylinder block and camshaft driven by toothed belt. Features EGR valve and electronic throttle for reduced emissions.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z14XE | 1.4 L (1389 cc) | 77.61NaN1 | 73.41NaN1 | 10.5:1 | 66kW | 120Nm | |
| Z16XE | 1.6 L (1598 cc) | 791NaN1 | 81.51NaN1 | 74kW | 150Nm | ||
| Z18XE | 1.8 L (1796 cc) | 80.51NaN1 | 88.21NaN1 | 167Nm | |||
| Z16XEP | 1.6 L (1598 cc) | 791NaN1 | 81.51NaN1 | 77kW | 150Nm |
| E-TEC | |
| Production: | -2009 |
| Fuelsystem: | Sequential multi-port fuel injection |
Daewoo Motors licensed and produced a variant of the Family 1 engine. These engines were built exclusively at Bupyeong engine plant and marketed as E-TEC. Like all Family 1 engines they feature a toothed belt driven valvetrain, a cast-iron engine block and an aluminum cylinder head. Most models feature Euro III-compliancy, and the 1.4 L (1399 cc) and 1.6 L (1598cc) versions employ variable intake geometry. With the release of Chevrolet Cruze, the factory has been converted to produce the Ecotec Family 1 Gen III block.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A13SMS | 1.3 L (1299 cc) | 71.5mm | ||||
| A13SMS | 1.4 L (1349 cc) | |||||
| A15SMS | 1.5 L (1498 cc) | 9,5 : 1 | at 5800 rpm | at 3400 rpm | ||
| G15SF/G15MF | at 5200 rpm | at 3000 rpm |
The E-TEC II 16V is an updated version of the E-TEC engines with DOHC.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (L95) | 1.4 L (1399 cc) | 77.91NaN1 | 73.41NaN1 | 9.5:1 | 94order=flipNaNorder=flip at 6200 rpm | 127Nm at 3400 rpm |
| (LDT) | 74kW at 6400 rpm | 131Nm at 4200 rpm | ||||
| A15MF | 1.5 L (1498 cc) | 76.5mm | 81.5mm | 63kW at 5400 rpm | 131Nm at 3000 rpm | |
| (L91) | 1.6 L (1598 cc) | 791NaN1 | 103order=flipNaNorder=flip at 6000 rpm | 107order=flipNaNorder=flip at 3600 rpm | ||
| (LXT) | 103order=flipNaNorder=flip at 5800 rpm | 107order=flipNaNorder=flip at 3400 rpm | ||||
Applications:
| Generation III | |
| Production: | 2005–present |
| Valvetrain: | Dual overhead cam |
| Turbocharger: | Some version |
The new Generation III or Gen III engine entered production in Spring 2005. These engines replaced both the previous generation Ecotec engines as well as Daewoo's E-TEC 16V engines. These engines are manufactured at Szentgotthárd, Hungary, Bupyeoung, Korea, Toluca, Mexico and Yantai, PRC (SGM).
In contrast to their predecessors, the Gen III engines feature lighter cast-iron blocks, as well as higher compression ratios. These engines also implement DCVCP (Double Continuous Variable Cam Phasing technology, a variant of VVT), piston cooling by oil jets, and an integrated catalytic converter. Non-turbocharged variants feature the TwinPort (Variable-length intake manifold) technology.Reliability improvements include a wider camshaft drive belt, and a water pump no longer driven by it.
The LDE engine meets Euro VI and KULEV emission standards. With the addition of secondary air injection to the LUW engine, the LWE achieves PZEV status.
These engines, like their DOHC predecessors, feature bucket tappets in contrast to the roller finger followers found on GM's other 4-cylinder engines.
| Name | Displacement | Bore | Stroke | Compression Ratio | Power | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z16XER | 1.6 L (1598 cc) | 791NaN1 | 81.51NaN1 | 10.8:1 | 85kW at 6000 rpm | 155Nm at 4000 rpm |
| A16XER (LDE) | ||||||
| (LXV) | 81NaN at 6400 rpm | 105order=flipNaNorder=flip at 4000 rpm | ||||
| (LGE) | 10.5:1 | 110kW at 5000 rpm | ||||
| Z16LEL | 8.8:1 | 110kW at 5000 rpm | 210Nm at 1850–5000 rpm | |||
| A16LEL | ||||||
| Z16LET | 132kW at 5500 rpm | 230Nm at 2200–5400 rpm | ||||
| A16LET (LLU) | ||||||
| Z16LER | 141kW at 5000 rpm | 230Nm at 1980–5800 rpm | ||||
| A16LER (LDW) (B16LER) | 141kW at 5850 rpm | |||||
| A16LES (B16LES) | 154kW at 5850 rpm | |||||
| X18XF (Flex) | 1.8 L (1796 cc) | 80.51NaN1 | 88.21NaN1 | 10.5:1 | 84kW at 5600 rpm | 175Nm at 2800 rpm |
| Z18XER | 103kW at 6300 rpm | 175Nm at 3800 rpm | ||||
| A18XER (2H0) (F18DA) | ||||||
| P18XER (LWE) | ||||||
| U18XFR (LUW) | ||||||
| N18XFF (LFH) | 107kW at 6300 rpm | 185Nm at 3800 rpm |
Applications:
Turbocharged Gen III engines are used in: