A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
| Above: | Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate |
| Ipa Number: | 104 133 |
| Ipa Symbol: | dz |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ʣ |
| Decimal1: | 675 |
| X-Sampa: | dz |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x02A3.svg |
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with (IPA|d͡z) or (IPA|d͜z) (formerly (IPA|ʣ) or (IPA|ƻ)).
Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:
The following sections are named after the fricative component.
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''ձ'''ուկ]]/dzuk | 'fish' | |||||
| Belarusian: [[Belarusian alphabet|пэн'''дз'''аль]]/Belarusian: pen'''dz'''al | pronounced as /[ˈpɛn̪d̻͡z̪alʲ]/ | 'paintbrush' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|Afgáne'''c''' byl]] | pronounced as /[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪]/ | 'an Afghan was' | Allophone of pronounced as //t͡s// before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology | |||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian orthography|bo'''dz'''a]] | pronounced as /[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]/ | 'elderberry' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Japanese | 残念/zan'nen | [d͡zã̠nːẽ̞ɴ] | 'regretful' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kashubian[2] | Kashubian: '''dz'''e | pronounced as /[d͡ze]/ | 'where' | |||
| Latvian: [[Latvian alphabet|dru'''dz'''is]] | pronounced as /[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]/ | 'fever' | See Latvian phonology | |||
| Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|'''ѕ'''везда]]/Macedonian: '''dz'''vezda | pronounced as /[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]/ | 'star' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| Montenegrin[3] | [[Montenegrin alphabet|'''dz'''in'''dz'''ula]] | pronounced as /[ˈd̻͡z̪inˈd̻͡z̪ulä]/ | 'jujube' | See Montenegrin phonology | ||
| Panjabi; Punjabi: [[Pashto alphabet|'''ځ'''وان]] | pronounced as /[d͡zwɑn]/ | 'youth' 'young' | See Pashto phonology | |||
| Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''dz'''won]] | 'bell' | See Polish phonology | ||||
| Russian: [[Russian orthography|пла'''ц'''дарм]]/Russian: pla'''c'''darm | pronounced as /[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]/ | 'bridgehead' | Allophone of pronounced as //t͡s// before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | |||
| [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ota'''c''' bi]] | pronounced as /[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi]/ | 'father would' | Allophone of pronounced as //t͡s// before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Slovak | medzi | [med͡zi] | 'between' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovenian: [[Slovene orthography|brive'''c''' brije]] | pronounced as /[ˈbɾíːʋə̀d̻͡z̪ bɾíjɛ̀]/ | 'barber shaves' | Allophone of pronounced as //t͡s// before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |||
| '''z'''at|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡zad]/ | 'buffalo' | ||||
| Ukrainian[4] | Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''дз'''він]] | pronounced as /[d̻͡z̪ʋin̪]/ | 'bell' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Allophone of pronounced as //t͡s// before voiced consonants. | ||||||
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| قـليب/dzelib | pronounced as /[d͡zɛ̝lib]/ | 'well' | Corresponds to pronounced as //q//, pronounced as //ɡ//, or pronounced as //dʒ// in other dialects. | |||
| day | pronounced as /[ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯]/ | 'day' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of pronounced as //d//. See English phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯]/ | ||||||
| Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of pronounced as //d//. See English phonology | ||||||
| Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of pronounced as //d//. See English phonology | ||||||
| du | pronounced as /[d͡zy]/ | 'of the' | Allophone of pronounced as //d// before pronounced as //i, y, j//. | |||
| Georgian: [[Georgian alphabet|'''ძ'''ვალი]]/dzvali | pronounced as /[d͡zvɑli]/ | 'bone' | ||||
| Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch: spa'''ds'''éieren | pronounced as /[ʃpɑˈd͡zɜ̝ɪ̯əʀən]/ | 'to go for a walk' | Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words. See Luxembourgish phonology | |||
| Marathi | जोर/dzor | pronounced as /[d͡zor]/ | 'force' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [<nowiki/>[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one. | ||
| Ollari | jōnel | pronounced as /[d͡zoːnel]/ | 'maize' | |||
| Nepali | /ādza | pronounced as /[äd͡zʌ]/ | 'today' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Naiki | jūrol | pronounced as /[d͡zuːɾol]/ | 'cricket' | |||
| European[5] | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''des'''afio]] | pronounced as /[d͡zɐˈfi.u]/ | 'challenge' | Allophone of pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as //i, ĩ//, or assimilation due to the deletion of pronounced as //i ~ ɨ ~ e//. Increasingly used in Brazil.[6] | ||
| Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|apren'''diz'''ado]] | pronounced as /[apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]/ | 'learning' | ||||
| Many speakers | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|me'''zz'''osoprano]] | pronounced as /[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]/ | 'mezzo-soprano' | Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[7] See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects | Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''z'''ic]] | pronounced as /[d͡zɨk]/ | 'say' | Corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Telugu | Telugu: ౙత/dzata | pronounced as /[d͡zɐt̪ɐ]/ | 'pair, set' | |||
| Teochew | Chinese: [[Chinese characters|日本]]/jitpun | pronounced as /[d͡zit̚˨˩.pʊn˥˧]/ | 'Japan' | |||
| Toda | ü'''ɀ''' | pronounced as /[yd͡z]/ | 'five' | |||
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan orthography|do'''tz'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈd̪odd̠͡z̠ə]/ | 'twelve' | Apical. See Catalan phonology | |||
| Occitan (post 1500);: messa'''tg'''e | 'message' | Laminal in other dialects. Varies with pronounced as /link/ in some words. | ||||
| Languedocien | ||||||
| arvë'''ds'''e | pronounced as /[ɑrˈvəd̠͡z̠e]/ | 'goodbye' | ||||
| Central dialects | Sardinian: pran'''z'''u | pronounced as /[ˈpränd̠͡z̠u]/ | 'lunch' | |||
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|'''τζ'''άκι]] | pronounced as /[ˈd͡zɐc̠i]/ | 'fireplace' | Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Italian: [[Italian alphabet|'''z'''ero]] | pronounced as /[ˈd͡zɛːro]/ | 'zero' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |||
| [[Montenegrin alphabet|'''dz'''avala]] | pronounced as /[ˈd̻͡z̪avalä]/ | 'haystack' | Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. See Montenegrin phonology | |||
| Western Frisian: sko'''dz'''je | pronounced as /[ˈs̠kɔd͡zjə]/ | 'shake' | Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates pronounced as /link/. See West Frisian phonology | |||
| Above: | Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate |
| Ipa Symbol: | dɹ̝ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | dð̠ |
| Ipa Symbol3: | dð͇ |
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal pronounced as //r//. | ||||||
| dream | pronounced as /[d͡ɹ̝ʷɪi̯m]/ | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence pronounced as //dr//; more commonly postalveolar pronounced as /link/. See English phonology | |||
| Received Pronunciation | ||||||
| Italian: [[Italian alphabet|A'''dr'''iatico]] | pronounced as /[äd͡ɹ̝iˈäːt̪iko]/ | 'the Adriatic Sea' | Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence pronounced as //dr//, and can be realized as the sequence pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|d}}{{IPAplink|ɹ̝}}]/ instead. See Italian phonology | |||
pronounced as /navigation/