Dyspnoi Explained

Dyspnoi is a suborder of harvestmen, currently comprising 43 extant genera and 356 extant species, although more species are expected to be described in the future. The eight families are currently grouped into three superfamilies: the Acropsopilionoidea, Ischyropsalidioidea, and Troguloidea.

Distribution

The Dyspnoi are one of the most biogeographically conserved higher groups of harvestmen. With the exception of Acropsopilioidea, none occur in the Southern Hemisphere, and most families are restricted along temperate regions. The only exceptions are some Ortholasmatinae (Nemastomatidae) inhabiting the tropics on high mountains in Mexico (Ortholasma bolivari) and northern Thailand (Dendrolasma angka).

Systematics

See main article: List of Dyspnoi species.

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Groh. Selina. Giribet. Gonzalo. 2014-06-26. Polyphyly of Caddoidea, reinstatement of the family Acropsopilionidae in Dyspnoi, and a revised classification system of Palpatores (Arachnida, Opiliones). Cladistics. en. 31. 3. 277–290. 10.1111/cla.12087. 34772266 . 85408627. 0748-3007. free.
  2. Schönhofer. Axel L.. 2013. A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa. en. 3679. 1–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1. 26146693. 2018-10-25. 2018-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225623/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240310711. live. free.
  3. Shear. William A.. Warfel. Joseph G.. 2016. The harvestman genus Taracus Simon 1879, and the new genus Oskoron (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae). Zootaxa. en. 4180. 1. 1–71. 10.11646/zootaxa.4180.1.1. 27811667. 2018-10-25. 2018-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225627/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309623895. live.
  4. Hedin. Marshal. Richart. Casey. 2013-06-20. Three new species in the harvestmen genus Acuclavella (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Ischyropsalidoidea), including description of male Acuclavella quattuor Shear, 1986. ZooKeys. en. 311. 19–68. 10.3897/zookeys.311.2920. 1313-2970. 3698555. 23825441. 2019-05-24. 2019-05-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524072700/https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/3279/. live. free .
  5. Hedin. Marshal. Martens. Jochen. Vernesi. Cristiano. Schönhofer. Axel L.. 2015. Molecular phylogeny, biogeographic history, and evolution of cave-dwelling taxa in the European harvestman genus Ischyropsalis (Opiliones: Dyspnoi). The Journal of Arachnology. 43. 1. 40–53. 10.1636/H14-39.1. 0161-8202. 10449/25603. 84835826. free. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121725/https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-43/issue-1/H14-39.1/Molecular-phylogeny-biogeographic-history-and-evolution-of-cave-dwelling-taxa/10.1636/H14-39.1.short. live.
  6. Book: Martens, J.. 2015. Sabacon Simon, 1879 in the Palaearctic: A survey of new and known species from France, Nepal, India, China, Russia and Japan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae). Hartmann. M.. Weipert. J.. Biodiversity and Natural Heritage of the Himalaya V.. Naturkundemuseum Erfurt. Germany. 167–210. 2018-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225611/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281585557. live.
  7. Zhao. Li Kun. Martens. Jochen. Zhang. Chao. 2018. Two new species of Sabacon Simon, 1879 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Sabaconidae) from Yunnan Province, China. Zootaxa. en. 4379. 2. 199–214. 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.3. 29689984. 2018-10-25. 2018-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20180930105924/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Zhao%20et%20al%202018%20Sabacon%20of%20Yunnan.pdf. live.
  8. Shear. William A.. 2018. Taracus aspenae, n. sp. (Opiliones: Taracidae) a new long-jawed harvestman from a cave in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A. Zootaxa. en. 4413. 3. 524–530. 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.3.6. 29690099. 2018-10-25. 2018-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225602/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324726281. live.
  9. Snegovaya. Nataly. Kurt. Kemal. Yağmur. Ersen. 2016-06-01. Mediostoma izmirica sp. nov.: A new harvestman species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 40. 489–498. 10.3906/zoo-1412-10. free.
  10. Web site: A new species of the genus Giljarovia Kratochvil, 1959 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) from the Crimea. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121721/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289793725_A_new_species_of_the_genus_Giljarovia_Kratochvil_1959_Arachnida_Opiliones_Nemastomatidae_from_the_Crimea. live.
  11. Web site: Hadzinia ferrani, sp. n. (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae), a highly specialized troglobiotic harvestman from Slovenia. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121721/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264434504_Hadzinia_ferrani_sp_n_Opiliones_Nemastomatidae_a_highly_specialized_troglobiotic_harvestman_from_Slovenia. live.
  12. Web site: Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121722/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289793584_Two_new_harvestman_species_Arachnida_Opiliones_from_the_collection_of_Siberian_Zoological_Museum. live.
  13. Web site: Nemaspela ladae sp n., a new troglobitic nemastomatid (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae) from a Dinaric cave Request PDF. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121722/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278085820_Nemaspela_ladae_sp_n_a_new_troglobitic_nemastomatid_Opiliones_Dyspnoi_Nemastomatidae_from_a_Dinaric_cave. live.
  14. Web site: On Starengovia Snegovaya, a genus of Asian nemastomatines (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae). ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121723/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320490145_On_Starengovia_Snegovaya_a_genus_of_Asian_nemastomatines_Arachnida_Opiliones_Nemastomatidae. live.
  15. Zhang. Chao. Martens. Jochen. 2018. Ancient home or in exile? The easternmost species of genus Starengovia Snegovaya, 2010 found in China (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Nemastomatinae). ZooKeys. 770. 105–115. 10.3897/zookeys.770.25491. 1313-2970. 6041357. 30002591. free .
  16. Web site: Sinostoma yunnanicum, the first nemastomatine harvestman in China (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) Request PDF. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121726/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304136979_Sinostoma_yunnanicum_the_first_nemastomatine_harvestman_in_China_Arachnida_Opiliones_Nemastomatidae. live.
  17. Cruz López. Jesús Alberto. 2017-10-26. A second species of the genus Martensolasma (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae) from Mexico. Zootaxa. 4338. 3. 526–532. 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.7. 29245716. 2018-10-25. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121726/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320646300_A_second_species_of_the_genus_Martensolasma_Opiliones_Dyspnoi_Nemastomatidae_from_Mexico. live.
  18. Zhang. Chao. Zhang. Feng. 2013-07-23. Description of a new Cladolasma (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae: Ortholasmatinae) species from China. Zootaxa. en. 3691. 4. 443–52. 10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.3. 26167596. 1175-5334. 2020-11-21. 2020-06-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20200606175921/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Zhang%20%26%20Zhang%202013a%20Cladolasma.pdf. live.
  19. Zhang. Feng. Zhao. Likun. Zhang. Chao. 2018. Cladolasma ailaoshan, a new species of the genus Cladolasma Suzuki, 1963 from China (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Ortholasmatinae). ZooKeys. 748. 11–20. 10.3897/zookeys.748.23273. 1313-2989. 5904526. 29674910. 2019-05-24. 2018-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20180930110820/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Zhang%20et%20al%202018%20Cladolasma%20ailaoshan.pdf. live. free .
  20. Cruz-López. Jesús A.. Cruz-Bonilla. Akeri. Francke. Oscar F.. 2018-10-03. Molecules and morphology reveal a new aberrant harvestman genus of Ortholasmatinae (Opiliones, Dypsnoi, Nemastomatidae) from Mexico. Systematics and Biodiversity. 16. 7. 714–729. 10.1080/14772000.2018.1476416. 91732391. 1477-2000. ResearchGate. 2019-05-24. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121727/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328560920_Molecules_and_morphology_reveal_a_new_aberrant_harvestman_genus_of_Ortholasmatinae_Opiliones_Dypsnoi_Nemastomatidae_from_Mexico. live.
  21. Web site: An ancient radiation: Ortholasmatine harvestmen in Asia - a new genus, three new species and a revision of the known species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-23. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121732/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332290268_An_ancient_radiation_Ortholasmatine_harvestmen_in_Asia_-_A_new_genus_three_new_species_and_a_revision_of_the_known_species_Arachnida_Opiliones_Nemastomatidae. live.
  22. Web site: Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. ResearchGate. en. 2019-05-23. 2020-11-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121121737/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289793584_Two_new_harvestman_species_Arachnida_Opiliones_from_the_collection_of_Siberian_Zoological_Museum. live.

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