Dyshidrosis Explained

Dyshidrosis
Field:Dermatology
Pronounce:[1]
Symptoms:Itchy blisters on the palms of the hands, sides of fingers, or bottoms of the feet[2]
Complications:skin thickening
Onset:Often recurrent
Duration:Heal over 3 weeks
Causes:Unknown
Diagnosis:Based on symptoms
Differential:Pustular psoriasis, scabies
Treatment:Avoiding triggers, barrier cream, steroid cream, antihistamines
Frequency:1-3% of population
Synonyms:Recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis (RVPD),[3] [4] acute vesiculobullous hand eczema,[5] dyshidrotic dermatitis,[6] dyshidrotic eczema,[7] pompholyx, cheiropompholyx, podopompholyx

Dyshidrosis is a type of dermatitis, characterized by itchy vesicles of in size, on the palms of the hands, sides of fingers, or bottoms of the feet. Outbreaks usually conclude within three to four weeks, but often recur. Repeated attacks may result in fissures and skin thickening.[2] The cause of the condition is not known.[8]

Symptoms

The characteristics of dyshidrosis are itchiness of the palms or soles, followed by the sudden development of intensely itchy small vesicles on the sides of the fingers, the palms or the feet,[9] sometimes described as having a "tapioca pudding" appearance.[10] The vesicles may develop in waves. After a few weeks, the top layer of skin may fall off and inflammation appear around the bases of the vesicles, and there may be peeling, rings of scale, or lichenification. After three to four weeks the vesicles will disappear. While they are present there is a risk of secondary bacterial infection.[11] The locations of the eruption may be symmetrical on the body,[12] and redness is not usually present.[2]

Causes

Whilst the exact causes of the condition are currently unknown, its triggers may include food allergens from a wide range of foods, including tuna, tomato, pineapple, chocolate, coffee, and spices among others, physical or mental stress, frequent hand washing, or metals.[13] A number of studies have implicated balsam of Peru. A 2013 study found that dyshydrosis on the hands increased among those allergic to house dust mites, following inhalation of house dust mite allergen.[14] Id reaction and irritant contact dermatitis are also possible causes.[15]

In 2005, researchers from Anhui Medical University and the Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing, theorizing that mutations in single genes could predispose the condition, ran a study of a Chinese family with the condition present across four generations via autosomal dominant inheritance. Their analysis of haplotypes within the family identified a locus for the condition on chromosome 18.[16]

Diagnosis

Dyshidrosis is diagnosed clinically by gathering a patient's history and making observations. Allergy testing and culture may be done to rule out other problems. Severity of symptoms can also be assessed using the dyshidrotic eczema area and severity index (DASI), although it was designed for clinical trials and is not typically used in practice.[17]

Treatment

Avoiding triggers may be useful, as may be the application of a barrier cream or wearing of gloves.[2] Treatment is generally made with steroid cream,[18] although this can be dangerous in the long term due to the side effect of thinning of the skin, which is particularly troublesome in the context of hand dyshidrosis due to the amount of toxins and bacteria the hands typically come in contact with.[8] High strength steroid creams may be required for the first week or two.[2]

In especially acute and severe cases, systemic steroids can be taken orally; the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus, or PUVA therapy may also be tried.[2] [8] Dapsone (diamino-diphenyl sulfone), an antibacterial, has been recommended for the treatment of dyshidrosis in some chronic cases.[19]

Antihistamines such as Fexofenadine may be used to help with the itching.[20] [8] Potassium permanganate dilute solution soaks are popular, used to "dry out" the vesicles[21] and kill off superficial Staphylococcus aureus,[22] but they can be very painful and undiluted may cause significant burning.[23]

Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) has been approved for prescription in the UK. It is specifically used for chronic hand and foot eczema.[24] [25] [26] It is made by Basilea of Switzerland (BAL 4079).

Epidemiology

A study of 20,000 randomly-selected individuals in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1988 found 2% of male respondents and 3% of female respondents to have dyshidrosis, and that it comprised 5% of cases of hand eczema of any type.[27] A study of 6300 pediatric patients in Turkey in 2006 found 1% to have dyshidrosis.[28]

History of classification

The condition was named dyshidrosis by the British dermatologist William Tilbury Fox in 1873, in a clinical lecture wherein he presented it as "a disordered condition of the sweat-follicles and the sweat-function... which is, as a rule, diagnosed as eczema, but is a separate and distinct affair... I have termed the disease, because nature seems to have a difficulty in getting rid of the secreted sweat, which remains to distend the follicles, and to macerate the tissues."[29] His theory that the condition was related to sweat was soon observed as unproven in scholarly publication[30] and subsequent research on multiple occasions has shown an absence of relation to the sweat glands.[31]

The condition had already been described clinically in a lecture in 1871 by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, who had named it cheiro-pompholyx.[32] Hutchinson's work was based on his observations, in 1864, of the same woman patient who Tilbury Fox would later describe in his own lecture. In 1875 Hutchinson published his book Illustrations of Clinical Surgery, describing the condition of "cheiro-pompholyx" without making reference to Tilbury Fox's work.[33] This led to a dispute between the two dermatologists, played out in letters to The Lancet.

Tilbury Fox was aggrieved that his reading of Hutchinson's lecture suggested it to imply Hutchinson had been the first to formally describe the condition. Hutchinson apologised, saying that he had been in too much of a hurry to publish to read Tilbury Fox's work, and being aware that Tilbury Fox had described it as a sweating disorder, he had considered it to be a different condition to the one he was writing about.[34] In the same letter he chastised Tilbury Fox for claiming propriety over describing the vesicles as resembling "a sago grain", a comparison that he had also independently made, and noted that the subject of his lecture in 1871 had been his patient for several years before Tilbury Fox's lecture.

In an editorial for the Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, Dr. Nathan Smith Davis wryly described the dispute as "not the first occasion upon which two eminent men have contended for the honor of a lady's hand."[35]

After a paper by Dr. A. R. Robinson describing the condition, entitled "Pompholyx" and mentioning the dispute, was published in the Archives of Dermatology the following year,[36] Tilbury Fox responded with a strident critique of Robinson's conclusions and accused him of having misrepresented the facts of the dispute.[37]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Dyshidrosis. Merriam-Webster Online. Merriam-Webster. 2014. 14 April 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140415075333/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dyshidrosis. 15 April 2014.
  2. Lofgren. SM. Warshaw. EM. Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.. Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. December 2006. 17. 4. 165–81. 17150166. 10.2310/6620.2006.05021.
  3. Clinical profile of recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis in children and adolescents. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 3 Jan 2019. 12. 23–28. 10.2147/CCID.S150778. 30655684. 6322509. Scotelaro-Alves. Hugo Guimarães. Fernandes. Nurimar Conceição. Ramos-e-Silva. Marcia. Dove Medical Press. free. Recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis (RVPD) is the current and more accurate terminology for the condition that was previously referred to as dyshidrosis or 'pompholyx'..
  4. Pediatric Recurrent Vesicular Palmoplantar Dermatitis Presenting with Pyrexia: A Case Report.. Archives of Clinical and Medical Case Reports. 23 January 2024. Al Khalifa. Nayla. Raees. Mazen. Khalifa. Salman. Al Juffairi. Eman. 8. 13–15. 2575-9655. Fortune Journals. 16 May 2024.
  5. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. .
  6. Web site: Pompholyx. Patient. 11 August 2016. 2014-02-26. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803054509/http://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro. 3 August 2016.
  7. Book: Rapini, Ronald P. . Bolognia, Jean L. . Jorizzo, Joseph L. . Dermatology: 2-Volume Set . Mosby . St. Louis . 2007 . 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  8. Colomb-Lippa. D. Klingler. AM. Dyshidrosis . Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. July 2011. 24. 7. 54. 21748961.
  9. Shelley. W. B.. 1953-09-01. Dysidrosis (pompholyx). AMA Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 68. 3. 314–319. 0096-5979. 13079297. 10.1001/archderm.1953.01540090076008.
  10. Bielan. Barbara. 1996-04-01. Dyshidrotic eczema. Dermatology Nursing. en. 8. 2. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082024/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA19051123&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=10603441&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1&isAnonymousEntry=true. 2017-04-02.
  11. Lofgren. Sabra M.. Warshaw. Erin M.. 2006-12-01. Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy. Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 17. 4. 165–181. 1710-3568. 17150166. 10.2310/6620.2006.05021.
  12. Perry. Adam D.. Trafeli. John P.. 2009-05-01. Hand Dermatitis: Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. en. 22. 3. 325–330. 10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080118. 1557-2625. 19429739. free.
  13. Veien. Niels K.. 2009-07-01. Acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis. Dermatologic Clinics. 27. 3. 337–353, vii. 10.1016/j.det.2009.05.013. 1558-0520. 19580928.
  14. Schuttelaar ML, Coenraads PJ, Huizinga J, De Monchy JG, Vermeulen KM . Increase in vesicular hand eczema after house dust mite inhalation provocation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Contact Dermatitis. 68. 2. 76–85. 2013. 23046099. 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02172.x. 4609200. 11370/69c0f80d-e6f3-4dff-ad75-aadf46b5aaa4. free.
  15. Book: Fitzpatrick , James . Dermatology Secrets Plus. Elsevier. 2016. 978-0-323-31029-1. 70–81. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR76.
  16. The Gene for a Rare Autosomal Dominant Form of Pompholyx Maps to Chromosome 18q22.1–18q22.3. Chen J., Liang Y., Zhou F., Yang S., Wang J., Wang P., Du W., Xu S., Huang W., Zhang X.. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 126. 2. February 2006. 300–304. Elsevier. 10.1038/sj.jid.5700103. 16374448. free.
  17. Vocks. E.. Plötz. S. G.. Ring. J.. 1999-01-01. The Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index – A score developed for the assessment of dyshidrotic eczema. Dermatology. 198. 3. 265–269. 10.1159/000018127. 1018-8665. 10393450. 22978226.
  18. Web site: eMedicine – Dyshidrotic Eczema: Article by Camila K Janniger . 2007-07-10 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015519/http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm . 2007-07-07.
  19. Web site: Vesicular hand dermatitis . 2010-04-07 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150735/http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html . 2010-03-30.
  20. Diepgen. Thomas L.. Agner. Tove. Aberer. Werner. Berth-Jones. John. Cambazard. Frédéric. Elsner. Peter. McFadden. John. Coenraads. Pieter Jan. 2007-10-01. Management of chronic hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. en. 57. 4. 203–210. 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01179.x. 17868211. 34639884. 1600-0536. free.
  21. BIRT AR . Drugs for Eczema of Children . Can Med Assoc J . 90 . 11 . 693–4 . March 1964 . 14127384 . 1922428.
  22. Stalder JF . Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMn04) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis . Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) . 176 . 132–4 . 1992 . 1476027 . vanc. Fleury M . Sourisse M . 3 . Allavoine . T . Chalamet . C . Brosset . P . Litoux . P.
  23. Baron S, Moss C . Caustic burn caused by potassium permanganate . Arch. Dis. Child. . 88 . 2 . 96 . February 2003 . 12538301 . 10.1136/adc.88.2.96. 1719457.
  24. Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth-Jones J, Coenraads PJ, Kaszuba A, Bissonnette R, Varjonen E, Holló P, Cambazard F, Lahfa M, Elsner P, Nyberg F, Svensson A, Brown TC, Harsch M, Maares J. 6. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Br. J. Dermatol.. 158. 4. 808–17. April 2008. 18294310. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x. 205256947. 2019-02-05. 2019-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190218111529/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf. dead.
  25. Bollag W, Ott F. Successful treatment of chronic hand eczema with oral 9-cis-retinoic acid. Dermatology. 199. 4. 308–12. 1999. 10640839. 10.1159/000018280. 35358182.
  26. Ruzicka T, Larsen FG, Galewicz D, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ortonne JP, Zouboulis CC, Harsch M, Brown TC, Zultak M. Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Dermatol. 140. 12. 1453–9. December 2004. 15611422. 10.1001/archderm.140.12.1453. free.
  27. Epidemiology of different types of hand eczema in an industrial city. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 69. 3. 227–233. 17 May 1989. Meding. B.. Swanbeck. G.. 10.2340/0001555569227233. 2024-05-16. 2566226. 16 May 2024.
  28. Prevalence of skin diseases among pediatric patients in Turkey. Journal of Dermatology. 35. 413–418. 10 July 2008. Tamer. Emine. Ilhan. Mustafa N.. Polat. Muhterem. Lenk. Nurdan. Alli. Nuran. 7. 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00495.x. 18705828. 16 May 2024.
  29. Clinical Lecture on Dysidrosis: An Undescribed Eruption. British Medical Journal. 27 September 1873. 2. 665. 365–366. 10.1136/bmj.2.665.365. 2294466. 20747210. Tilbury Fox. William. William Tilbury Fox. 16 May 2024.
  30. Book: Robinson , Andrew Rose . A Manual of Dermatology. 1885. 252. D. Appleton & Company. New York. 16 May 2024.
  31. Acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis not pompholyx or dyshidrosis. JAMA Dermatology. 10.1001/archderm.143.12.1578. 18087011. December 2007. 143. 12. Storrs. Frances J. 1578–1580. 16 May 2024.
  32. Cheiro-Pompholyx. The Lancet. 29 April 1876. 1. 2748. 630–631. Hutchinson. Sir Jonathan. Jonathan Hutchinson. lecture given in April 1871. 17 May 2024.
  33. Book: Illustrations of Clinical Surgery. Plate X. Cheiro-pompholyx.. 49–52. 1875. J. & A. Churchill. Hutchinson. Sir Jonathan. Jonathan Hutchinson. 17 May 2024.
  34. Mr. Hutchinson's "Cheiro-Pompholyx".. The Lancet. 22 April 1876. 1. 2747. 618–619. Hutchinson. Sir Jonathan. Jonathan Hutchinson. 17 May 2024.
  35. The Controversy Between Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson and Dr. Tilbury Fox. The Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner. September 1876. 33. 9. 816–819. Davis. Dr. Nathan Smith. Nathan Smith Davis. 17 May 2024.
  36. Pompholyx. Archives of Dermatology. July 1877. 3. 290–303. Robinson. A. R.. Bulkley. Lucius Duncan. Lucius Duncan Bulkley. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York City. 17 May 2024.
  37. A Note on "Dyshidrosis". Archives of Dermatology. January 1878. 4. 42–46. Tilbury Fox. William. William Tilbury Fox. Bulkley. Lucius Duncan. Lucius Duncan Bulkley. J. B. Lippincott & Co.. Philadelphia. 17 May 2024.

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