Human coronavirus 229E explained

Alphacoronavirus chicagoense [1] (also called Human coronavirus 229E and abbreviated HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats.[2] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor.[3] Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold.[4] [5] HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.[6] [7]

Transmission

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

Signs and symptoms

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen.[8] HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).[9] [10] [11]

Epidemiology

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed.[12] [13] However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year.[14] [15] [16] A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.[17]

Virology

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:[18]

Research

Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture.[19]

Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.[20]

History

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.[21] [22]

In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names. [23]

In 2023 HCoV-229E was renamed to Alphacoronavirus chicagoense

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Taxon Details ICTV . 25 July 2024 . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
  2. Lim. Yvonne Xinyi. Ng. Yan Ling. Tam. James P.. Liu. Ding Xiang. 2016-07-25. Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions. Diseases. 4. 3. 26. 10.3390/diseases4030026. 2079-9721. 5456285. 28933406. See Table 1.. free.
  3. Book: Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis . Coronaviruses. 2015. Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer. 1282. 1–23. 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. 978-1-4939-2438-7. 4369385. 25720466. See Table 1.. Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P.
  4. 21849456 . 2011 . Lau . S. K. . Lee . P. . Tsang . A. K. . Yip . C. C. . Tse . H. . Lee . R. A. . So . L. Y. . Lau . Y. L. . Chan . K. H. . Woo . P. C. . Yuen . K. Y. . Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination . Journal of Virology . 85 . 21 . 11325–11337 . 10.1128/JVI.05512-11 . 3194943 .
  5. 20554810 . 2010 . Gaunt . E. R. . Hardie . A. . Claas . E. C. . Simmonds . P. . Templeton . K. E. . Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 48 . 8 . 2940–2947 . 10.1128/JCM.00636-10 . 2916580 .
  6. Web site: Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release. October 2018. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). en. 13 January 2019.
  7. Woo. Patrick C. Y.. Huang. Yi. Lau. Susanna K. P.. Yuen. Kwok-Yung. 2010-08-24. Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis. Viruses. 2. 8. 1804–1820. 10.3390/v2081803. 1999-4915. 3185738. 21994708. Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.. free.
  8. 29850307 . 2018 . Vassilara . F. . Spyridaki . A. . Pothitos . G. . Deliveliotou . A. . Papadopoulos . A. . A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult . Case Reports in Infectious Diseases . 2018 . 1–4 . 10.1155/2018/6796839 . 5925015 . free .
  9. 13130404 . 2003 . Pene . F. . Merlat . A. . Vabret . A. . Rozenberg . F. . Buzyn . A. . Dreyfus . F. . Cariou . A. . Freymuth . F. . Lebon . P. . Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 37 . 7 . 929–932 . 10.1086/377612 . 7107892 .
  10. 12684910 . 2003 . Vabret . A. . Mourez . T. . Gouarin . S. . Petitjean . J. . Freymuth . F. . An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 36 . 8 . 985–989 . 10.1086/374222 . 7109673 .
  11. 16267760 . 2005 . Woo . P. C. . Lau . S. K. . Tsoi . H. W. . Huang . Y. . Poon . R. W. . Chu . C. M. . Lee . R. A. . Luk . W. K. . Wong . G. K. . Wong . B. H. . Cheng . V. C. . Tang . B. S. . Wu . A. K. . Yung . R. W. . Chen . H. . Guan . Y. . Chan . K. H. . Yuen . K. Y. . Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 192 . 11 . 1898–2707 . 10.1086/497151 . 7110183 .
  12. Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.). 1996. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.
  13. 16911043 . 2006 . Van Der Hoek . L. . Pyrc . K. . Berkhout . B. . Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus . FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 30 . 5 . 760–773 . 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x . 7109777 .
  14. 16704837 . 2006 . Esper . F. . Weibel . C. . Ferguson . D. . Landry . M. L. . Kahn . J. S. . Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 . 5 . 775–779 . 10.3201/eid1205.051316 . 3374449 .
  15. 17222582 . 2007 . Gerna . G. . Percivalle . E. . Sarasini . A. . Campanini . G. . Piralla . A. . Rovida . F. . Genini . E. . Marchi . A. . Baldanti . F. . Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients . Journal of Clinical Virology . 38 . 3 . 244–250 . 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008 . 7108341 .
  16. 5556222 . 1971 . Kaye . H. S. . Marsh . H. B. . Dowdle . W. R. . Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population . American Journal of Epidemiology . 94 . 1 . 43–49 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293 . 7109649 .
  17. 20113545 . 2010 . Principi . N. . Bosis . S. . Esposito . S. . Effects of coronavirus infections in children . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 16 . 2 . 183–188 . 10.3201/eid1602.090469 . 2957994 .
  18. Web site: Leung . Daniel . Coronaviruses (including SARS) . Infectious Disease Advisor . 20 January 2019 . Decision Support in Medicine, LLC . 1 August 2020.
  19. de Wilde . Adriaan H. . Jochmans . Dirk . Posthuma . Clara C. . Zevenhoven-Dobbe . Jessika C. . van Nieuwkoop . Stefan . Bestebroer . Theo M. . van den Hoogen . Bernadette G. . Neyts . Johan . Snijder . Eric J. . Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy . August 2014 . 58 . 8 . 4875–4884 . 10.1128/AAC.03011-14. 24841269 . 4136071 . free .
  20. 28077633 . 2017 . Tao . Y. . Shi . M. . Chommanard . C. . Queen . K. . Zhang . J. . Markotter . W. . Kuzmin . I. V. . Holmes . E. C. . Tong . S. . Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History . Journal of Virology . 91 . 5 . 10.1128/JVI.01953-16 . 5309958 .
  21. Web site: The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus. Knapp. Alex. Forbes. en. 2020-05-06.
  22. Hamre. D.. Procknow. J. J.. 1966-01-01. A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract.. Experimental Biology and Medicine. en. 121. 1. 190–193. 10.3181/00379727-121-30734. 4285768. 1314901. 1535-3702.
  23. Web site: Binomial nomenclature for virus species (continued) . 25 July 2024 . EPPO Global Database.

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