Dugesia Explained

Dugesia (pronounced as //duˈd͡ʒiʒ(i)ə//) is a genus of dugesiid triclads that contains some common representatives of the class Turbellaria. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. Dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities.

Dugesia is the type genus of the family Dugesiidae.

Description

Dugesia species have an elongated body with a slightly triangle-shaped head. Usually they have grey, brown or black colors on the dorsal body surface, the ventral surface uses to be paler. These animals have a couple of eyes constituted by a multicellular pigmented cup with many retinal cells to detect the amount of light in the nearby environment. Sometimes they present supernumerary eyes. At the anterior part of the body, behind the eyes level, they have two of structures called auricles that give the triangle look to the 'head' and that allow them to detect the intensity of water current. These auricles are free of pigment and rhabdites. Each side of the anterior margin of the head have between 5 and 10 shallow sensory fossae, their number depends on the species or the individual. The sensory fossae and the auricle grooves are supplied with many nerve endings.[1]

Dugesia digestion tract consists of a central non-pigmented tubular pharynx. Like the other triclads, Dugesias gut consists in three ramified branches. Each branch consists of ceca, which delivers the nutrients to the body. This worm has a sac digestive plan, that is, it does not have a separate opening for waste excretion.[2]

Subepidermal musculature is divided in four layers.

In Dugesia the ovaries are ventrally situated, they start just behind the brain, usually at the level of the fourth intestinal branch. The bursal canal runs on the right side of the copulatory apparatus and above the atrium.[1] Like some Neppia species, Dugesia have a third layer of longitudinal musculature over the vaginal area of the bursal canal. This feature is not present in other triclads. Another feature shared with Neppia is the presence of a glandular area at the transicional area between the seminal vesicle and the ejaculatory duct, although in Dugesia these glands are concentrated at the diaphragm, a structure not present in any other genera.[3] Ball proposed that the presence of this glands was a synapomorphy of Dugesia and Neppia. The absence of these glands in some Neppia species (N. jeanneli, N. montana and N. schubarti) is thought to be a secondary loss.[4]

Reproduction

They are hermaphrodites. Many species can reproduce both sexually and asexually (by parthenogenesis or by fission).[5]

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Dugesia species have not enough morphological characters to find out which are the relationships between them. Furthermore, those available use to contradict each other. Dugesia species are identified by the combination of diagnostic characters instead of different apomorphies. Over 70 species within the genus Dugesia have been described.[6]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[7]

Molecular phylogeny of 13 Dugesia species after Lázaro et al., 2009:[8]

Molecular phylogeny of Dugesia species after Solà et al., 2013:[9]

Species

The following species are currently recognised in the genus Dugesia:[10]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Vries . Elizabeth J. . A synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola) from Africa and Madagascar . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . April 1988 . 92 . 4 . 345–382 . 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01729.x .
  2. Gilbertson L. (1999). Zoology Lab Manual. McGraw Hill Companies, New York; (fourth edition, 1999).
  3. Ball. I. R. (1974). A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). In Biology of the Turbellaria: 339-401. Riser, N. W. & Morse, M. P. (Eds). New York:McGraw-Hill.
  4. Vries . Elizabeth J. . Sluys . Ronald . Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola) . Journal of Zoology . January 1991 . 223 . 1 . 103–116 . 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x .
  5. Lentati . G. Benazzi . Amphimixis and pseudogamy in fresh-water triclads: Experimental reconstitution of polyploid pseudogamic biotypes . Chromosoma . 1966 . 20 . 1 . 1–14 . 10.1007/BF00331894 . 21654518 .
  6. Sluys . Ronald . Kawakatsu . Masaharu . Winsor . Leigh . The genus Dugesia in Australia, with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) . Zoologica Scripta . October 1998 . 27 . 4 . 273–290 . 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00461.x . 85102452 .
  7. Álvarez-Presas . Marta . Baguñà . Jaume . Riutort . Marta . Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . May 2008 . 47 . 2 . 555–568 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032 . 18359250 . 2008MolPE..47..555A .
  8. Lázaro . Eva M. . Sluys . Ronald . Pala . Maria . Stocchino . Giacinta Angela . Baguñà . Jaume . Riutort . Marta . Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . September 2009 . 52 . 3 . 835–845 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.022 . 19435604 . 2009MolPE..52..835L .
  9. Solà . Eduard . Sluys . Ronald . Gritzalis . Konstantinos . Riutort . Marta . Fluvial basin history in the northeastern Mediterranean region underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . March 2013 . 66 . 3 . 877–888 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.010 . 23182762 . 2013MolPE..66..877S .
  10. Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dugesia Girard, 1850. 2021-10-21. www.marinespecies.org.
  11. Chen . Guang-Wen . Wang . Lei . Wu . Fan . Sun . Xiao-Juan . Dong . Zi-Mei . Sluys . Ronald . Yu . Fei . Yu-Wen . Yan-Qing . Liu . De-Zeng . Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the subtropical monsoon region in Southern China, with a discussion on reproductive modalities . BMC Zoology . 23 May 2022 . 7 . 1 . 25 . 2056-3132 . 10.1186/s40850-022-00127-8 . 37170346. 10126995 . free .
  12. Zhu . Y. . Huang . J. . Sluys . R. . Liu . Y. . Sun . T. . Wang . A.-T. . Zhang . Y. . Zoosystematics and Evolution . Integrative description of a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from southern China, with its complete mitogenome and a biogeographic evaluation . 100 . 1 . 167–182 . 16 February 2024 . 1860-0743 . 10.3897/zse.100.114016 . free .
  13. Wang . Lei . Chen . Jin-zi . Dong . Zi-mei . Chen . Guang-wen . Sluys . Ronald . Liu . De-zeng . Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China . ZooKeys . 8 September 2021 . 1059 . 89–116 . 1313-2989 . 1313-2970 . 10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633 . 34594150 . 8443540 . free . 2021ZooK.1059...89W .
  14. Wang . Lei . Wang . Yixuan . Dong . Zimei . Chen . Guangwen . Sluys . Ronald . Liu . Dezeng . Integrative taxonomy unveils a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the southern portion of the Taihang Mountains in northern China, with the description of its complete mitogenome and an exploratory analysis of mitochondrial gene order as a taxonomic character . Integrative Zoology . 15 December 2021 . 17 . 6 . 1193–1214 . 1749-4877 . 1749-4877 . 10.1111/1749-4877.12605 . 34783153 .
  15. Liu . Yi . Song . Xiao-Yu . Sun . Zhong-Yin . Li . Wei-Xuan . Sluys . Ronald . Li . Shuang-Fei . Wang . An-Tai . Addition to the known diversity of Chinese freshwater planarians: integrative description of a new species of Dugesia Girard, 1850 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) . Zoosystematics and Evolution . 29 June 2022 . 98 . 2 . 233–243 . 1435-1935 . 1860-0743 . 10.3897/zse.98.83184 . free .
  16. Wang . L. . Zhu . S.-Q. . Ma . F.-H. . Li . X.-J. . Zhao . Y.-H. . Sun . X.-X. . Li . N. . Sluys . R. . Liu . D.-Z. . Dong . Z.-M. . Chen . G.-W. . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . Two New Species of Freshwater Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae, Dugesia) from Southern China Exhibit Unusual Karyotypes, with a Discussion on Reproduction in Aneuploid Species . 2024 . e8299436 . 22 February 2024 . 0947-5745 . 10.1155/2024/8299436 . free .
  17. Zeng . Z.-Y. . Wang . J. . Sluys . R. . Guo . Z.-P. . Sun . T. . Huang . X.-Z. . Li . S.-F. . Wang . A.-T. . Zootaxa . Integrative description of a new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Shennongjia, Central China . 5406 . 4 . 535–550 . 8 February 2024 . 1175-5334 . 10.11646/zootaxa.5406.4.3. 38480130 .

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