Duffin–Schaeffer theorem explained

The Koukoulopoulos–Maynard theorem, also known as the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture, is a theorem in mathematics, specifically, the Diophantine approximation proposed as a conjecture by R. J. Duffin and A. C. Schaeffer in 1941^[1] and proven in 2019 by Dimitris Koukoulopoulos and James Maynard.^[2] It states that if

f : N → R ^{+} is a real-valued function taking on positive values, then for almost all \alpha (with respect to Lebesgue measure), the inequality\left| \alpha - (p)/(q) \right| < (f(q))/(q) p,q with q > 0 if and only if\sum ^{inf ty} _{q =1} \varphi(q) (f(q))/(q) = inf ty,

where

\varphi(q) is Euler's totient function.

A higher-dimensional analogue of this conjecture was resolved by Vaughan and Pollington in 1990.^{[3] [4]}

Introduction

That existence of the rational approximations implies divergence of the series follows from the Borel–Cantelli lemma.^[5] The converse implication is the crux of the conjecture.There have been many partial results of the Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture established to date. Paul Erdős established in 1970 that the conjecture holds if there exists a constant

c > 0 such that for every integer n we have either f(n) = c/n or f(n) = 0 .^{[6] [7]} This was strengthened by Jeffrey Vaaler in 1978 to the case f(n) = O(n ^{-1} ) .^{[8] [9]} More recently, this was strengthened to the conjecture being true whenever there exists some \varepsilon > 0 such that the series\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} \left( (f(n))/(n) \right) ^{1} \varphi(n) = inf ty. This was done by Haynes, Pollington, and Velani.^[10]

In 2006, Beresnevich and Velani proved that a Hausdorff measure analogue of the Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture is equivalent to the original Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture, which is a priori weaker. This result was published in the Annals of Mathematics.^[11]

See also

• Khinchin's theorem

References

• Book: Harman, Glyn . Metric number theory . London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series . 18 . Oxford . . 1998 . 978-0-19-850083-4 . 1081.11057 .
• Book: Harman, Glyn . Glyn Harman . One hundred years of normal numbers . Bennett . M. A. . Berndt . B.C. . Bruce C. Berndt . Boston . N. . Nigel Boston . Diamond . H.G. . Hildebrand . A.J. . Philipp . W. . Surveys in number theory: Papers from the millennial conference on number theory . Natick, MA . A K Peters . 57–74 . 2002 . 978-1-56881-162-8 . 1062.11052 .

External links

• Quanta magazine article about Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture.
• Numberphile interview with James Maynard about the proof.

Notes and References

1. Duffin . R. J. . Schaeffer . A. C. . Khintchine's problem in metric diophantine approximation . 67.0145.03 . 0025.11002 . Duke Math. J. . 8 . 2 . 243–255 . 1941 . 10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00818-9 .
2. Koukoulopoulos. Dimitris. Maynard. James. 2020. On the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture. Annals of Mathematics. 192. 1. 251. 10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. 10.4007/annals.2020.192.1.5. 1907.04593. 195874052.
3. Pollington . A.D. . Vaughan . R.C. . Bob Vaughan . 1990 . The k dimensional Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture . . 37 . 190–200 . 10.1112/s0025579300012900 . 0025-5793 . 122789762 . 0715.11036 . 2.
4. Harman (2002) p. 69
5. Harman (2002) p. 68
6. Book: Montgomery, Hugh L. . Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) . Ten lectures on the interface between analytic number theory and harmonic analysis . Regional Conference Series in Mathematics . 84 . Providence, RI . . 1994 . 978-0-8218-0737-8 . 0814.11001 . 204 .
7. Harman (1998) p. 27
8. Web site: Duffin-Schaeffer Conjecture. 2010-08-09. Ohio State University Department of Mathematics. 2019-09-19.
9. Harman (1998) p. 28
10. A. Haynes, A. Pollington, and S. Velani, The Duffin-Schaeffer Conjecture with extra divergence, arXiv, (2009), https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.1234
11. Beresnevich . Victor . Velani . Sanju . A mass transference principle and the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture for Hausdorff measures . . Second Series . 164 . 3 . 2006 . 971–992 . 1148.11033 . 0003-486X . 10.4007/annals.2006.164.971. math/0412141 . 14475449 .