| Native Name: | Księstwo Mazowieckie (Polish) Ducatus Mazouie (Latin) |
| Conventional Long Name: | Duchy of Masovia |
| Common Name: | Mazovia |
| Era: | Middle Ages |
| Status: | Fiefdom of Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385) Fiefdom of Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) |
| Title Leader: | Dukes |
| Leader1: | Bolesław the Curly |
| Year Leader1: | 1138 - 1173 |
| Leader2: | Konrad I |
| Year Leader2: | 1194 - 1247 |
| Leader3: | Siemowit I |
| Year Leader3: | 1248 - 1262 |
| Leader4: | Janusz III (last) |
| Year Leader4: | 1503 - 1526 |
| Year Start: | 1138 |
| Year End: | 1526 |
| Life Span: | 1138–1275 1294–1310 1370–1381 1495–1526 |
| Event Start: | Established |
| Event1: | Split off Kuyavia |
| Date Event1: | 1233 |
| Event2: | Partitioned |
| Date Event2: | 1313 |
| Event3: | Vassalized by the Polish Crown |
| Date Event3: | 1351 |
| Event4: | Second partition |
| Date Event4: | 1381 |
| Event End: | Incorporated by Poland |
| P1: | Kingdom of Poland (1025 - 1385)Kingdom of Poland |
| Flag P1: | Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg |
| Border P1: | no |
| P2: | Duchy of Płock |
| Flag P2: | Chorągiew księcia mazowieckiego Siemowita.svg |
| Border P2: | no |
| P3: | Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)Duchy of Warsaw |
| Flag P3: | Chorągiew Mazowsza.svg |
| Border P3: | no |
| P4: | Duchy of Czersk |
| Flag P4: | Herb Ksiestwa Czerskiego.svg |
| Border P4: | no |
| P5: | Duchy of Rawa |
| S1: | Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)Kingdom of Poland |
| Flag S1: | Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg |
| Border S1: | no |
| S2: | Duchy of Kuyavia |
| Flag S2: | POL województwo brzeskokujawskie IRP COA.svg |
| Border S2: | no |
| S3: | Duchy of Dobrzyń |
| Flag S3: | POL powiat lipnowski COA.svg |
| Border S3: | no |
| S4: | Duchy of Płock |
| Flag S4: | Chorągiew księcia mazowieckiego Siemowita.svg |
| Border S4: | no |
| S5: | Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)Duchy of Warsaw |
| Flag S5: | Chorągiew Mazowsza.svg |
| Border S5: | no |
| S7: | Duchy of Wizna |
| Flag S7: | Chorągiew księcia mazowieckiego Siemowita.svg |
| Border S7: | no |
| S8: | Duchy of Czersk |
| Flag S8: | Herb Ksiestwa Czerskiego.svg |
| Border S8: | no |
| S9: | Duchy of Belz |
| Flag S9: | Coat of Arms of Belz Principality.svg |
| Border S9: | no |
| S10: | Duchy of Rawa |
| Flag S10: | Chorągiew księcia mazowieckiego Siemowita.svg |
| Border S10: | no |
| Government Type: | District principality |
| Religion: | Roman Catholic |
| Flag Border: | no |
| Flag Type: | Banner |
| Coa Size: | 70px |
| Image Map Caption: | Masovian lands |
| Capital: | Płock Czersk (from 1262) Warsaw (from 1413) |
Duchy of Masovia was a district principality and a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland, existing during the Middle Ages.[1] [2] The state was centered in Mazovia in the northeastern Kingdom of Poland, and during its existence, its capital was located in the Płock, Czersk and Warsaw. It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation, that was started by the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth. The country existed in the years: 1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, and 1495–1526, between that time, going through fragmentations of its territory into smaller duchies and its unification. The states formed during its fragmentation were duchies of Kuyavia, Dobrzyń, Czersk, Płock, Warsaw, Rawa and Belz. In 1526, the country was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland.[3] [4]
The lands of the Masovians east of the Vistula river had been conquered by the Piast duke Mieszko I of Poland (960 - 992) and formed a constituent part of his Civitas Schinesghe. The Masovian Diocese of Płock was established in 1075.Following the death of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138, as specified by his testament, the Masovian province was governed by his second son Bolesław IV the Curly, who, after he had expelled his elder half-brother Władysław II, in 1146 became Duke of Poland. His Masovian realm also comprised the adjacent lands of Kujawy (Kuyavia) on the west bank of the Vistula.
Among the Piast Dukes of Masovia, Bolesław's IV nephew Konrad I was Polish high duke from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243; he was the ruler who in 1226 called the Teutonic Order for help against the pagan Old Prussians threatening the northern borders of his territory. In turn he ceded the Prussian Chełmno Land (Kulmerland) to the knights in 1230; according to the Golden Bull of Rimini (dated 1226), issued by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, these lands became the nucleus of the Order State. In 1233 Konrad gave Kujawy to his second son Casimir I, while Masovia passed to the first-born Bolesław I upon his death in 1247, succeeded by the youngest brother Siemowit I the next year.
While Siemowit's son Duke Konrad II (1264 - 1294) moved his residence to Czersk he and his brother Bolesław II entered into a long-term conflict over the Polish seniorate with their Kujawy relatives and the Silesian Piasts, which estranged them from the Piast monarchy. When the kingdom was finally restored in 1295 by the coronation of Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland, the Duchy of Masovia remained independent.Upon the death of Duke Boleslaus II in 1313, Masovia was divided among his sons:
As neither Siemowit II nor Bolesław III of Płock left any heirs, Trojden's son Duke Siemowit III (1341 - 1381) was able to re-unite most of the Masovian lands under his rule; in 1351 he and his brother Casimir became vassals of the Polish kings, while the Bishopric of Płock had always been part of the Polish Archdiocese of Gniezno. Upon Siemowit's III death in 1381 however, Masovia was again partitioned between his sons:
Since the Polish-Lithuanian Union of 1385, Masovia was localized between the joined Jagiellonian states. The Dukes of Masovia also ruled the Duchy of Belz until 1462.
After the establishment of the Rawa and Płock Voivodeships, in 1495 the last surviving son of Boleslaus IV, Duke Konrad III Rudy, once again united the remaining Masovian lands under his rule. However, the male line of the Masovian Piasts became extinct upon the death of his son Duke Janusz III in 1526, whereafter the duchy as a reverted fief became the Masovian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown.
Parts of the southern region of neighboring East Prussia received settlers and Protestant religious refugees who became known as the Mazurs. By the 18th century the portion of East Prussia in which they settled was sometimes referred to as Masuria (Masuren), and inhabited by a Protestant population of Germans and Poles.
The Duchy went through various border changes in the coming years, sometimes losing and sometimes gaining territory.
| 1138–1275 | Duchy of Masovia | ||||||||||||||
| 1275–1294 | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Płock | |||||||||||||
| 1294–1310 | Duchy of Masovia | ||||||||||||||
| 1310–1313 | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Masovia | |||||||||||||
| 1313–1345 | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Rawa | Duchy of Płock | ||||||||||||
| 1345–1349 | Duchy of Warsaw-Rawa | ||||||||||||||
| 1349–1351 | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Rawa | |||||||||||||
| 1351–1355 | Annexed to Poland | ||||||||||||||
| 1355–1370 | Duchy of Warsaw-Rawa | ||||||||||||||
| 1370–1381 | Duchy of Masovia | ||||||||||||||
| 1381–1434 | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Płock-Rawa | |||||||||||||
| 1434–1442/59 | Duchy of Rawa | Duchy of Płock | Duchy of Bełz | ||||||||||||
| 1442/59–1462 | Duchy of Płock-Rawa | ||||||||||||||
| 1462–1471 | Duchy of Masovia | ||||||||||||||
| 1471–1488 | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Płock | ||||||||||||
| 1488–1495 | Duchy of Czersk-Warsaw | ||||||||||||||
| 1495–1526 | Duchy of Masovia | ||||||||||||||