See main article: Drug.
| Drug Utilization Review | |
| Start Date: | 1969 |
| Area: | major in Koern and America |
| Establishments: | private pharmaceutical management company |
| Type: | Pharmaceuticals policy |
Drug utilization review refers to a review of prescribing, dispensing, administering and ingesting of medication.[1] This authorized, structured and ongoing review is related to pharmacy benefit managers.[2] Drug use/ utilization evaluation and medication utilization evaluations are the same as drug utilization review.[3]
With the development of society and the economy, the costs of health care grows rapidly, and this becomes a burden on the worldwide health protection system.[4] Aging populations, a changing disease spectrum, and the progress and change in technology of health care become the major problems which lead to increasing of health care costs. Then, how to use drug utilization evaluation and drug economy evaluation to improve and optimize the allocation of medical and health resources is a major problem faced by many countries.
Drug utilization reviews will help ensure that drugs are used appropriately (for individual patients). In the drug utilization review, medicine and health history including all phases of dispensing for a patient is exactly listed. Also, this review is designed to attempt to attain proper decision making therapeutically and gain a positive outcome for the patient. If treatment is considered inappropriate, it will be necessary to intervene with providers or patients to optimize medication.[5] Then, especially in the community medicine setting, Drug utilization review plays a key role for pharmacist.[6] In addition, The World Health Organization (WHO) regards drug utilization as 4 phases of drugs in society. These four phases are marketing, distribution, prescription and usage.
Drug utilization review originated from the North America. However, in the recent years, other countries do more research and studies about drug utilization review.
Some developments are regarded as important promoters for the appearance of drug utilization review. One factor is the increasing coverage of insurance for medication dispensing in the 1970s and 1980s. This insurance decreased the cost of medication dispensing for the economic interest and create computer-based data of patient therapy information. Another factor is that technical feasibility was improved in 1960s.
The first document published related to drug utilization review was in 1969. Drug utilization review acted as a background paper written by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare task force. This task force considered that drug utilization review was potential but this review should be evaluated and need valid evidence to put into effect.
In 1970, Drug utilization review program was carried out by a private pharmaceutical management company. It focused on the cost of another program.
By the mid-1970, many medical programs cooperate with private companies that providing drug utilization review.
From 1985, hospitals in America are requested to use drug utilization review when using antibiotics.
In community pharmacy Settings, Federal Law (OBRA-90) requires drug utilization review for patients receiving medication through Medicaid. Then Drug utilization review was common in society.
Recognizing that Medicaid recipients faced similar risks in the 1980s, Congress provided for the ambulatory drug utilization review under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. It set up three relevant goals for a drug utilization review program. They are as follows: (1) reducing hospitalizations due to adverse drug events, (2) preventing and detecting fraud and abuse, and (3) supporting evidence-based prescribing through communication with others through academic details (i.e., face-to-face educational outreach by authoritative professionals in the non-profit sector).
Except goals mentioned above, there are still other goals of drug utilization review.
Other goals may include:
a. Promoting optimal medication and ensure that medication meets current standards of care.
b. Developing guidelines (standards) for appropriate drug use
c. Assess the effectiveness of medication
d. Enhance accountability in drug use
e. Control medical expenses
f. Prevention of drug-related problems such as adverse drug reactions, treatment failure, overuse, under-use, incorrect dosage and use of over-the-counter drugs
g. Identify areas where health care providers may need further information and education. Once the main problem areas have been identified (from integrated data, health indicators, qualitative studies, other appropriate studies, and even recommendations from developing country committee members), appropriate systems can be established relatively quickly.
Prospective drug utilization review refers to assessing appropriate drug and decision making therapeutically before patients' medication are dispensed.[7] This prospective review is based on the history recording of the drug and medication. Then, practitioners could assess therapy for patients on the basis history recording.[8]
There are some issues addressed by this review: drug abuse clinically, alteration of drug dosage, drug–drug interaction, and drug-disease interaction.This review seems the best review over all three reviews because it is the closest option of the ideal.
Concurrent drug utilization review refers to conducting the review concurrently with the process of dispensing medication for patients. It means that the dispensing process will stop if a potential problem occurs and it is found by the review.
There are some issues addressed by this review: alteration of drug dosage, drug–drug interaction, drug-disease interaction, patient prevention with the drug, and over-utilization and under utilization.
However, there are still some problems in concurrent drug utilization review. The pharmacy of hospital and practitioners may not totally know the exact medications that patients normally use at home. Also, hospital and practitioners are not certain the document provided by patients is complete, and then this leads to some repeating test and medication. Thus, this review seems expensive and time-consuming.
Retrospective drug utilization review refers to drug therapy review that after patients have got the medication. The retrospective drug utilization review has a typical process.[9] This is a computer based review. Computer will show data which are in violation of the standard. The standard are the rules or expectations for the outcome comparing with.
There are some issues addressed by this review: alteration of drug dosage, drug–drug interaction, drug-disease interaction, patient prevention with drug, over-utilization and under-utilization, drug abuse clinically, proper generic use, and false in drug dosage.
However, there are still some problems in retrospective drug utilization review. If a problem occurs, practitioners are possible to prevent much worse results by ceasing the therapy during the next phase review. But if the problem is serious or toxic, then the harm is irretrievable and the worst result is death.
These are the steps:
a. Determine the scope and objectives of activities and quest approval.
b. Structure of the standard or criteria and apply them. (Standard and criteria must be valid.)
- uses: suitable for medicine, no contraindications
- selection: drugs that are appropriate for the clinical situation
- dosing: dose, treatment interval, and duration for specific indicators
- interactions: lack of interactions - drugs - drugs, drugs - foods, drug laboratories
- preparation: procedures for preparing medication delivery
- administration: administration steps, quantity distributed
- patient education: giving patients guidance on medications and specific diseases
- monitoring: clinical and laboratory
- results, such as: lower blood pressure, lower blood sugar, asthma attacks c. Data collection.
d. Assess and analyze yield.
e. Set up intervention strategies.
- education
- preparation of drug order forms
- prescription restrictions
- change formula lists and/or manuals
- change standard treatment guidelines
- use another drug utilization review or continue with the current drug utilization review.
f. Re-apply standard or criteria to databases and revise standard or criteria as needed.
Even though the model may be applied variously in various settings, major characteristics are the same during settings.
Drug utilization review applies more and more in many aspects and areas. It is important for medication and mechanism to find the reasons and types of the variations and decrease the unfavorable and unsupportable variation.[10] Also, drug utilization review technology show the possibility to the elevated pharmacy therapy over the history recording of medication. Drug utilization review helps pharmacists to evaluating the medication for patients. Drug utilization review plays a key role in therapy and medication dispensing. It also helps improving the medication and drug dosage and provides feedback to hospital and practitioners for their therapy and their performance. In addition, this Drug utilization review information may also encourage practitioners to modify and alter their normal habits in prescribing and then improve care.
However, the real value of such a system seems to lie in a retrospective review of practice patterns in different patients and at different times, combined with targeted educational outreach programs.[11]
Medication use evaluation is beneficial to medical students and provides practice places.[12] It not only improves prescribing practices and ensures safety outcomes but also help students improve their medication therapy.
According to reasonable research, prospective drug utilization review and retrospective drug utilization review program are not providing an improvement in the outcome of clinic within a basis of population. In addition, there exist some major drug utilization review program problems including questions and validity in standards and highly unacceptable alert rates. Furthermore, the knowledge base should be strengthened and improved.
The cost of non-optimal drug utilization is enormous and this was one of the reason that drug utilization review appears. The development and research of the drug utilization review program are expected and need more creative methods.
Furthermore, according to a research, some hospitals did not regard prospective and concurrent drug utilization review enablers such as CDSSs, PDCS, ICPS, PIS detection capabilities as standard procedures or services, as did retrospective drug utilization review. These hospitals have great opportunities for improvement in their drug utilization review programs.[13]