SpaceX Dragon 1 explained

Dragon
Manufacturer:SpaceX
Country:United States
Operator:SpaceX
Applications:ISS logistics
Crew Capacity:0
Length:[1]
Status:Retired
Built:14
Lost:1
Last:7 March 2020
Stagedata:
Thruster details
Engines:18 × Draco
Fuel: /
Next:SpaceX Dragon 2
Retired:13

Dragon, also known as Dragon 1 or Cargo Dragon, was a class of fourteen partially reusable cargo spacecraft developed by SpaceX, an American private space transportation company. The spacecraft flew 23 missions between 2010 and 2020. Dragon was launched into orbit by the company's Falcon 9 launch vehicle to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

During its maiden flight in December 2010, Dragon became the first commercially built and operated spacecraft to be recovered successfully from orbit. On 25 May 2012, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to successfully rendezvous with and attach to the ISS.[2] [3] SpaceX contracted to deliver cargo to the ISS under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services program, and Dragon began regular cargo flights in October 2012.[4] [5] With the Dragon spacecraft and the Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus, NASA sought to increase its partnerships with domestic commercial aviation and aeronautics industry.[6]

On 3 June 2017, the C106 capsule, largely assembled from previously flown components from the CRS-4 mission in September 2014, was launched again for the first time on CRS-11, after being refurbished.[7]

The last flight of the Dragon 1 spacecraft launched 7 March 2020 (UTC) on cargo resupply mission (CRS-20) to International Space Station (ISS). This was the last mission of SpaceX' first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract, and marked the retirement of the Dragon 1 fleet. Further SpaceX commercial resupply flights to ISS under the second Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-2) program use the Cargo Dragon variant of the SpaceX Dragon 2 spacecraft.[8]

History

SpaceX began developing the Dragon spacecraft in late 2004, making a public announcement in 2006 with a plan of entering service in 2009. Also in 2006, SpaceX won a contract to use Dragon for commercial resupply services to the International Space Station for the American federal space agency, NASA.

NASA ISS resupply contract

Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

In 2005, NASA solicited proposals for a commercial ISS resupply cargo vehicle to replace the then-soon-to-be-retired Space Shuttle, through its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) development program. The Dragon space capsule was a part of SpaceX's proposal, submitted to NASA in March 2006. SpaceX's COTS proposal was issued as part of a team, which also included MD Robotics, the Canadian company that had built the ISS's Canadarm2.

On 18 August 2006, NASA announced that SpaceX had been chosen, along with Kistler Aerospace, to develop cargo launch services for the ISS.[9] The initial plan called for three demonstration flights of SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft to be conducted between 2008 and 2010.[10] [11] SpaceX and Kistler were to receive up to US$278 million and US$207 million respectively,[11] if they met all NASA milestones, but Kistler failed to meet its obligations, and its contract was terminated in 2007.[12] NASA later re-awarded Kistler's contract to Orbital Sciences Corporation.[12] [13]

Commercial Resupply Services Phase 1

On 23 December 2008, NASA awarded a US$1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract to SpaceX, with contract options that could potentially increase the maximum contract value to US$3.1 billion.[14] The contract called for 12 flights, with an overall minimum of of cargo to be carried to the ISS.[14]

On 23 February 2009, SpaceX announced that its chosen phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator heat shield material, PICA-X, had passed heat stress tests in preparation for Dragon's maiden launch.[15] [16] The primary proximity-operations sensor for the Dragon spacecraft, the DragonEye, was tested in early 2009 during the STS-127 mission, when it was mounted near the docking port of the Space Shuttle Endeavour and used while the Shuttle approached the International Space Station. The DragonEye's lidar and thermography (thermal imaging) abilities were both tested successfully.[17] [18] The COTS UHF Communication Unit (CUCU) and Crew Command Panel (CCP) were delivered to the ISS during the late 2009 STS-129 mission.[19] The CUCU allows the ISS to communicate with Dragon and the CCP allows ISS crew members to issue basic commands to Dragon.[19] In summer 2009, SpaceX hired former NASA astronaut Ken Bowersox as vice president of their new Astronaut Safety and Mission Assurance Department, in preparation for crews using the spacecraft.[20]

As a condition of the NASA CRS contract, SpaceX analyzed the orbital radiation environment on all Dragon systems, and how the spacecraft would respond to spurious radiation events. That analysis and the Dragon design – which uses an overall Fault tolerance triple redundant computer architecture, rather than individual radiation hardening of each computer processor – was reviewed by independent experts before being approved by NASA for the cargo flights.

During March 2015, it was announced that SpaceX had been awarded an additional three missions under Commercial Resupply Services Phase 1. These additional missions are SpaceX CRS-13, SpaceX CRS-14 and SpaceX CRS-15 and would cover the cargo needs of 2017. On 24 February 2016, SpaceNews disclosed that SpaceX had been awarded a further five missions under Commercial Resupply Services Phase 1. This additional tranche of missions had SpaceX CRS-16 and SpaceX CRS-17 manifested for FY2017 while SpaceX CRS-18, SpaceX CRS-19 and SpaceX CRS-20 and were notionally manifested for FY2018.

Commercial Resupply Services Phase 2

The Commercial Resupply Services-2 (CRS-2) contract definition and solicitation period commenced in 2014. In January 2016, NASA awarded contracts to SpaceX, Orbital ATK, and Sierra Nevada Corporation for a minimum of six launches each, with missions planned until at least 2024. The maximum potential value of all the contracts was announced as US$14 billion, but the minimum requirements would be considerably less.[21] No further financial information was disclosed.

CRS-2 launches began in late 2019.

Demonstration flights

The first flight of the Falcon 9, a private flight, occurred in June 2010 and launched a stripped-down version of the Dragon capsule. This Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit had initially been used as a ground test bed to validate several of the capsule's systems. During the flight, the unit's primary mission was to relay aerodynamic data captured during the ascent.[22] [23] It was not designed to survive re-entry, and did not.

NASA contracted for three test flights from SpaceX, but later reduced that number to two. The first Dragon spacecraft launched on its first mission – contracted to NASA as COTS Demo Flight 1 – on 8 December 2010, and was successfully recovered following re-entry to Earth's atmosphere. The mission also marked the second flight of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.[24] The DragonEye sensor flew again on STS-133 in February 2011 for further on-orbit testing.[25] In November 2010, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had issued a re-entry license for the Dragon capsule, the first such license ever awarded to a commercial vehicle.[26]

The second Dragon flight, also contracted to NASA as a demonstration mission, launched successfully on 22 May 2012, after NASA had approved SpaceX's proposal to combine the COTS 2 and 3 mission objectives into a single Falcon 9/Dragon flight, renamed COTS 2+.[27] Dragon conducted orbital tests of its navigation systems and abort procedures, before being grappled by the ISS' Canadarm2 and successfully berthing with the station on 25 May 2012 to offload its cargo.[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] Dragon returned to Earth on 31 May 2012, landing as scheduled in the Pacific Ocean, and was again successfully recovered.[33] [34]

On 23 August 2012, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden announced that SpaceX had completed all required milestones under the COTS contract, and was cleared to begin operational resupply missions to the ISS.[35]

Returning research materials from orbit

Dragon spacecraft can return of cargo to Earth, which can be all unpressurized disposal mass, or up to of pressurized cargo, from the ISS, and is the only current spacecraft capable of returning to Earth with a significant amount of cargo. Other than the Russian Soyuz crew capsule, Dragon is the only currently operating spacecraft designed to survive re-entry. Because Dragon allows for the return of critical materials to researchers in as little as 48 hours from splashdown, it opens the possibility of new experiments on ISS that can produce materials for later analysis on ground using more sophisticated instrumentation. For example, CRS-12 returned mice that have spent time in orbit which will help give insight into how microgravity impacts blood vessels in both the brain and eyes, and in determining how arthritis develops.[36]

Operational flights

Dragon was launched on its first operational CRS flight on 8 October 2012,[4] and completed the mission successfully on 28 October 2012. NASA initially contracted SpaceX for 12 operational missions, and later extended the CRS contract with 8 more flights, bringing the total to 20 launches until 2019. In 2016, a new batch of 6 missions under the CRS-2 contract was assigned to SpaceX; those missions are scheduled to be launched between 2020 and 2024.

Reuse of previously-flown capsules

CRS-11, SpaceX's eleventh CRS mission, was successfully launched on 3 June 2017 from Kennedy Space Center LC-39A, being the 100th mission to be launched from that pad. This mission was the first to re-fly a previously flown Dragon capsule. This mission delivered 2,708 kilograms[37] of cargo to the International Space Station, including Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER).[38] The first stage of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle landed successfully at Landing Zone 1. This mission launched for the first time a refurbished Dragon capsule,[39] serial number C106, which had flown in September 2014 on the CRS-4 mission,[40] and was the first time since 2011 a reused spacecraft arrived at the ISS.[41] Gemini SC-2 capsule is the only other reused capsule, but it was only reflown suborbitally in 1966.

CRS-12, SpaceX's twelfth CRS mission, was successfully launched on the first "Block 4" version of the Falcon 9 on 14 August 2017 from Kennedy Space Center LC-39A at the first attempt. This mission delivered of pressurized mass and unpressurized. The external payload manifested for this flight was the CREAM cosmic-ray detector. This was the last flight of a newly built Dragon capsule; further missions used refurbished spacecraft.[42]

CRS-13, SpaceX's thirteenth CRS mission, was the second use of a previously flown Dragon capsule, but the first time in concordance with a reused first-stage booster. It was successfully launched on 15 December 2017 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40 at the first attempt. This was the first launch from SLC-40 since the AMOS-6 pad anomaly. The booster was the previously flown core from the CRS-11 mission. This mission delivered of pressurized mass and unpressurized. It returned from orbit and splashdown on 13 January 2018, making it the first space capsule to be reflown to orbit more than once.[43]

CRS-14, SpaceX's fourteenth CRS mission, was the third reuse of a previously flown Dragon capsule. It was successfully launched on 2 April 2018 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-40. It was successfully berthed to the ISS on 4 April 2018 and remained berthed for a month before returning cargo and science experiments back to Earth.

CRS-15, CRS-16, CRS-17, CRS-18, CRS-19, and CRS-20 were all flown with previously flown capsules.

Crewed development program

In 2006, Elon Musk stated that SpaceX had built "a prototype flight crew capsule, including a thoroughly tested 30-man-day life-support system".[44] A video simulation of the launch escape system's operation was released in January 2011.[45] Musk stated in 2010 that the developmental cost of a crewed Dragon and Falcon 9 would be between US$800 million and US$1 billion.[46] In 2009 and 2010, Musk suggested on several occasions that plans for a crewed variant of the Dragon were proceeding and had a two-to-three-year timeline to completion.[47] [48] SpaceX submitted a bid for the third phase of CCDev, CCiCap.[49] [50] This evolved into the Crew dragon variant of the SpaceX Dragon 2.

Development funding

In 2014, SpaceX released the total combined development costs for both the Falcon 9 launch vehicle and the Dragon capsule. NASA provided US$396 million while SpaceX provided over US$450 million to fund both development efforts.[51]

Production

In December 2010, the SpaceX production line was reported to be manufacturing one new Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket every three months. Elon Musk stated in a 2010 interview that he planned to increase production turnover to one Dragon every six weeks by 2012.[52] Composite materials are extensively used in the spacecraft's manufacture to reduce weight and improve structural strength.[53]

By September 2013, SpaceX total manufacturing space had increased to nearly and the factory had six Dragons in various stages of production. SpaceX published a photograph showing the six, including the next four NASA Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) mission Dragons (CRS-3, CRS-4, CRS-5, CRS-6) plus the drop-test Dragon, and the pad-abort Dragon weldment for commercial crew program.[54]

Design

The Dragon spacecraft consists of a nose-cone cap, a conventional blunt-cone ballistic capsule, and an unpressurized cargo-carrier trunk equipped with two solar arrays.[55] The capsule uses a PICA-X heat shield, based on a proprietary variant of NASA's Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA) material, designed to protect the capsule during Earth atmospheric entry, even at high return velocities from Lunar and Martian missions.[56] [57] The Dragon capsule is re-usable, and can fly multiple missions.[55] The trunk is not recoverable; it separates from the capsule before re-entry and burns up in Earth's atmosphere.[58] The trunk section, which carries the spacecraft's solar panels and allows the transport of unpressurized cargo to the ISS, was first used for cargo on the SpaceX CRS-2 mission.

The spacecraft is launched atop a Falcon 9 booster.[59] The Dragon capsule is equipped with 18 Draco thrusters.[60] During its initial cargo and crew flights, the Dragon capsule will land in the Pacific Ocean and be returned to the shore by ship.[61]

For the ISS Dragon cargo flights, the ISS's Canadarm2 grapples its Flight-Releasable Grapple Fixture and berths Dragon to the station's US Orbital Segment using a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM).[62] The CRS Dragon does not have an independent means of maintaining a breathable atmosphere for astronauts and instead circulates in fresh air from the ISS.[63] For typical missions, Dragon is planned to remain berthed to the ISS for about 30 days.[64]

The Dragon capsule can transport of cargo, which can be all pressurized, all unpressurized, or a combination thereof. It can return to Earth, which can be all unpressurized disposal mass, or up to of return pressurized cargo, driven by parachute limitations. There is a volume constraint of trunk unpressurized cargo and of pressurized cargo (up or down).[65] The trunk was first used operationally on the Dragon's CRS-2 mission in March 2013.[66] Its solar arrays produce a peak power of 4 kW.[67]

The design was modified beginning with the fifth Dragon flight on the SpaceX CRS-3 mission to the ISS in March 2014. While the outer mold line of the Dragon was unchanged, the avionics and cargo racks were redesigned to supply substantially more electrical power to powered cargo devices, including the GLACIER freezer module and MERLIN freezer module freezer modules for transporting critical science payloads.[68]

Variants and derivatives

DragonLab

SpaceX planned to fly the Dragon spacecraft in a free-flying configuration, known as DragonLab.[55] Its subsystems include propulsion, power, thermal and environmental control (ECLSS), avionics, communications, thermal protection, flight software, guidance and navigation systems, and entry, descent, landing, and recovery gear.[69] It has a total combined upmass of upon launch, and a maximum downmass of when returning to Earth.[69] In November 2014, there were two DragonLab missions listed on the SpaceX launch manifest: one in 2016 and another in 2018.[70] However, these missions were removed from the manifest in early 2017, with no official SpaceX statement.[71] The American Biosatellites once performed similar uncrewed payload-delivery functions, and the Russian Bion satellites still continue to do so.

List of vehicles

Dragon 1 vehicles
SerialNameTypeStatusFlightsTime in flightNotesCat.
Prototype1data-sort-value="12" On display at SpaceX's headquarters.
Production1data-sort-value="11" On display at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.
Production1data-sort-value="10" .
Production1data-sort-value="9" .
Production1data-sort-value="8" .
Production3data-sort-value="3" 97d, 3h, 2m.
Production1data-sort-value="7" Used for CRS-5.
Production3data-sort-value="2" 98d, 18h, 50mOn display at The California Science Center in Los Angeles from 2024.
Production1data-sort-value="13" Destroyed upon impact with the ocean after the in-flight explosion of the Falcon 9 first stage during CRS-7.
Production2data-sort-value="5" 65d, 20h, 20m.
Production2data-sort-value="4" 74d, 23h, 38m.
Production3data-sort-value="1" 99d, 1h.
Production2data-sort-value="6" 64d, 12h, 4mFinal Dragon 1 capsule produced. Used twice for CRS-12 and CRS-17. On display at the Museum of Science and Industry.

List of missions

Launch dates are listed in UTC.

MissionPatchCapsule No.[72] (UTC)Remarks
(dd:hh:mm)		Outcome
SpX-C1SpX-C1 PatchC101[73] 8 December 2010 [74] First Dragon mission, second Falcon 9 launch. Mission tested the orbital maneuvering and reentry of the Dragon capsule. After recovery, the capsule was put on display at SpaceX's headquarters.
SpX-C2+SpX-C2+ PatchC10222 May 2012 [75] First Dragon mission with complete spacecraft, first rendezvous mission, first berthing with ISS. After recovery, the capsule was put on display at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.[76]
CRS-1C1038 October 2012 [77] First Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) mission for NASA, first non-demo mission. Falcon 9 rocket suffered a partial engine failure during launch but was able to deliver Dragon into orbit. However, a secondary payload did not reach its correct orbit.[78] [79] [80]
launch anomaly [81]
CRS-2C1041 March 2013 [82] [83] First launch of Dragon using trunk section to carry cargo. Launch was successful, but anomalies occurred with the spacecraft's thrusters shortly after liftoff. Thruster function was later restored and orbit corrections were made, but the spacecraft's rendezvous with the ISS was delayed from its planned date of 2 March until 3 March 2013, when it was successfully berthed with the Harmony module.[84] [85] Dragon splashed down safely in the Pacific Ocean on 26 March 2013.[86]
spacecraft anomaly
CRS-3C10518 April 2014 [87] [88] First launch of the redesigned Dragon: same outer mold line with the avionics and cargo racks redesigned to supply substantially more electric power to powered cargo devices, including additional cargo freezers (GLACIER freezer module (GLACIER), Minus Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MERLIN)) for transporting critical science payloads. Launch rescheduled for 18 April 2014 due to a helium leak. [89]
CRS-4C10621 September 2014 [90] First launch of a Dragon with living payload, in the form of 20 mice which are part of a NASA experiment to study the physiological effects of long-duration spaceflight.[91] [92]
CRS-5C10710 January 2015 Cargo manifest change due to Cygnus CRS Orb-3 launch failure.[93] Carried the Cloud Aerosol Transport System experiment.
CRS-6C10814 April 2015The robotic SpaceX Dragon capsule splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 21 May 2015.
CRS-7C10928 June 2015 [94] This mission was supposed to deliver the first of two International Docking Adapters (IDA) to modify Russian APAS-95 docking ports to the newer international standard. The payload was lost due to an in-flight explosion of the carrier rocket. The Dragon capsule survived the blast; it could have deployed its parachutes and performed a splashdown in the ocean, but its software did not take this situation into account.[95]
CRS-8C1108 April 2016 [96] Delivered the Bigelow Aerospace Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) module in the unpressurized cargo trunk.[97] First stage landed for the first time successfully on sea barge. A month later, the Dragon capsule was recovered, carrying a downmass containing astronaut's Scott Kelly biological samples from his year-long mission on board of ISS.[98] [99]
CRS-9C11118 July 2016 [100] Delivered docking adapter International Docking Adapter (IDA-2) to modify the ISS docking port Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-2) for Commercial Crew spacecraft.Longest time a Dragon Capsule was in space.
CRS-10C11219 February 2017 [101] First launch from Kennedy Space Center LC-39A since STS-135 in mid-2011. Berthing to the ISS was delayed by a day due to software incompatibilities.[102] [103]
CRS-11C106.2 [104] 3 June 2017The first mission to re-fly a recovered Dragon capsule (previously flown on SpaceX CRS-4). [105]
CRS-12C11314 August 2017Last mission to use a new Dragon 1 spacecraft.
CRS-13C108.2 ♺15 December 2017 Second reuse of Dragon capsule. First NASA mission to fly aboard reused Falcon 9.[106] First reuse of this specific Dragon spacecraft.
CRS-14C110.2 ♺2 April 2018Third reuse of a Dragon capsule, only necessitated replacing its heatshield, trunk, and parachutes.[107] Returned over 4000 pounds of cargo.[108] First reuse of this specific Dragon spacecraft.
CRS-15C111.2 ♺[109] 29 June 2018 [110] Fourth reuse. First reuse of this specific Dragon spacecraft. [111]
CRS-16C112.2 ♺[112] 5 December 2018 [113] Fifth reuse. First reuse of this specific Dragon spacecraft. The first-stage booster landing failed due to a grid fin hydraulic pump stall on reentry. [114]
CRS-17C113.2 ♺[115] 4 May 2019 Sixth reuse. First reuse of this specific Dragon spacecraft. [116]
CRS-18C108.3 ♺[117] 24 July 2019 [118] Seventh reuse. First capsule to make a third flight.
CRS-19C106.3 ♺[119] 5 December 2019 [120] Eighth reuse. Second capsule to make a third flight.
CRS-20C112.3 ♺[121] 7 March 2020 [122] Ninth reuse. Third capsule to make a third flight.
Final launch of this Dragon version (Dragon 1), with following launches using SpaceX Dragon 2.

Specifications

DragonLab

The following specifications are published by SpaceX for the non-NASA, non-ISS commercial flights of the refurbished Dragon capsules, listed as "DragonLab" flights on the SpaceX manifest. The specifications for the NASA-contracted Dragon Cargo were not included in the 2009 DragonLab datasheet.[69]

Pressure vessel

Unpressurized sensor bay (recoverable payload)

Unpressurized trunk (non-recoverable)

Power, communication and command systems

Radiation tolerance

Dragon uses a "radiation-tolerant" design in the electronic hardware and software that make up its flight computers. The system uses three pairs of computers, each constantly checking on the others, to instantiate a fault-tolerant design. In the event of a radiation upset or soft error, one of the computer pairs will perform a soft reboot.[123] Including the flight computers, Dragon employs 18 triply-redundant processing units, for a total of 54 processors.[123]

See also

Comparable vehicles

Crew

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: SpaceX Brochure – 2008. 9 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320032815/http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf. 20 March 2012.
  2. Web site: Chang. Kenneth. Space X Capsule Docks at Space Station. 25 May 2012. New York Times. 25 May 2012. 3 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150603203029/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/science/space/space-x-capsule-docks-at-space-station.html. live.
  3. Web site: SpaceX's Dragon Docks With Space Station—A First. National Geographic. 25 May 2012. 28 May 2012. 9 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150909213434/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120525-spacex-dragon-robot-arm-international-space-station-nation/. dead.
  4. Web site: Liftoff! SpaceX Dragon Launches 1st Private Space Station Cargo Mission. Space.com. 8 October 2012. 8 October 2012. 30 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150930064954/http://www.space.com/17943-spacex-dragon-capsule-space-cargo-launch.html. live.
  5. Web site: Press Briefed on the Next Mission to the International Space Station. 20 March 2012. NASA. 11 April 2012. 5 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200405145242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16rfcTbU_D4&t=7m35s. live.
  6. Web site: NASA Taps SpaceX, Orbital Sciences to Haul Cargo to Space Station. Space.com. 23 December 2008. 1 March 2011. 5 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100805164451/http://www.space.com/news/081223-nasa-spacestation-cargo-contract.html. live.
  7. News: SpaceX Advances Space Hardware Reuse With Latest Flight. 3 June 2017. Mark Carreau. Aviation Week Network.
  8. Web site: Falcon 9 launches final first-generation Dragon. spacenews.com. 7 March 2020. 10 March 2020. 10 March 2020. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200310095940/https://spacenews.com/falcon%2D9%2Dlaunches%2Dfinal%2Dfirst%2Dgeneration%2Ddragon/. live.
  9. Web site: NASA selects crew, cargo launch partners. Spaceflight Now. 18 August 2006. 1 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111201033239/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0608/18cots/. 18 December 2011.
  10. Web site: Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Overview. Thorn. Valin. 11 January 2007. NASA. 15 April 2012. 20 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121020051528/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/168735main_AIAA_2007_COTS.pdf. live.
  11. News: SpaceX, Rocketplane win spaceship contest. Alan. Boyle. NBC News. 18 August 2006. Alan Boyle. 18 December 2011. 4 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104163712/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14411983/. dead.
  12. Web site: Time Runs out for RpK; New COTS Competition Starts Immediately . Brian. Berger. Space.com. 19 October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110805002430/http://www.space.com/4517-time-runs-rpk-cots-competition-starts-immediately.html. 5 August 2011. 9 December 2010.
  13. News: Bergin. Chris. Orbital beat a dozen competitors to win NASA COTS contract. 18 December 2011. NASASpaceflight.com. 19 February 2008. 5 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200405145227/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/02/orbital-beat-a-dozen-competitors-to-win-nasa-cots-contract/. live.
  14. F9/Dragon Will Replace the Cargo Transport Function of the Space Shuttle after 2010 . SpaceX. 23 December 2008. 26 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090721083827/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20081223. 21 July 2009.
  15. SpaceX Manufactured Heat Shield Material Passes High Temperature Tests Simulating Reentry Heating Conditions of Dragon Spacecraft. 23 February 2009. SpaceX. 16 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100103023806/https://spacex.com/press.php?page=20090223. 3 January 2010. (original link is dead; see version at businesswire (accessed 1 September 2015)
  16. News: Chaikin. Andrew. 1 visionary + 3 launchers + 1,500 employees = ?: Is SpaceX changing the rocket equation?. 13 November 2011. Air and Space Smithsonian. January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20111207232709/http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Visionary-Launchers-Employees.html?c=y&page=2. 7 December 2011.
  17. UPDATE: Wednesday, 23 September 2009. SpaceX. 18 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120419063103/http://www.spacex.com/updates_archive.php?page=2009_2. 19 April 2012. 23 September 2009.
  18. http://www.spacex.com/updates.php Update: 23 September 2009
  19. Web site: SpaceX announce successful activation of Dragon's CUCU onboard ISS. Bergin. Chris. 28 March 2010. NASASpaceflight.com. 27 April 2012. 11 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150911233729/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/03/spacex-activation-dragons-cucu-onboard-iss/. live.
  20. Former astronaut Bowersox Joins SpaceX as vice president of Astronaut Safety and Mission Assurance. 18 June 2009. SpaceX. https://web.archive.org/web/20120118115539/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20090618. 18 January 2012. 22 December 2012.
  21. News: Sierra Nevada Corp. joins SpaceX and Orbital ATK in winning NASA resupply contracts. The Washington Post. 14 January 2016. 2 August 2020. 8 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200908122455/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/01/14/nasa-expected-to-soon-announce-contracts-to-resupply-the-international-space-station/. live.
  22. News: SpaceX, Orbital Explore Using Their Launch Vehicles To Carry Humans. 20 September 2009. Guy Norris. Aviation Week. 26 October 2012.
  23. News: SpaceX Achieves Orbital Bullseye With Inaugural Flight of Falcon 9 Rocket: A major win for NASA's plan to use commercial rockets for astronaut transport . 7 June 2010. SpaceX. 9 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110617022442/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20100607. 17 June 2011.
  24. Web site: Private space capsule's maiden voyage ends with a splash. BBC News. 8 December 2010. 16 November 2011. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11948329. live.
  25. Web site: STS-133: SpaceX's DragonEye set for late installation on Discovery. NASASpaceflight.com. 19 July 2010. 24 April 2013. 20 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150920052323/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/07/sts-133-spacexs-dragoneye-late-installation-discovery/. live.
  26. NASA Statements on FAA Granting Reentry License To SpaceX. 22 November 2010. 24 April 2013. 6 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130406213908/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/nov/10-298_NASA_Statements.html. live.
  27. Web site: Ray. Justin. SpaceX demo flights merged as launch date targeted. Spaceflight Now. 9 December 2011. 9 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120103110134/http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/003/111209dates/. 3 January 2012.
  28. Web site: SpaceX's Dragon captured by ISS, preparing for historic berthing. NASASpaceflight.com. 25 May 2012. 25 May 2012. 10 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910194855/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/05/spacexs-dragon-historic-attempt-berth-with-iss/. live.
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "SpaceX Dragon 1".

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