A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Explained

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Office:President of India
Term Start:25 July 2002
Term End:25 July 2007
Predecessor:K. R. Narayanan
Primeminister:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Successor:Pratibha Patil
Vicepresident:Krishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Office1:Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
Term Start1:November 1999
Term End1:November 2001
President1:K. R. Narayanan
Primeminister1:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Predecessor1:Office established
Successor1:Rajagopala Chidambaram
Birth Date:15 October 1931
Birth Place:Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (present day Tamil Nadu, India)
Death Place:Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Resting Place:Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Signature:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam signature.svg
Awards:List of awards and honours
Blank1:Notable work(s)
Module:
Embed:yes
Fields:Aerospace engineering
Party:Independent

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (; 15 October 193127 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the president of India from 2002 to 2007.

Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the second test since the first nuclear test by India in 1974.

Kalam was elected as the president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at IIM Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours. A memorial was inaugurated near his home town in 2017.

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, Madras Presidency (now in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu).[1] [2] His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque,[3] and his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[4] [5] His father owned a boat that ferried Hindu pilgrims between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi.[6] [7]

Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.[8] [9] [10] His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from Arab traders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge connecting Pamban island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.[11] [12] [13]

In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student and someone with a strong desire to learn by his teachers. He spent hours on learning mathematics. He completed his school education at Schwartz Higher Secondary School in Ramanathapuram, and later graduated in physics from the St. Joseph's College in Tiruchirappalli in 1954.[14]

Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology. While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."[15] Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the Indian Air Force.[16]

Career as a scientist

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of the Defence Research & Development Service and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of small hovercraft, and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[17] Later, he joined the Indian National Committee for Space Research, working under renowned space scientist Vikram Sarabhai. He was interviewed and recruited into Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) by H. G. S. Murthy, the first director of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.[18]

In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's first satellite launch vehicle (SLV) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[19] In 1969, Kalam received the approval from the Government of India to expand the programme to include more engineers. In 1963–64, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, and Wallops Flight Facility.[20] Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop the SLV-3 and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), both of which were successful.[21] [22]

In May 1974, Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, even though he was officially not part of the project.[23] In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles using the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the union cabinet, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[24]

Kalam worked with metallurgist V. S. R. Arunachalam, who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister R. Venkataraman on the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[25] Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating for the project titled Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive. Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.[26] He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[27] [28] [29]

Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister and secretary of the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and technical role in the Pokhran-II nuclear tests conducted in May 1998.[30] Along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.[1] [31] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[32] However, the director of the site test, K. Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[33] The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.[34]

In 1998, Kalam worked with cardiologist Bhupathiraju Somaraju and developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju stent".[35] [36] In 2012, the duo designed a tablet computer named the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.[37]

Presidency

On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance which was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of the President of India.[38] [39] His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party.[40] [41] After the support for Kalam, incumbent president K. R. Narayanan chose not to seek a re-election.[42] Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and senior cabinet members.[43] He faced off against Lakshmi Sahgal, and the polling for the presidential election was held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.[44] The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.[45] He was sworn in as the 11th president of India on 25 July 2002.[46] [47] He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair at Rashtrapati Bhawan.[48]

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".[49] [50] [51] [52] He later stated that signing the Office of profit bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[53] [54] [55] In September 2003, during an interactive session at PGIMR in Chandigarh, Kalam asserted the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[56] [57] He also took a decision to impose President's rule in Bihar in 2005.[58] However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commute death penalties, including that of terrorist Afzal Guru, who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[59] He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that of Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[60]

Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcoming presidential election.[61] His name was proposed by the United National Progressive Alliance, but he did receive the support of the ruling United Progressive Alliance.[62] [63] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.[64]

In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th president Pratibha Patil, media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[65] [66] [67] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.[68] [69] While the ruling Indian National Congress opposed the nomination of Kalam,[70] other parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Trinamool Congress were reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.[71] [72] [73] [74] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that:

Post-presidency

After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor at IIM Shillong,[75] an honorary professor at his alma mater Anna University in Chennai,[76] and an honorary fellow of the Indian Institute of Science at Bengaluru.[77] [78] In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly established Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology at Thiruvananthapuram.[79] He also conducted lectures for management students in India,[80] and visited China twice at the invitation of the Chinese government to conduct sessions at the Peking University.[81]

In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of the nuclear power plant at Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.[82] However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.[83] In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme called What Can I Give Movement aimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.[84] [85]

Death

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[86] [87] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[88] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, he was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45p.m.[89] [90] His purported last words to his aide Srijan Pal Singh were: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[91]

Aftermath

Following his death, the people of India paid tributes on social media.[92] The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[93] Various leaders from India and abroad condoled the death of Kalam.[94] [95] [96] Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.[97] His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.[98] On 29 July, his body was flown to the town of Mandapam via Madurai, and was carried towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8p.m. that evening.[99] [100] [101] On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.[102] [103]

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.[104] It was inaugurated by then prime minister Narendra Modi in July 2017.[105] [106] The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the veena, and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.[107]

Personal life and interests

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra, followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916 - 7 March 2021),[108] [109] Mustafa Kalam and Kasim Mohammed .[110] He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[110] [111]

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[111] [112] He was a teetotaler,[113] and a vegetarian.[114] Kalam enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (an Indian string instrument),[115] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[116] He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7a.m. and sleeping by 2a.m.[117] His personal possessions included a few books, a veena, clothing, a compact disc player and a laptop. He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.[118] [119]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.[13] He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[120]

Religious and spiritual views

Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[121] He was a practising Sunni Muslim, and daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to his life.[116] [122] His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children. His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[123] [124] Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[122] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[125]

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[116] [122] [126] In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learnt Sanskrit.[127] [128] and read the Bhagavad Gita.[129] [130] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[126] Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Shashi Tharoor remarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[116] Former deputy prime minister L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.[131]

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meet Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the Hindu guru of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[122] Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[123] [132] Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.[123] Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[122] [133]

Writings

Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest in various countries.[134]

In his book India 2020, he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[135]

Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his book . When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.[123]

BibliographyFollowing are the books authored by Kalam:[136]

Awards and honours

See main article: List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

Kalam received honorary doctorates from various universities.[139] [140] [141] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990.[23] In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[142] He received the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1997, Savarkar Award in 1998, and Ramanujan Award in 2000.[23] In 2008, he was the recipient of Hoover Medal.[143] In 2013, he was awarded the Von Braun Award by the National Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[144]

Legacy

See main article: List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

Kalam's birthday is celebrated as World Students' Day in India.[145] In 2012, Kalam was ranked second in the Greatest Indian poll conducted by Outlook.[146] In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.[147] In 2015, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award" constituting a gold medal, a certificate and, to be awarded annually on the Indian Independence Day, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[148] On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) released topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.[149] On the same day, India Post released postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.[150]

In 2017, researchers at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour Kalam.[151] In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii, in his honour.[152] In 2022, a newly discovered species of footballfish was named as Himantolophus kalami in Kalam's honour.[153] In 2023, a newly discovered tardigrade was named Batillipes kalami after him.[154]

Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road in New Delhi was named after Kalam.[155] [156] [157] In September 2015, the national missile test site in Odisha in Wheeler Island was renamed as Abdul Kalam Island.[158] In October 2015, a peak near the Bara Shigri Glacier in the Himalayas was named as Mount Kalam.[159] Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex, a missile research facility in Hyderabad is named after him.[160] Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City in Patna, and Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and Planetarium in Puducherry are named in honour of Kalam.[161] [162] Several universities,[163] and other educational institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam.[164] [165] [166] [167]

In popular culture

Biographies
Film and mediaIn 2008, a documentary film A Little Dream directed by P. Dhanapal was released in India.[175] In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[176] People's President is a 2016 Indian documentary feature film directed by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India's Films Division.[177] My Hero Kalam is a 2018 Kannada biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.[178] The third episode of Mega Icons (2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired on National Geographic was based on Kalam's life.[179] In the 2020 Tamil film Soorarai Pottru, Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.[180] In Rocket Boys, a Hindi biographical streaming television series on SonyLIV, the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.[181] In the 2022 Tamil film , Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.[182]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Kalam. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul. Tiwari. Arun. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. 1999. Universities Press. 978-81-7371-146-6. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011216/http://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC. 13 October 2013.
  2. Web site: Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012. 1 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100608115449/http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp. 8 June 2010 .
  3. Akbar. M J. 9 July 2012. APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012. India Today. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731011511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points/1/203064.html. 31 July 2015. 23 July 2024.
  4. News: Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka. 3 May 2012. Daily News. 23 January 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518223333/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html. 18 May 2013.
  5. Book: Jai, Janak Raj. Presidents of India, 1950–2003. 2003. Regency Publications. 978-81-87498-65-0. 296. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131012224650/http://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295. 12 October 2013.
  6. Web site: APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729043804/http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political. 29 July 2015. ABP News. 1 June 2016.
  7. Web site: The greatest student India ever had. Dailyo. 1 June 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224338/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html. 30 July 2015.
  8. Web site: Brother awaits Kalam last trip. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729155853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp. 29 July 2015. Telegraph. 1 June 2016.
  9. Web site: How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam's childhood. 28 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150729090458/http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/. 29 July 2015. Qz. 1 July 2016.
  10. Web site: Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205650/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html. 30 July 2015. IBN Live. 1 June 2016.
  11. Web site: Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew. 31 July 2015. The Times of India. 31 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150803120645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms. 3 August 2015.
  12. Book: Sharma. Mahesh. Das. P.K.. Bhalla. P.. Pride of the Nation: Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. 2004. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.. 978-81-288-0806-7. 13. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011056/http://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13. 13 October 2013.
  13. Book: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. 1–10,153. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. 2002. Bhushan. K.. Katyal. G.. 978-81-7648-380-3. 10 August 2019. 25 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113051/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153. live.
  14. News: Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him. 29 June 2012. The Hindu. 24 September 2006. K. Raju. S. Annamalai. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928165057/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm. 28 September 2013.
  15. Web site: Dixit. Sumita Vaid. The boy from Rameswaram who became a President. Rediff.com. 4 July 2012. 18 March 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010920/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm. 2 July 2012.
  16. Web site: Failed in my dream of becoming a pilot : Abdul Kalam in new book. 18 August 2013. The Hindu. 18 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130818165820/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece. 18 August 2013.
  17. News: Gopalakrishnan. Karthika. Kalam tells students to follow their heart. 4 July 2012. The Times of India. 23 June 2009. Chennai, India. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523213320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/chennai/28168542_1_kalam-primary-school-maths-class. 23 May 2013. live.
  18. Web site: I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis. Ashwini. Pawar. 29 July 2015. Daily News and Analysis. 30 December 2022. 9 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096. live.
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  106. Web site: The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi's web page with news and photos. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123139/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393. 2 August 2017.
  107. Web site: What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row? . 8 August 2018 . . 31 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ . 8 August 2018 . live .
  108. News: 7 March 2021. Kalam's elder brother dies at 104. The Hindu. 8 March 2021. 0971-751X. 11 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210311044739/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalams-elder-brother-dies-at-104-ramanathapuram-rameswaram/article34013992.ece. live.
  109. News: Abdul Kalam's elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him. 5 July 2017. India Today. 5 November 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170710181745/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-brother-birthday/1/803544.html. 10 July 2017.
  110. News: We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew. 3 August 2015. Mid-Day. 29 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731230128/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160. 31 July 2015.
  111. News: Man of integrity, Kalam insulated family from trappings of power. 31 July 2015. The Times of India. 3 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms. 3 August 2015.
  112. News: Scott. Walter. 4 November 2016. Kalam's brother turns 100, says takes life as it comes. The Hindu. live. 23 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200223052244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece. 23 February 2020. Kalam never accepted gifts when he attended functions....
  113. Web site: Michael. Saneesh. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - The President of the masses. OneIndia. n.d.. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070914092623/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/kalam-indian-president.html. 14 September 2007.
  114. Web site: Of Rasam and Rice: The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. NDTV. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231654/http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-formerHe. 30 July 2015.
  115. Web site: India's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 30 November 1998. Time. 1 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182257/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040386,00.html. 28 February 2012 .
  116. Web site: Abdul Kalam: People's president, extraordinary Indian. BBC. 28 June 2015. 28 June 2015. Shashi. Tharoor. Shashi Tharoor. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230459/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041. 30 July 2015.
  117. Web site: Kalam Tribute: Sir Never Had a TV at Home, Recalls Secretary of 24 Years. 28 July 2015. NDTV. 3 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000524/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261. 31 July 2015.
  118. News: Kalam had no property. 3 August 2015. The Hindu. 3 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032339/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true. 22 December 2016.
  119. News: Guru Kalam's assets, royalties to go to elder brother. 3 August 2015. One India. 3 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150805225257/http://www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html. 5 August 2015.
  120. Web site: India leader advocates open source. Becker. David. CNET. 29 May 2003. 17 July 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110617103200/http://news.cnet.com/India-leader-advocates-open-source/2100-1016_3-1011255.html. 17 June 2011.
  121. Web site: The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama. www.dalailama.com. 4 August 2015. The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai. Lama. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150907005520/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science. 7 September 2015.
  122. Web site: Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160320080739/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full. 20 March 2016. NDTV.
  123. Book: Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul. Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji. HarperCollins India. 2015. 978-93-5177-405-1. Noida. ix–xi.
  124. News: Ramzan & Rameswaram: His ties with the island. The Times of India. 30 July 2015. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150823165616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms. 23 August 2015.
  125. Web site: APJ Abdul Kalam: Not Hindu, Not Muslim – Death of an 'Indian'. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205714/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%E2%80%93-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html. 30 July 2015. 27 July 2015.
  126. Web site: Remembering Kalam: Greatly beloved, but he maybe missed being truly great. 28 July 2015. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000537/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html. 31 July 2015. Firstpost.
  127. Web site: Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam- the message is same. The Times of India. 8 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms. 24 August 2016.
  128. Web site: Kalam on why Sanskrit is important. 8 August 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20070910015917/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm. 10 September 2007. Rediff.com.
  129. Web site: Muslims react to A P J Abdul Kalam's candidature for President. Rediff.com. 1 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20170830051202/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm. 30 August 2017. live.
  130. Web site: Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply. 28 July 2015. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730195411/http://www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html. 30 July 2015. Firstpost.
  131. News: Kalam served India till last breath: Advani. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20151014074425/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html. 14 October 2015. 28 July 2015. Zee News.
  132. Web site: Transcending boundaries with Swamiji. 4 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150817031028/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms. 17 August 2015. Ahmedabad Mirror.
  133. Web site: Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects. The Hindu. 30 July 2015. 4 August 2015. 0971-751X. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061032/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece. 22 December 2016.
  134. Web site: Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea. 9 February 2006. 25 March 2012. Outlook. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001515/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077. 11 May 2009.
  135. IDG Session Address. Kalam. A.P.J. Abdul. 1 October 2011. NUJS Law Review. 1 January 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140314182225/http://nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf. 14 March 2014.
  136. Web site: List of 25 Inspiring books written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. Jagran Prakashan. 14 October 2022. 1 June 2024.
  137. Web site: Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology. National Informatics Centre. 1 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120130092420/http://abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html. 30 January 2012.
  138. News: Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14. Bihar Prabha. 27 June 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140707150021/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/. 7 July 2014.
  139. Web site: Dr.Kalam's Page. Abdulkalam.com. 1 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232206/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-. 24 April 2012.
  140. News: Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai. 16 April 2011. Dayekh. Ribal. Zawya. 17 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160604020818/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039. 4 June 2016.
  141. News: Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast. 11 June 2009. Oneindia.in. 13 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153517/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html. 15 May 2013.
  142. News: Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam. 26 November 1997. Rediff.com. 13 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm. 17 July 2012.
  143. Web site: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient . . 12 August 2023 . 12 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230812084114/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 . live .
  144. Web site: National Space Society. NSS Von Braun Award. https://web.archive.org/web/20150202034637/http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html . 2 February 2015 . 10 February 2015.
  145. Web site: 15 October 2021. Why APJ Kalam's birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students' Day. 30 June 2022. The Hindustan Times.
  146. Web site: A Measure of the Man. Sengupta. Uttam. 20 August 2012. Outlook. 16 January 2019. 1 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949. live.
  147. Web site: India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship. NDTV. 12 March 2016. 17 April 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101021/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399. 17 February 2017 .
  148. News: Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'. 31 July 2015. The Economic Times. 31 July 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170823154804/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms. 23 August 2017.
  149. Web site: APJ Abdul Kalam.pdf. 16 October 2015. 16 October 2015. Central Board of Secondary Education. 1, 4–6. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20151014012454/http://49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf. 14 October 2015.
  150. PM’s remarks at birth anniversary celebrations of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. 15 October 2015. 1 June 2024. Prime Minister's office. 18 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133838/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/. live.
  151. News: NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him. 21 May 2017. 21 May 2017. International Business Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170521111607/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552. 21 May 2017.
  152. News: New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam. 27 February 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303121557/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece. 3 March 2018. The Hindu. 24 February 2018. Pacha. Aswathi .
  153. Web site: Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families Caulophrynidae, Neoceratiidae, Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, Oneirodidae, Thaumatichthyidae, Centrophrynidae, Ceratiidae, Gigantactinidae And Linophrynidaee. Christopher. Scharpf. 3 June 2024. 28 June 2024. The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 3. 13 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240513083231/https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/. live.
  154. News: Rajwi. Tiki. 19 September 2023. New marine tardigrade species named after former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 7 November 2024. The Hindu. 0971-751X.
  155. News: Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam. 27 February 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701212557/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/. 1 July 2017. 29 August 2015. The Indian Express.
  156. News: Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road. 27 February 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180227114944/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece. 27 February 2018. The Hindu. 4 September 2015. Nath. Damini .
  157. News: Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats'. 27 February 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041412/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984. 28 February 2018. NDTV.
  158. News: Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam. 4 September 2015. The Hindustan Times. 21 September 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150909091009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx. 9 September 2015.
  159. News: These 2 Indians Scaled an Unexplored Mountain Peak. And Named It Mt. Kalam. 23 October 2015. 1 June 2024. Better India.
  160. News: Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam. India Today. 15 October 2015. 1 June 2024.
  161. News: Rumi. Faryal. Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month. 31 October 2019. The Times of India. 24 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191129021835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms. 29 November 2019. live.
  162. News: Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam. 16 August 2015. The Hindu. 28 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061046/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece. 22 December 2016.
  163. News: UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University. 1 August 2015. The Times of India. 28 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150805101720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms. 5 August 2015.
  164. News: Bihar govt names college, science city after 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam. 30 July 2015. The Hindu. 28 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205557/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/. 2 August 2015.
  165. News: Institute to be named after Kalam. 31 July 2015. The Hindu. 28 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222010642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece. 22 December 2016.
  166. News: Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam. 4 August 2015. The Hindu. 28 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044815/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece. 22 December 2016.
  167. News: New arts and science college named after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam coming up in Tamil Nadu. India Today. 8 February 2019. 1 June 2024.
  168. News: Rohde. David. Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President. 29 June 2012. The New York Times. 19 July 2002. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144604/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html. 9 November 2012.
  169. Book: Pruthi, Raj. President Apj Abdul Kalam. 2003. Anmol Publications. 978-81-261-1344-6. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160603190326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC. 3 June 2016. live.
  170. Book: Bhushan. K.. Katyal. G.. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. 2002. APH Publishing. 978-81-7648-380-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160507014259/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC. 7 May 2016. live.
  171. Book: Nair, P. M.. The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President. 2008. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. 978-81-7223-736-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160426081144/https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ. 26 April 2016. live.
  172. Book: Fr A K George. My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam. 2009. Novel Corp. 978-81-904529-5-3. 9 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160513053103/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ. 13 May 2016. live.
  173. Book: Tiwari, Arun. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life. HarperCollins. 2015. 9789351776918. 5 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190905181325/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/. 5 September 2019. live.
  174. Book: Khan, S M. The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam. Bloomsbury. 2016. 9789386141521. 5 September 2019. 30 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330121500/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/. live.
  175. News: Documentary on Kalam released. 12 January 2008. 27 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm. 11 May 2009. The Hindu. dead.
  176. Web site: I Am Kalam: Movie Review. 3 March 2012. The Times of India. 4 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar. 23 May 2013. dead.
  177. News: 15 January 2021. Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. Films Division of India. 11 June 2021. 11 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165852/https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf. live.
  178. Web site: My Hero Kalam (2018). Indiancine. 17 February 2021. 18 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818013129/https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info. live .
  179. Web site: Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1. 11 June 2021. Disney+ Hotstar. 11 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165844/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765. live.
  180. News: Meet the man who's Kalam but not Kalam. 29 April 2022. India Today. 27 July 2016. 29 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220429101432/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27. live .
  181. Web site: 'Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch. 1 July 2022. The Wire. 4 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review. live .
  182. News: Chellappan. Kumar. 8 December 2013. True lies. The Pioneer. 2 April 2021. 19 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131302/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html. live.

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